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文化典籍翻譯:《紅樓夢(mèng)》英譯本詩詞賞析

 木頭1018 2017-02-24

  《紅樓夢(mèng)》中的詩詞曲賦共約170首,。不同譯本采用了不同的體裁翻譯,一些英譯本采用自由體進(jìn)行翻譯,。而影響較大的霍克斯譯本和楊憲益夫婦譯本卻都采用了格律體,。兩位譯者都嫻熟地駕馭格律形式,且對(duì)中國傳統(tǒng)文化擁有頗深造詣,。本文將列舉幾個(gè)譯例,,希望同大家一起欣賞和學(xué)習(xí)。

1

 馮紫英唱曲


你是個(gè)可人,;你是個(gè)多情,;你是個(gè)刁鉆古怪鬼精靈;——你是個(gè)神仙也不靈,。

我說的話兒你全不信,,只叫你去背地里細(xì)打聽,才知道我疼你不疼你,!


楊譯:

You can bill and you can coo,

Be an imp of mischief too,

But a fairy? No, not you,

As my word you doubt.

Ask around and you'll find out

I love you. yes, I do!


霍譯:

You're so exciting,

And so inviting;

You're my Mary Contrary;

You're a crazy, mad thing.

You're my goddess, but oh! You're deaf to my praying:

Why won't you listen to what I am saying?

If you don't believe me, make a small investigation:

You will soon find out the true depth of my admiration.


解析


1)對(duì)于這段唱曲,,兩位譯者的譯文不論是風(fēng)格還是遣詞造句上差別較大。原文小調(diào)活潑俏皮,,霍譯不免有些沉悶臃腫,。此外,investigation、admiration這類大字眼用在民間小調(diào)上似乎并不適合,。反觀楊譯,,棄“形”求“神”,整個(gè)譯文節(jié)奏輕快,,押韻得當(dāng),,朗朗上口。


2)值得注意的是,,對(duì)于“刁鉆古怪鬼精靈”的處理,,霍譯其中的“刁鉆古怪鬼精靈”被霍克斯譯成了“Mary Contrary”,“Mary Contrary”來自英國的一首兒歌,,所謂contrary, 指她頗難相處,,難按常規(guī)捉摸,在這一點(diǎn)上,,接近原文的“刁鉆古怪鬼精靈”,。霍克斯采用的是用目的語中合適的喻體代替源語言中的喻體,,這一翻譯方法經(jīng)常被用在兩種語言存在文化錯(cuò)位或空缺的情況下,。

 警幻仙姑賦(片段)


其素若何:春梅綻雪;其潔若何:秋慧披霜,。

其靜若何:松生空谷,;其艷若何:霞映澄塘。

其文若何:龍游曲沼,;其神若何:月射寒江,。


楊譯:

Her whiteness? Spring plum-bloosom glimpsed through snow.

Her purity? Autumn orchids coated with frost.

Her tranquility? A pine in a lonely valley.

Her beauty? Sunset mirrored in a limpid pool.

Her grace? A dragon breasting a winding stream.

Her spirit? Moonlight on a frosty river.


霍譯:

Her purity I can best show

In plum-trees flowering in the snow;

Her chastity I shall recall

In orchids white at first frost-fall;

Her tranquil nature will prevail

Constant as lone pine in an empty vale;

Her loveliness as dazzled make

As sunset gilding a pellucid lake;

Her loveliness as dazzled make

As sunset gilding a pellucid lake;

Her glittering elegance I can compare

With dragons in an ornamental mere;

Her dreamy soulfulness most seems

Like wintry waters in the moon's cold beams.


解析


  霍譯采取排比結(jié)構(gòu),大多數(shù)詩行為“抑揚(yáng)格四音步”(iambic tetrameter), 少數(shù)行為“抑揚(yáng)格五音步”(iambic pentameter),。押韻格式為“雙行聯(lián)韻體”(couplet),。譯文韻腳密集,且都是雙元音或長元音,,因此韻味醇厚,,給人以強(qiáng)烈的音樂美。楊譯譯文十分有特色,,沒有押韻,,大膽采取“字對(duì)字”譯法,甚至都沒有使用動(dòng)詞,。一般說來,,“字對(duì)字”譯法是不可取的,然而此處卻用得十分恰當(dāng),,而且效果很好,。譯文富于節(jié)奏感,節(jié)奏鮮明,語言簡練準(zhǔn)確,。比較以上兩個(gè)譯文,,兩種譯文各有所長。

3

《紅樓夢(mèng)》曲(片段)

     

縱然是齊眉舉案,,

到底意難平,。


楊譯:

Even a pair thought well-matched

May find disappointment.


霍譯:

Even a wife so courteous and so kind.

No comfort brings to my afflicted mind.


解析


1)這句道出寶玉被騙與寶釵成婚的極大痛苦和始終不屈的反抗的心聲?!褒R眉舉案”的意思為送飯時(shí)把托盤肖得跟眉毛一樣高,。后形容夫妻互相尊敬,相敬如賓,。楊譯為“ a pair thought well-matched”,,是a pair thought to be well-matched的省略,,這句話表達(dá)的是寶玉與寶釵的結(jié)合在他人眼中是金玉良緣,,而非他們二人之間的感情寫照,雖然未能很好體現(xiàn)相敬如賓的感覺,,但也側(cè)面表現(xiàn)了寶黛愛情悲劇的主因主要源自外界,,那個(gè)封建禮教的社會(huì)。而霍譯則選擇從女方切入,,將齊眉舉案譯成“a wife so courteous and so kind”,,沒有體現(xiàn)夫妻雙方的互動(dòng),卻體現(xiàn)古代女性在婚姻中的生存狀態(tài),,一個(gè)恭敬和順的妻子就夠了,,只不過對(duì)于心有所屬的寶玉而言仍然無法接受。


2)“意難平”展現(xiàn)了寶玉被騙婚后內(nèi)心的掙扎與憤懣,。楊譯為“disappointment”,,只道出失望,情感層次不免有些淺了,。而霍譯采用“afflicted'這一詞,,它表示苦惱折磨,更深層次地展現(xiàn)了寶玉此刻的心情,。如果只是失望,,則不會(huì)出現(xiàn)后續(xù)寶玉的出家行為。

4

《冬夜即事》詩


松影一庭惟見鶴,,

梨花滿地不聞鶯,。


楊譯:

Only a stork can be seen in the pine-shadowed court,

No oriole sings in the snow which has drifted like pear-blossom.


霍譯:

Only a stork outside is to be found —

No oroles now, though white flowers mask the ground.


解析


  第一句宛若一幅“松鶴圖”,霍譯沒有較好展現(xiàn)這一意境,。楊譯獨(dú)出心裁采用構(gòu)詞法,,構(gòu)造出“pine-shadowed”,效果很好。第二句中“梨花”比喻雪,,霍譯“梨花”譯為“white flowers”,,不免讓不了解中國文化的譯文讀者不能很好體會(huì)這一暗喻修辭的美妙。楊譯把暗喻轉(zhuǎn)為明喻,,不失為一種好辦法,。

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