（一）被動語態(tài)
動詞的語態(tài)主要分為兩種：主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)指主語是謂語功作的執(zhí)行者,，,。者為主動關(guān)系。被動語態(tài)指主語是謂語動作的承受者,，,。者為被功關(guān)系。
I have done the job.（主動句）
The job has been done.（被動句）
1．被動語態(tài)根據(jù)時態(tài)的不同,，可分為以下幾種類型：
一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are+done;
一般過去時：was/were+done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：am/is/are+being done
過去進(jìn)行時：was/were+being done
將來時 ：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done
現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has +been done
過去完成時：had+been done
將來完成時：will+have been done
2被動語態(tài)門主功語態(tài)一樣具有不同時態(tài),，其時態(tài)的變化取決于時間狀語，其時態(tài)的變化形式由其助動詞be的事態(tài)變化形式來體現(xiàn)
The house is being painted now.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時被動語態(tài)）
Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.（現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)）
The furniture was bought last week..（過去時被動語態(tài)）
You'll be punished one day.（將來時被動語態(tài)） 
3．被動語態(tài)的意義
（1）不知道或沒必要指出行為,、動作的執(zhí)行者（無須加buy短語）
Colour TV sets are sold in that shop.
Football is plated all over the world.
(2)突出和強調(diào)行為或動作的承受著,。
History is made by the people.
The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.
(3)有時主語較長，可后置,。
It's said that we have won the game.
4．在使役動詞makr及感官動詞see ,，hear….等動詞的被動語態(tài)形式后面出現(xiàn)的作主語補足語的不定式須加不定式符號“to"•
The teacher made Tom answer it again.（主動語態(tài)，不加“to" )
Tom was made to answer it again.（被動語態(tài),，加“to" )
5.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞,、副詞或短語。
look at,，laugh at，send for,，call on,，carry out， listen to,，take care of ,make use of,depend on,，pay attention to，hand in，put on,，look up,，give up〕等.
6. be＋過去分詞可以是被動語態(tài)形式，也可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu)形式,。區(qū)別是,，系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語狀態(tài)或特征，不帶by短語,；而被動語態(tài)是表示主語的一個被動動作,，可以帶by短語。
The job was well done.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The job was well done by a skilled worker.（被動語態(tài)）
The composition is well written.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） 
The composition is written with great care;.（被動語態(tài)）
7．原來主動語態(tài)中的賓語如果是從句,，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,，要用形式主語it.
It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him.
It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.
8．有一些動詞不能用被動語態(tài)。
break out,，take place,，happen，belong to,，cost,，suit，fit,，have,，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet（遇見），join（參加）,，fail等
9．賓語為反身代詞時,，不用被動語態(tài)，只用主動語態(tài)形式,。
The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.
10．有些動詞或情態(tài)動詞常用所接的不定式來表示被動意義,。
如：happen，pretend,，seem,，used to，ought to,，appear等,。
The house used to be painted white.
The job has to be done before dark.
On the way we happened to be caught in the rain.
11．有些動名詞在want, need, require和介詞worth后形式為主動，意義為被動,。
12．有些動詞用主動形式來表示被動意義,。如：clean, sell,look，lock,，open,，write，read，wash,feel等,。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
These books sell well.（好賣）
The door doesn't lock. 
The door can't open.
This pen writes very well.
13．除助動詞be可以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)外,，get, become等詞也可以＋過去分詞構(gòu)成被動意義。
She was unhappy because she didn't get invited to the party.

