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名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞是否在名詞性從句中充當成分的情況 連接代詞： what, which, who, whom, whose 連接副詞： when, where, why, how what, which在從句中作主語,、 賓語,、 表語或定語,； who在從句中作主語、 表語,； whom在從句中作賓語,； whose在從句中作定語； when, where, why, how在從句中分別作時間狀語,、 地點狀語,、 原因狀語、 方式狀語 連詞that否 連詞whether, if否 名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞在高考中的基本用法詳見下面的總結(jié)： 1. 引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句的疑問詞在轉(zhuǎn)為引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時, 即成為連接代詞(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者連接副詞(主要包括when, where, why, how).注意體會如下例句： Choose which you like best. 選你最喜歡的.// Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 誰拿走了我的包還不知道.// Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你們是否已經(jīng)決定提名誰做候選人了?// He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他問什么時候可以允許吉爾伯特先生回家.// Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我們在哪兒可以查到他的地址還是個難題.// Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他為什么做那件事還不十分清楚.// How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他們將怎樣解決這個嚴重問題還沒有決定. 以下兩種特殊情況要給予特別關(guān)注： (1) what作連接代詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句既可以表示一個問“什么……?”的問題, 也可以表示相當于“名詞/代詞＋關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)的意思, 這種特殊用法在語法上被稱作“關(guān)系代詞型的what”, 注意體會如下例句：He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是幾年前的他了.// This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 這就是他們稱作鹽湖城的地方.// What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 現(xiàn)在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一個文明世界.// Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我們現(xiàn)在的收入是十年前的兩倍.// The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(現(xiàn)在的)顏色與它早上的顏色不同. (2) 帶’ever后綴的疑問詞除引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句之外, 還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(“no matter＋疑問詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句, 不可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句), 注意體會以下例句： Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.無論誰想看這部電影, 今晚都可以和我們一起去.// You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票給任何你想給的人.// All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的書都在這兒, 你愿借哪本就借哪本.// I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么, 我就做什么. 2. that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時后面接完整的陳述句, that只起引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的作用而不充當該名詞性從句中的具體成分,； 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時that?？墒÷? 但引導(dǎo)主語從句、 表語從句,、 同位語從句時that通常不被省略.例如： She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按時到達.(賓語從句) That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被選中了讓我們很開心.(主語從句) I have the belief that I will succeed. 我懷有必勝的信念.(同位語從句) that, what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別在于： that在其引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中不充當任何成分, 在有的情況下可以省略,； what需要在其引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中充當主語、 賓語,、 表語或者定語, 而且引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的what在任何情況下都不能省略.例如： That he will succeed is obvious. 顯然, 他會成功.(引導(dǎo)主語從句的that不在其中充當具體的句子成分) What she told me is not true. 她所告訴我的都不是真的.(what在其引導(dǎo)的主語從句中作賓語) 3. whether與if均可以引導(dǎo)表示“是否”之意的名詞性從句, 且whether與if均不在這種名詞性從句中充當具體的句子成分.在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時whether與if一般可以互換, 但在引導(dǎo)主語從句,、 表語從句、 同位語從句,、 介詞后的賓語從句,、 放于句首的賓語從句或者名詞性從句中包含or (not) 時通常只能用whether作引導(dǎo)詞.注意體會下列例句： I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否幫助你.(賓語從句)// Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我們是否真的能幫助你, 我還不知道.(位于句首的賓語從句)// The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老師為是否傷害了那女孩的感情而擔心.(介詞后的賓語從句)// The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 問題是他們能否與我們合作.(表語從句)// The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他該親自來還是派人替他來, 這個問題必須定下來.(同位語從句)// The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩問她的父親她應(yīng)不應(yīng)該參加這個晚會.(包含or not的賓語從句) 注意： 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 例如： I doubt whether it’s true. 我懷疑它是否是真實的.// I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我懷疑那是否是他所想要的.