法律職業(yè)方面的規(guī)定主要是州來制定的,，每個(gè)州均其自己的執(zhí)業(yè)準(zhǔn)入要求,。大部分州都要求有三年的法學(xué)教育和法律學(xué)位,。各州管理其各自的法律職業(yè)資格考試,，該考試為一天的多項(xiàng)選擇題測(cè)試，此外各州另加一天側(cè)重考察有關(guān)本州法律的法律文書測(cè)試,。大部分考生都能一次通過考試,，即使沒通過的考生第二次考試也能考過。美國(guó)每年總共能有四萬名考生通過考試,，經(jīng)過品質(zhì)審核后他們即可申請(qǐng)加入當(dāng)?shù)氐穆蓭焻f(xié)會(huì),。律師執(zhí)業(yè)前后均不必經(jīng)過實(shí)習(xí)。聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)的準(zhǔn)入規(guī)則與一般法院不同,，但是一般來說,，那些在州最高法院獲得準(zhǔn)入執(zhí)業(yè)的律師在辦完一些無關(guān)緊要的手續(xù)后即可獲準(zhǔn)在聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)。

A lawyer’s practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. However, one who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years.

一個(gè)律師的執(zhí)業(yè)范圍通常僅限于一個(gè)地區(qū),，因?yàn)?，盡管律師可以代表當(dāng)事人到其他地區(qū)辦理事務(wù)，但是一個(gè)律師只能在其獲準(zhǔn)開業(yè)的州內(nèi)從事律師業(yè)務(wù),。通常是聘請(qǐng)當(dāng)?shù)芈蓭熖幚韥硖幚砥渌爡^(qū)內(nèi)的事務(wù),。然而，如果一個(gè)律師已在一個(gè)州執(zhí)業(yè)一段時(shí)間，通常是5年,，當(dāng)他移居到另一州的時(shí)候,，通常不需要再通過該州的考試即可獲得執(zhí)業(yè)準(zhǔn)入。

A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens. It is not uncommon for the practicing lawyer to serve on board of director of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate in public affairs. A lawyer remains a member of bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of government or a private business concern, or a law teacher, and may return to private practice from these other activities. A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidenced by the career of Harlan Friske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United State, and Chief Justice of the United States.

一位律師不只是從事律師業(yè)務(wù)，還可以從事其他公民的事宜,。執(zhí)業(yè)律師在其公司客戶里擔(dān)任董事,、從事商業(yè)活動(dòng)和參與公共事務(wù)也很常見。律師即使做法官,，受雇于政府官員或商業(yè)公司，或當(dāng)法學(xué)老師仍舊是律師協(xié)會(huì)的成員,，而且他們也可以從這些其他的職業(yè)再轉(zhuǎn)做執(zhí)業(yè)律師,。只有相對(duì)很少一部分律師放棄律師執(zhí)業(yè)而在工商業(yè)擔(dān)任責(zé)任重大的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層職位。在律師職業(yè)的流動(dòng)性和公共責(zé)任感的特征方面,，哈蘭﹒菲斯克﹒斯通的職業(yè)生涯是個(gè)很好的例證,，在不同時(shí)期，他曾先后是紐約州一位成功的律師,、哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院的院長(zhǎng),、總檢察長(zhǎng)和聯(lián)邦最高法院首席大法官。

There is no formal division among lawyers according to function. The distinction between barristers and solicitors found in England did not take root in the United States, and there is no branch of the profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. The American lawyer’s domain includes advocacy, counseling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not pen to others. In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. Non-lawyers are, however, authorized to represent others in formal proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies. The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New York’s highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even thought the advice is limited to the law of the foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. A foreign lawyer may, however, be admitted to the bar of one of the states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law.