（,。）主謂一致,。
主謂一致指的是句子的謂語動詞與其主語在數(shù)上必須保持一致，句子的主語是第三人稱單數(shù),，其謂語動詞須用單數(shù),，主語是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),。
1．主謂一致的三個原則,。
英語中的主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：意義一致原則、語法一致原則和就近原則,。這三個原則常常發(fā)生矛盾,，但當(dāng)發(fā)生沖突時，意義一致原則為優(yōu)先考慮的原則,。
(1)語法一致原則：
主語和謂語通常是在語法形式上取得一致,，即主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也應(yīng)采取單數(shù)形式,；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式,，謂語動詞也應(yīng)采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。
She is a girl．她是女孩,。
They are all girls．她們都是女孩,。
The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.
這位教授兼作家被邀請到很多大學(xué)作報告。
（教授與作家是同一個人,，是單數(shù).）
The old are very well taken care of in our city．老年人在我們城市被照顧得很好,。( the old指所有的老年人，指一類人,，為復(fù)數(shù)概念,。） 
(2)就近原則：
謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)由靠近它的主語決定。
There is a book,，two pens and three pencils on the desk.
書桌上有一本書,，兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。
There are two pens,，a book and three pencils on the desk.
書桌上有兩支鋼筆,，一本書和三支鉛筆。
Either my sisters or my mother is coming.
不是我的姐妹們就是我的媽媽要來,。
(3)意義一致原則：
主語形式上是單數(shù)，但表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義，那么謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,；或主語形式上是復(fù)數(shù),，但表達(dá)單數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞也采用單數(shù)形式,。
The police are still running after the murderer.
警察還在追殺人犯,。
The news was very exciting.
這則新聞令人激動。
My family were watching TV at 7 o'clock.
7點鐘的時候,，我們?nèi)胰嗽诳措娨暋?
My family has moved three times．我們家搬過三次,。

