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責(zé)編：過(guò)凌洋 校對(duì)：過(guò)紅興 
蘑菇在傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)中已有數(shù)千年的應(yīng)用歷史。[1,2]蘑菇和酵母等真菌富含一種叫做β-葡聚糖的化合物,，具有抗病毒和增強(qiáng)免疫力的作用,。[3,4]蘑菇在傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)中已有數(shù)千年的應(yīng)用歷史。[1,2]蘑菇和酵母等真菌富含一種叫做β-葡聚糖的化合物,，具有抗病毒和增強(qiáng)免疫力的作用,。[3,4]人體研究表明，服用β-葡聚糖可增強(qiáng)免疫反應(yīng),， [5]減少上呼吸道感染（如感冒和流感）的次數(shù),、嚴(yán)重程度和持續(xù)時(shí)間，[6-8] 并緩解季節(jié)性過(guò)敏癥狀,。[9]研究人員已經(jīng)確定了三種具有特別強(qiáng)的免疫益處的蘑菇：香菇[10] ,、舞茸[11]和白樺茸[12]將分離的β-葡聚糖與蘑菇提取物相結(jié)合可以提供全面的免疫支持益處。β-葡聚糖是附著在真菌,、細(xì)菌和燕麥等全谷物壁內(nèi)的多糖,。蘑菇中β-葡聚糖含量特別高，也可從酵母中分離出來(lái),。 它們有助于維持免疫健康,，增強(qiáng)對(duì)病毒和其他病原體的防御能力。[13-15] 臨床前研究還表明,，它們可以降低內(nèi)毒素（引起炎癥的細(xì)菌感染產(chǎn)生的有害副產(chǎn)物）的影響。[16,17] 免疫反應(yīng)有兩種類型：先天性和適應(yīng)性,。[18,19]先天 免疫是人體的第一道防線,。巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬并中和病毒和其他病原體，而自然殺傷 (NK) 細(xì)胞則瞄準(zhǔn)并摧毀癌變或被病毒和其他病原體感染的不健康細(xì)胞,。 適應(yīng)性免疫是一種更具體,、更有針對(duì)性的反應(yīng)，在接觸特定病原體后產(chǎn)生,，并提供長(zhǎng)期保護(hù),。這種反應(yīng)由T 細(xì)胞和B 細(xì)胞驅(qū)動(dòng)。 β-葡聚糖可激活和刺激先天免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫,。[10,20,21] 隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),，我們的免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)變?nèi)酰サ挚垢腥竞桶┌Y的能力,，這種情況稱為免疫衰老,。 動(dòng)物研究表明，攝入β-葡聚糖可以預(yù)防甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)免疫衰老。[20,22] 更新這些免疫反應(yīng)對(duì)老年人來(lái)說(shuō)尤為重要,。 蘑菇含有有益健康的化合物,，包括吲哚、多酚和類胡蘿卜素,。 β-葡聚糖是蘑菇中發(fā)現(xiàn)的具有生物活性的免疫支持化合物之一,。[23] 有數(shù)千種蘑菇對(duì)健康有益。[24]已發(fā)現(xiàn)三種具有特別強(qiáng)的免疫作用的蘑菇是：香菇,，舞茸和白樺茸,。 香菇香菇長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直被用于傳統(tǒng)中藥。 在嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌性肺部感染的動(dòng)物模型中,，香菇中的β-葡聚糖顯著減少了肺部的細(xì)菌負(fù)荷并改善了健康狀況,。[25] 細(xì)胞研究表明，香菇可以滅活病毒并下調(diào)病毒復(fù)制,。[26,27] 臨床研究表明,，這些增強(qiáng)免疫力的效果可能是由于香菇能夠增加免疫系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量，包括 T 細(xì)胞和 NK 細(xì)胞,。[10] 香菇還能減少有害慢性炎癥的標(biāo)志物,，并刺激保護(hù)腸道的抗體的分泌。[10] 舞茸舞茸經(jīng)常用于亞洲美食,，也能提供強(qiáng)大的免疫益處,。 在動(dòng)物研究中，舞茸提取物顯著增加了NK 細(xì)胞和細(xì)菌消除能力,。[28,29]與香菇提取物混合時(shí),，這種效果更加明顯。[29] 舞茸提取物還能促進(jìn)干擾素γ（IFN-γ）的分泌,，干擾素γ是一種能阻止病毒復(fù)制的蛋白質(zhì),。[29] 白樺茸白樺茸原產(chǎn)于寒冷氣候區(qū)，通常生長(zhǎng)在樺樹上,。它們是免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑,，臨床前研究表明，白樺茸提取物具有抗病毒活性,。[30] 在一項(xiàng)針對(duì)免疫功能低下的小鼠的研究中,，白樺茸提取物使免疫細(xì)胞恢復(fù)到接近正常水平，并調(diào)節(jié)炎癥標(biāo)志物腫瘤壞死因子 α (TNF-α)的水平,，這表明白樺茸提取物可以預(yù)防過(guò)度炎癥,。[31] 在臨床前研究中，白樺茸提取物還表現(xiàn)出對(duì)抗多種病毒的有益活性,。[12,30,32] 研究表明,，β-葡聚糖有助于預(yù)防和治療細(xì)菌,、病毒和寄生蟲感染。[33-35]在多項(xiàng)安慰劑對(duì)照的人體試驗(yàn)中,，參與者被隨機(jī)分配接受β-葡聚糖或安慰劑,。這些試驗(yàn)每天至少使用250 毫克β-葡聚糖。 β-葡聚糖組的參與者有：[5-8,36,37] - 更高水平的唾液抗體，可抵御呼吸道和消化道病原體,。