律師之間并沒有職能方面的正式劃分,。英國(guó)的訴訟律師和非訴律師的區(qū)分在美國(guó)并不存在,，在律師職業(yè)中并不是說只有部分律師有出庭訴訟的特有或?qū)贆?quán)，也不是部分律師只從事法律文件的準(zhǔn)備工作,。美國(guó)律師的執(zhí)業(yè)領(lǐng)域包括代理訴訟,、提供法律咨詢和起草法律文件。而且,，在廣泛地被人們稱為“律師事務(wù)”的范圍內(nèi),，執(zhí)業(yè)領(lǐng)域是特定且不對(duì)外公開的。在訴訟領(lǐng)域,，規(guī)則是相當(dāng)?shù)那逦好總€(gè)人均可代表他/她自己出庭,，但是在少數(shù)基層法院只有律師能代表當(dāng)事人出庭。非律師也可被授權(quán)代理其他人參加行政機(jī)關(guān)的一些司法性質(zhì)的正式程序,。特別是在聯(lián)邦稅收方面,，律師和會(huì)計(jì)師在提供咨詢和起草法律文件方面的界限則更不明顯。但是,，美國(guó)大多數(shù)法庭都遵循紐約最高法院的一個(gè)判例所確認(rèn)的嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則,，即外國(guó)的執(zhí)業(yè)律師若沒有在紐約獲得執(zhí)業(yè)準(zhǔn)入則不允許向在紐約的客戶提供法律意見，即使這個(gè)法律意見僅限于該律師所執(zhí)業(yè)的國(guó)家的法律,。然而,，一個(gè)外國(guó)律師可以申請(qǐng)加入一個(gè)州的律師協(xié)會(huì),，而且即使未獲準(zhǔn)執(zhí)業(yè)，也可以給一個(gè)美國(guó)律師提供有關(guān)外國(guó)法方面的咨詢,。

Part Two: Lawyers in Private Practice

第二部分：私人執(zhí)業(yè)律師

Among these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine, a clear majority, are single practitioners. The remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates, a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. This trend toward group practice is of relatively recent origin. Throughout most of the nineteenth century law practice was general rather than specialized. Its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting, and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. Marked specialization began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers, With the growth of big business, big government and big labor, the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the need of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle dispute, The best lawyers were attracted by this work and leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in court and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients’ business problems and to participate at all steps in the shaping of their policies. Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel.

在十五個(gè)執(zhí)業(yè)律師中,，能有九個(gè)（大多數(shù)）都是單獨(dú)開業(yè)者。其他六個(gè)在律師事務(wù)所執(zhí)業(yè),，這些律所通常是合伙制的,。6個(gè)律師中的4-5個(gè)是合伙律師，其他的是非合伙律師,，他們一般是受雇于律所或律師的工薪律師,。這種律師聯(lián)合執(zhí)業(yè)是近些年來所形成的趨勢(shì)。在整個(gè)19世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)期律師業(yè)務(wù)是一般化的而非專業(yè)化的,，律師的主要業(yè)務(wù)是出庭訴訟而不是提供咨詢和起草法律文書,，美國(guó)律師最初都是單獨(dú)開業(yè)者。19世紀(jì)后期一些大城市的金融中心附近,，律師業(yè)務(wù)開始呈現(xiàn)出顯著的專業(yè)化,，隨著商業(yè)膨脹、政府?dāng)U張以及勞動(dòng)力的增多,，律師也開始調(diào)整自己的業(yè)務(wù)以便滿足客戶的除解決糾紛外的專業(yè)咨詢和起草法律文件以預(yù)防糾紛的需求,，許多優(yōu)秀律師被這些業(yè)務(wù)吸引，律師界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物多為那些極少出庭（如果確曾出庭的話）的人和那些作為顧問,、策劃者和談判者而深受歡迎的人?，F(xiàn)在的律師認(rèn)為保持了解客戶商業(yè)中的問題并參與到他們決策的過程是正常、合理的執(zhí)業(yè)行為,。大部分商業(yè)交易都要征詢律師的法律意見,。

Part Three: House Counsel

第三部分：專職法律顧問

Out of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concern’s legal department. The growth of corporations, the complex of business, and the multitude of problems posed by government regulation make it desirable for such firms to have in their employ persons with legal training who, at the same time, are intimately familiar with the particular problems and conditions of the firm. In large corporations the legal department may number one hundred or more. The general counsel , who head of office, is usually an officer of the company and may serve on important policy making committees and perhaps even on the board of directors。 House counsels remain member of the bar and are entitled to appear in court, though an outside lawyer is often retained for litigation. However, it is house counsel’s skill as advisor rather than as advocate that is a valued asset. Constantly in touch with the employer’s problems, house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.