2．主謂一致的應(yīng)用。
(1)單一主語的情況,。 
單一主語指的是由一個中心名詞或名詞短語構(gòu)成的主語,，其主語與謂語的一致情況如下：
①不定代詞作主語
a．不定代詞either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody,，something,，anyone，anybody,，anything,，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù),、
b. none作主語時如果指人或可數(shù)的物,，表數(shù)目，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式皆可,；如果指不可數(shù)名詞,，表量，謂語動詞用單數(shù),。
Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.
吉米把所有的錢都用光了,，一點沒留。
c. neither/either of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)形式的代詞,，謂語動詞可用單數(shù),，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。
Neither of these words is correct.
這些單詞沒有一個是正確的,。
d. the other two（…）,，the other three（…）another two( ... ) , both等作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)、
Five people came to help,，but another three were still needed.
已經(jīng)有五個人來幫忙了,，但我們還需要三個
e. all指人時作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),；指全部事情時,，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)‘
All the work was finished.
所有的活都干完了
All is going well一切都很正常.
f．在each… . and each,，every….and every，no….and no,many a. . . and many a等由and連接并列單數(shù)主語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,，謂語動詞用單數(shù),、
Each boy and each girl has got a seat.
每個男孩和女孩都有一個座位. 
Every man and everv woman is at work.
每個男人和女人都在工作.
No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.
很長時間沒有聽到一點聲音
Every boy and every girl likes the film star.
所有的男孩和女孩都喜歡這個電影明星
g. such山作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)其意義而定,、
Such is Stephen Hawking,，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much．
這就是史蒂芬•霍金，遭受著巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人,。
Such as have plenty of money want more money.
那些有足夠錢的人還想要更多的錢,。
②集合名詞作主語
a．有些集體名詞，如people, cattle, police等形式上是單數(shù),，但意義上是復(fù)數(shù),，謂語動詞需用復(fù)數(shù)。
People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.
人們還在談?wù)撟蛱彀l(fā)生的那場事故,。
b．集合名詞,，如audience（觀眾），army, class, crew船員）,，company（公司）,，crowd（人群），enemy, family, group, government(政府),，public (公眾),，population(人口),team(隊員)等作主語時，若作為一個整體看待,，謂語用單數(shù),；若著眼于組成該集體的一個個成員或個體時，謂語就該用復(fù)數(shù),。
The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.
中國人口很多,，其中80％的人住在農(nóng)村。 
c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch結(jié)尾的表示國家,、民族的形容詞與the連用時表示復(fù)數(shù)含義,，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)如the English, the Chinese，the French等
The English are a polite people．英國是一個禮儀之邦,。
③以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的特殊名詞作主語
a．以一ics結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科名稱的名詞作主語時,，謂語用單數(shù).
Politics is taught in our school.
我們學(xué)校開設(shè)政治課。
b．專有名詞如國名,、人名,、書名、組織機構(gòu)等作主語,，形式上即使是復(fù)數(shù),，謂語動詞也要用單數(shù),，如the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times等,。
Lu Xun's works sells well. 魯迅的著作很暢銷,。
c．有些名詞如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings（殘渣,，剩余），clothes, trousers, belongings（財產(chǎn)）,，savings, scissor,，等作主語，其謂語動詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式
The family were saved but the belongings were lost.
這一家人獲救,，但損失了所有財產(chǎn),。
d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語,，謂語動詞根據(jù)其單復(fù)數(shù)而定
Each means has been tried to solve the problem,，but none is effective.
每一種方法都試過，但沒有一個是有效的,。
④含有修飾語的名詞作主語
a一些由兩個對應(yīng)部分組成一體的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主語，前面若無a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等這類單位詞,，通常作復(fù)數(shù)用,，謂語動詞作復(fù)數(shù)。若帶有單位詞,，則由單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式,。
My shoes are under the bed．我的鞋在床下。 
His black trousers are too long．他的那條黑褲子太長了,。
Your glasses are on your nose．你的眼鏡在鼻子上,。
但若這類名詞與a pair連用時，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù),。
This pair of shoes is made in Beijing．這雙鞋子是北京制造的,。
There is a pair of glasses on your bed．你的床上有副眼鏡。
b. a number of'意為“許多”,，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時謂語一般也用復(fù)數(shù)：the number of意為“……的數(shù)目”,，作主語時，謂語•只能用單數(shù)
A number of the other plants were found in America.
在美洲還發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多別的植物,。
The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before．
在中國乘飛機旅行的人數(shù)比以往多了,。
c．只修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of...）作主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,；其修飾的名詞作主語,、謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式
Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作當(dāng)成娛樂,。
d. some, plenty of', a lot ( of) , lots( of）等詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞，又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,，謂語的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)所修飾詞而定,、
A lot of students are coming to the meeting.
很多學(xué)生要來參加這次會議。
A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.
為了準(zhǔn)備會議,，還有很多工作要做,。
〔注意」a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of）作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)quantity的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定,。
Quantities of money are needed to equip the school. 
學(xué)校安裝設(shè)備需要很多錢,。
A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.
為孩子們買了大量的故事書：
e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little,，quite a little,，a large amount( of）等修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量詞作主語或修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)形式
A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used．
很多時間在玩耍中浪費掉了,，但本應(yīng)好好利用的
f. "more than one十單數(shù)名詞”盡管意義上是復(fù)數(shù),，但因中心詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語也必須用單數(shù)以符合語法一致的原則在“more＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,，謂語常用復(fù)數(shù)．
More than one person was injured in the accident.
不止一人在這次事故中受傷－
More members than one are against the proposal.
反對這項提議的會員不止一個
g. "one or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時,，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)
One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午有一兩個學(xué)生在植樹
h．表示時間、距離,、價格,、度量衡的復(fù)數(shù)名詞與pass, go by，waste, use, spend等詞連用時,，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)
Five years have passed since I joined the Party．我入黨五年了
i. one or two 后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)但在“a/an十單數(shù)名詞＋or two”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語卻常用單數(shù)
One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.
干這活一兩天就夠了 
j. the rest（of…）,，the remaining,，part（of...），one half'( of…）等詞或短語作主語和它們所修飾的名詞或代詞作主語,，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)主語所表達(dá)的單復(fù)數(shù)而定
Part of his story was not true．他講的故事有一部分不是真的,。
Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我們學(xué)校一部分外籍教師來自加拿大.
k．當(dāng)“幾分之幾（百分之幾）+ of＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，一般也應(yīng)根據(jù)of后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)"one and a half +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語,，謂語一般用單數(shù).
This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of vast oceans．
這是因為地球表面積的2/3是由廣闊的海洋構(gòu)成的
Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.
這些任務(wù)已經(jīng)完成了三分之,。
One and a half days is all I can spare.
我只能抽出一天半的時間
It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.
據(jù)報道在此地區(qū)有四分之一的人患肺癌（一般情況下，one in ten作主語和其修飾的名詞作主語,，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式）