另一項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查了β-葡聚糖對(duì)患有中度季節(jié)性豚草過(guò)敏的成年人的影響,。與安慰劑相比，每天服用250 毫克β-葡聚糖的人過(guò)敏癥狀的持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度有所減少,，睡眠,、生活質(zhì)量、精力和情緒也有所改善,。[9]真菌，包括蘑菇和酵母,，富含多種具有免疫支持功效的活性化合物,，包括β-葡聚糖。 在人體試驗(yàn)中,，服用β-葡聚糖可以減少上呼吸道感染（包括感冒和流感）的次數(shù)和持續(xù)時(shí)間,，并緩解季節(jié)性過(guò)敏癥狀。 在一項(xiàng)觀察性研究的薈萃分析中,，吃蘑菇最多的人患癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比不吃蘑菇的人低 34% ,。 將β-葡聚糖與具有免疫力支持的香菇、舞茸和白樺茸提取物相結(jié)合,，可以增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)抵抗感染和其他疾病的能力。
消化道內(nèi)有多種微生物,。平衡的微生物群對(duì)抗擊感染和維持免疫健康至關(guān)重要,。[38]葡聚糖和蘑菇增強(qiáng)免疫力的一種方式是促進(jìn)腸道中健康微生物的生長(zhǎng)。β-葡聚糖是一種益生元纖維,，可以滋養(yǎng)有益細(xì)菌,。[13,39]臨床前和臨床研究表明，健康的微生物群有助于增強(qiáng)免疫反應(yīng),、維持腸道內(nèi)壁和消化系統(tǒng)健康,，并抑制致病細(xì)菌和炎癥的生長(zhǎng),。[13,40-42]此外，β-葡聚糖還能促進(jìn)短鏈脂肪酸的產(chǎn)生,，而短鏈脂肪酸對(duì)于腸道健康和維持腸道屏障的完整性至關(guān)重要,。[13,40,42]
2024 年 9 月，賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的科學(xué)家 發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)涉及30,000 多人 的隊(duì)列研究的結(jié)果,。他們還將數(shù)據(jù)納入了一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究的薈萃分析中,，該研究涉及600,000多名參與者，探討了蘑菇攝入量與 死亡率 之間的關(guān)系 ,。[43]他們發(fā)現(xiàn),， 蘑菇消費(fèi)量 越高，因任何原因?qū)е?nbsp;的 死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越低,。這項(xiàng)研究有幾個(gè)主要優(yōu)勢(shì),，包括它分析了美國(guó)成年人口的全國(guó)代表性樣本，并涉及世界各地隊(duì)列研究的非常全面的薈萃分析,。正常運(yùn)作時(shí),，免疫系統(tǒng)可以識(shí)別并消滅癌細(xì)胞。通過(guò)增強(qiáng)免疫力,，蘑菇可以提高這種能力,。一項(xiàng)觀察性研究的薈萃分析納入了 615,000 多人，其中近20,000人在 1966 年至 2020 年期間是癌癥患者,，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),，與食用蘑菇最少的人相比，食用蘑菇最多的人患癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低了34% ,。[44]香菇,、舞茸和白樺茸中的 β-葡聚糖和其他化合物可增強(qiáng)保護(hù)性信號(hào)蛋白的活性，從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),。[30】這些蘑菇中的β-葡聚糖和提取物的組合可以提供多種免疫支持化合物,。蘑菇作為藥用已有數(shù)千年歷史。研究表明,，蘑菇含有一種名為β-葡聚糖 的化合物,，這種化合物可增強(qiáng)免疫力和腸道健康，并有助于預(yù)防病毒和癌癥,。從酵母中分離出的β-葡聚糖與香菇,、舞茸和白樺茸提取物的混合物可以提供全面的免疫支持益處。參考文獻(xiàn)： Stamets P, Zwickey H. Medicinal Mushrooms: Ancient Remedies Meet Modern Science. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2014 Feb;13(1):46-7. Ray P, Kundu S, Paul D. 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