有十分之一的律師受雇于私人企業(yè),，如商業(yè)公司,、保險(xiǎn)公司和銀行，他們一般在這些公司企業(yè)的法務(wù)部做專職法律顧問,。公司的發(fā)展、商業(yè)活動(dòng)的復(fù)雜性以及政府頒布的法規(guī)帶來的諸多問題使得這些公司很有必要讓其員工接受法律培訓(xùn)并且讓他們了解公司的特有問題和狀況,。一些大公司法務(wù)部可能會(huì)有一百多人,。法務(wù)部負(fù)責(zé)人法務(wù)總監(jiān)也通常是公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層，他們可能在重大決策委員會(huì)甚至董事會(huì)中任職,。公司法律顧問仍是律師協(xié)會(huì)的成員,，可出庭代表訴訟，盡管公司一般是聘請(qǐng)外部律師來解決訴訟,。然而,，法律顧問的主要職責(zé)是提供法律意見而非出庭訴訟，其法律意見是很有價(jià)值的。由于經(jīng)常了解公司老板的問題,，法律顧問主要從事預(yù)防性法律事務(wù),，也可能被要求建議公司注意更廣泛的公共義務(wù)和國(guó)家義務(wù)。

Part Four: Lawyers in Government

第四部分：政府部門中的律師

A parallel development has taken place in government and two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, state, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of the judiciary. Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers and seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. Limitation on top salaries, however, discourages some from continuing with the government. The majority serves by appointment in the legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than two thousands, and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundreds. Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. State prosecutors, sometimes known as district attorneys, are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. As a rule, lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work, since law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. However, a small but important minority that constitutes an exception to this rule consists of those who have been appointed to high executive positions and those who have been elected to political office. Though the participation of lawyers in government has declined recently, for two centuries lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state governors. These figures bear out the comment of Chief Justice Stone that, “No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than of its leadership in public affairs.”(Over)

在政府部門中也呈現(xiàn)出相似的發(fā)展,，有十分之一的律師受雇于聯(lián)邦,、州、縣和市政府,，法官除外,。從事這些公共法律服務(wù)的大部分律師都是法學(xué)院的畢業(yè)生，對(duì)他們來說在政府部門工作的工資在他們執(zhí)業(yè)生涯的剛開始階段相當(dāng)?shù)恼T人,，而且尋求這種工作可提供的鍛煉可作為私人開業(yè)的前奏,。然而，對(duì)高薪水的限制讓他們中一些人放棄繼續(xù)在政府中的工作,。大部分律師都是受任命在聯(lián)邦和州的一些代表處和當(dāng)?shù)貓F(tuán)體中任職,。僅美國(guó)司法部就雇傭兩千多名律師，紐約市的法律部也雇傭四百多名律師,。其他律師則作為公訴檢察官,。聯(lián)邦檢察官、國(guó)家檢察官和他們的助理檢察官都是由美國(guó)總統(tǒng)任命的,，并隸屬于美國(guó)司法部,。州檢察官，有時(shí)候被稱為地區(qū)檢察官一般是由各州選舉產(chǎn)生且不受其州檢察長(zhǎng)管轄,。通常的規(guī)則是政府部門中的律師直接從事法律工作,，因?yàn)楹苌贋樗麄兲峁┓膳嘤?xùn)以讓他們參與日常政府服務(wù)。但是,，構(gòu)成對(duì)此規(guī)則之例外的有雖少但很重要的一小部分人,，包括那些被任命擔(dān)任高級(jí)行政職務(wù)的人和那些被選舉擔(dān)任政治性官職的人。近年來雖然律師在政府部門工作的有所減少,，但這兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以來律師卻占了美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)和州政府官員中大約一半的職位,。這些數(shù)字印證了首席大法官休斯的那句評(píng)論：“在我們的職業(yè)傳統(tǒng)中，沒有一個(gè)能像其擔(dān)任公共事務(wù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的傳統(tǒng)那樣受到律師們的鐘愛的,?！?/FONT>