(2）非謂語形式,、從句作主語
①單獨的不定式、動詞的一ing形式作主語時,，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式：如果多個非謂語動詞連在一起表達(dá)同一概念,，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,；如果表達(dá)不同概念，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)
Persuading him to join us seems really hard.
勸他加入我們似乎很難,。
To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 
早睡早起是好習(xí)慣,。
To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.
雖然工作和生活是兩件不同的事情，但是它們永遠(yuǎn)相伴 ,。
②that,，what，who,，which,，when，where,，why，whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve：等引導(dǎo)的從句作主語或單獨引導(dǎo)疑問句時,，應(yīng)根據(jù)概念上一致的原則決定謂語動詞的數(shù)
"That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.
杰克出國去了使我們都很驚訝
Who is Abraham Lincoln,？林肯是誰？
Who are talking with each other,？誰在相互討論,？

(3)以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語的主謂一致
① and及both... and...
a. 一般來說，兩個單數(shù)主語用and連接起來,，表示兩個不同的人或物,，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但如果兩個并列的單數(shù)主語在意義上指同一個人,、同一個事物或同一個概念,，謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)
A smile and handshake show welcome．微笑和握手表示歡迎
The poet and writer has produced many works.這個詩人兼作家寫出很多作品、
b．并列主語由or, either.. . or. . . , neither... nor. . . , not only…but also…連接時,，謂語動詞常與鄰近的主語保持人稱,、數(shù)的一致
Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老師，或者是學(xué)生要受到責(zé)備
Not only the students but also their teacher doesn't know about it．
不僅僅是學(xué)生,，還有他們的老師都對此一無所知＿ 
Neither you nor I am fit for the work.
你和我都不適合干這個工作－
Are neither you nor I fit for the work?
你和我都不適合干這個工作嗎,？

(4)假性主語的主謂一致
with,together with（連同），along with（和•••••一起）,，as wellas（也）,，like（諸如），such as（諸如）,，as much as, no less than（和••••一樣）,，rather than（而不是），including, besides, but,except, in addition以除……之外）等短語后的主語稱為假性主語,，謂語動詞仍然根據(jù)原主語而定,，不跟假性主語一致,。
The boy with his dog is here.
這個男孩在這兒，還有他的狗
No one but your parents was there then.
那時,，除了你的父母沒有別人在那里
Tom,，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon.
湯姆今天下午要和瑪麗及艾麗絲去游泳
The teacher,，including his students,，is going to see Professor Smith.
那位老師和他的學(xué)生們將去看望史密斯教授、

(5)由there , here引導(dǎo)的主語不止一個時,，謂語通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致,、
There is a lake and some hills around it.
它被一個湖和幾座刁,、山環(huán)繞著、 

(6)定語從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)視先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定，先行詞是單數(shù),，定語從句中的謂語動詞也用單數(shù)，先行詞是復(fù)數(shù),，定語從句中的謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)
Those（people）who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper．
同意這個計劃的在這張紙上簽名
I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures.
我將永遠(yuǎn)珍惜充滿歡樂的時光：
The news that has been published in today's newspaper isn't true.
今天報紙上發(fā)布的新聞不是真的,。

(7）在倒裝句中謂語應(yīng)與后面的主語保持一致。
On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso.
墻上掛著一些畢加索的畫,。

(8)運算數(shù)詞作主語時,，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Three times five is fifteen. 3乘5等于15
Five minus four is one. 5減4等于1,。
Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7乘4等于?g