// I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不懷疑你的誠實.// She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她對自己是正確的這一點從不懷疑. ［考題1］ — Could you do me a favor? — It depends on ____ it is. (2006北京) A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever ?。鄞鸢福?C ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)on后的賓語從句, 并且在該賓語從句中充當表語, 表示疑問句“What is it? (你要我?guī)偷拿κ鞘裁?)”的含義.注意： 題干中沒有用 “whatever” 進行強調(diào)的必要. ［考題2］ — I think it’s going to be a big problem. — Yes, it could be. — I wonder ____ we can do about it. (2002北京春) A. if B. how C. what D. that ?。鄞鸢福?C ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)wonder后的賓語從句并且在該賓語從句中充當do的賓語, if, that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時都不充當名詞性從句中的句子成分, how引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時充當名詞性從句中的方式狀語, 因此應(yīng)排除A、 B,、 D而選出C.本題中what we can do about it可以理解為對應(yīng)于疑問句“What can we do about it?”的名詞性從句, what引導(dǎo)的這種名詞性從句跟其他疑問詞形式的引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句的含義相近. ?。劭碱}3］ You can only be sure of ____ you have at present: you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽) A. that; what B. what; 不填 C. which; that D. 不填; that ［答案］ B ?。劢馕觯?第一個下劃線處應(yīng)填入一個可以引導(dǎo)of的賓語從句泛指“你現(xiàn)在所擁有的東西”且在該賓語從句內(nèi)部充當have的賓語的詞, 這樣的引導(dǎo)詞只能是what, 由此可以直接排除選項A,、 C、 D而選出B. ?。劭碱}4］ ____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. (1996) A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what ?。鄞鸢福?A ?。劢馕觯?名詞性從句what we can’t get和what we have中what都充當賓語, 都屬于關(guān)系代詞型的what, 本身不表示疑問而表示泛指相關(guān)的事物,； “what we can’t get”相當于包含定語從句的“things that we can’t get”, “what we have”相當于包含定語從句的“things that we have”. ?。劭碱}5］ It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. (1997) A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever ［答案］ B ?。劢馕觯?whatever在這里的用法跟關(guān)系代詞型的what一樣, 其引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句“whatever he or she wants”泛指一個孩子想要的任何東西. ?。劭碱}6］ It was a matter of ____ would take the position. (1998上海) A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever ［答案］ A ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當介詞of的賓語, 在其引導(dǎo)的賓語從句內(nèi)部充當?shù)氖侵髡Z(通常用who指代)而不是賓語(通常用whom指代), 而且題干中沒有提供強調(diào)“任何人”的語境, 因此應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞who. ?。劭碱}7］ Could I speak to ____ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山東) A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who ［答案］ C ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處引導(dǎo)speak to之后的賓語從句, 表示“(負責國際銷售的)任何人”, 四個選項中只有whoever適合. ?。劭碱}8］ Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game. (2005) A. why B. what C. who D. that ［答案］ A ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句屬于介詞on的賓語, 在該名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞充當原因狀語, 所以應(yīng)選A. ?。劭碱}9］ Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. (2006) A. where B. when C. how D. what ［答案］ B ?。劢馕觯?題干中所有句子都圍繞時間展開, 因此應(yīng)填入表示時間的when引導(dǎo)remind的直接賓語. ?。劭碱}10］ Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. (上海2000) A. while B. that C. when D. as ［答案］ B ?。劢馕觯?陳述客觀情況的名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞之后是完整的陳述句, 引導(dǎo)詞本身不充當該名詞性從句中具體的句子成分, 有這樣用法的引導(dǎo)詞只能是that.本題下劃線處引導(dǎo)了information的同位語從句(為避免頭重腳輕, 本句中information的同位語從句與information之間被謂語動詞部分隔開). ?。劭碱}11］ The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed. (2004上海春) A. as B. which C. what D. that ［答案］ C ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)介詞at的賓語從句, 該引導(dǎo)詞在at的賓語從句中所包含的又一個賓語從句(充當think的賓語)里充當主語, 特指說話人的兄弟駕車的速度, 四個選項中只有關(guān)系代詞型的引導(dǎo)詞what具有這樣的用法.注意： 本題中at的賓語從句中又包含一個賓語從句, 總共出現(xiàn)了兩個賓語從句, 其中第二個賓語從句(I thought之后的賓語從句)的引導(dǎo)詞that被省略了. ?。劭碱}12］ Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and ____ it is rough or smooth. (2005天津) A. 不填 B. whether C. how D. what ［答案］ B ?。劢馕觯?題干中的or意味著下劃線處需要表示“是否”的含義. ?。劭碱}13］ ____ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. (2006山東) A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever ［答案］ D ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處引導(dǎo)全句的主語, 因此不能選用只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的選項A,、 B； 下劃線處表示“任何一支(獲勝的球隊)”之意, 用which的相關(guān)形式更為合適, 因此進一步排除C而選出D. |
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