(9）表示數(shù)量的“one and a half＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時,，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
One and a half bananas is left on the table. 
桌子上還剩有一個半香蕉,。
One and a half hours is enough一個半小時足夠了,。

六、知識*能力聚焦
1. off prep.＆adv．離開,，分開
（1）prep.
The hall rolled off the table．球從桌上滾落
Keep off the grass．勿踐踏草地
He entered a big house off the high street. 他進(jìn)入了一所離大街不遠(yuǎn)的大房子,。
The ship sank off Cape Horn. 這艘輪船在合恩角外沉沒了
（2）adv.
The town is still five miles off%amaN． 那小鎮(zhèn)尚在五英里之外－
We are still some way off.
我們?nèi)杂幸欢尉嚯x（如距目的地）要走
Please tell them that the meeting is olf
請告訴他們會議已經(jīng)取消了。
〔常用短語〕
take sth. off sth. 扣除,，減去
fall off 跌落 
knock sth. off sth．把某物從另一物上．放掉
wipe sth. off sth． 把某物從另一物上擦掉
along the coast 沿著海岸
off the coast 海岸外／在海上
on the coast海岸上／在海岸
The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe.
不列顛群島是一組位于歐洲西海岸不遠(yuǎn)處的島嶼
Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River.
武漢位于長江邊
2. face n.臉vt．轉(zhuǎn)向,，面向
（1）n．
Judging from his worried face，we knew that he must have had some trouble.
從他焦急的臉色判斷,，我們知道他肯定有麻煩了.
（2）vt.
-How does the house face,？這房屋面朝哪邊？
-It faces ( to the ) east．朝東,。
I was faced with new problem．我面臨著新的M題
〔常用短語〕
in( the) face of不顧（問題,、困難等）
lose one's face失面子，丟臉
fight in the face of公然反抗 
face the music 由于自己的決定或行為而接受批評或承擔(dān)后果
3. range n. &vt.
（1）n．山脈，視覺（聽覺）范圍（區(qū)域）,，射程
There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在邊境地帶有連綿不斷的雄偉山脈,。
The tree is within range of' vision．這棵樹在視野之內(nèi)
( 2 ) vt.（在一定范圍內(nèi)）變化，排列
The prices of the dolls range from＄5 to＄100. 這些布娃娃的價格從5美元到100美元不等
The discussion ranged over various problems. 這次討論涉及了種種問題
4. design n.. &v.
( 1 )n. 圖樣,，設(shè)計,，圖案；目的,，意向
This is a design for the garden.
這是那座花園的設(shè)計圖
We don't know if it was done by accident or by design.
我們不知道那是偶然的,，還是故意的。
His evil designs were frustrated.
他的罪惡意圖未能得逞
(2) v．設(shè)計,，控制
She is designing dresses for the singer.
她在為這位歌手設(shè)計服裝 
He designed a plot for tits new novel.
他為他的新小說擬定情節(jié)
This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together.
這次周末聚會的用意是使兩位音樂家見面
〔常用短語〕
by design故意地,，蓄意地；
have designs on/against對…… 抱不良企圖,，圖謀加害于,；
design stfi. for sb. /sth．設(shè)計，制圖,，構(gòu)思
5. influence n.＆v.
( 1 )n. 影響,，支配，作用
the influence of the moon on the tides 月球?qū)Τ毕淖饔?
These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her. 她那些所謂的朋友對她影響很壞
He has a strange influence over the girl. 他對這個女孩子有一種奇妙的影響
Her influence made me a better person. 受她的影響,，我變好了
(2) v. 影響，感化
The rice crops will be influenced by the weather. 稻谷的收成將受到氣候的影響
It is clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso. 她的畫顯然受到畢加索的影響
What influenced you to behave like that? 是什么支配你那樣做的,？
6. refer vi. ( referred, referred, referring）涉及,，提到( to)；查資料,；參與,；針對；提交,，交付
He referred to pollution in his report last week. 上周在報告中他提到了污染問題,、
The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投訴轉(zhuǎn)交給制造商 
refer to 意思是“提到，談到,，涉及,，衣考，查閱”
refer to sb. /sth. as 意為“稱某人/某物為……”,，to是介詞,，不可省略
be referred to( as） 是refer to的被動式，意思是“把......稱作”
When f was saying that I wasn't referring to you. 我那樣說的時候,，指的并不是你,、
The huge clock in London is referred to as“Big Ben”. 倫敦的大鐘被稱為“大本鐘”
They referred to their friendly teacher as“Mother"． 他們把和善的老師稱為“媽媽”
7. compare vt. &vi．比較，對照；比作
He cannot compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies.
作為一個悲劇作家,，他無法和莎士比亞相比
compare... with意為“把......與……進(jìn)行比較／相比”
compare... to... 意為“把……比作......”,，含“比喻”之意
compare with sb. /sth．意為‘和某人或某事物相比或值得相比”
It's necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study．學(xué)英語時有必要把英語和漢語進(jìn)行比較
Compare this with that，and you'll which is better. 把這個同那個比較,，你就知道哪個更好了
He began comparing himself pith the students. 他開始把自己和學(xué)生比較起來
Young people are often compared to the rising still. 年輕人常被比作初升的大陽
The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose. 詩的作者把他的愛人比作玫瑰,。
[注意]
compare 的過去分詞作狀語時，compared to 和 compare with在應(yīng)用上無區(qū)別,，常被用于句首或句末,。
This hardship is nothing，compared to/with those the Red Army faced on the Long March. 
和紅軍長征比起來,，這點苦算不上什么
Compared to/with many girls,，she was indeed very lucky．
與許多女孩相比，她的確算很幸運了
8. percent n．百分之……
percent表示“百分之…”,，相當(dāng)于％,，其前往往是一個具體的數(shù)字
percentage表示“百分比，百分率”,，其前不能是一個具體的數(shù)字,，只能被high , low等形容詞修飾。
-What percentage of babies died of' this disease last year?
去年嬰兒死于這種疾病的百分比是多少,？
-One percent．百分之一

9. would like to do原音做草事
would like sb. to do寧愿要某人做某事
would like to have done本打算做但沒做
I'd like to pay you a visit next week. 下周我打算拜訪你,。
He'd like me to look after his pet dog. 他愿意讓我照看他的寵物狗。
I'd like to have gone with you,，but I was busy then. 我本打算同你一起去的,，但當(dāng)時我很忙。
10. check n. &vt.
(1) n. 檢查,，核對,；發(fā)票，支票
We should have a check on the quality of all goods leaving the factory.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)對全部貨物在出廠前進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢查 
We have kept the SARS in check for a year now. 到目前為止我們已控制SARS這種疾病一年了
I've lost the check for my coat. 我把大衣的發(fā)票弄丟了
I always pay bills by check．我總是用支票付賬
(2) vt. 阻止,，制止,，控制；核查,；調(diào)查,；托運或寄存
Will you please check these figures? 請檢查這些數(shù)字有無錯誤好嗎？
Check your coat at the door. 把你的外套寄存在入口處,、
〔辮析〕check,，examine，test
check指核對,，核實,，特別是對數(shù)量或質(zhì)量加以驗證,；
examine著重指檢查、研討及審查,；
test指測驗,、檢驗、測試一個人的某種能力
Please check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves．
你要在飛機起飛前一個小時到機場辦理登機手續(xù),。
I examined students in English. 我測驗學(xué)生英文,。
I'd better have my eyes tested. 我該去檢查視力了。
11. across prep.（表示運動）橫過,，越過,，（表示位置）在……的對面
The old man walked across the road. 那個老人小心地走過馬路
He lives across the street from us. 他住在我們對面的大街上
A boy helped a blind man across the street. 一個小男孩幫助一位盲人過馬路
[辮析] across，past,，through 
across表示“橫過,，橫穿，越過”,，它的含義與on, over有關(guān),，側(cè)重于動作在某一物體或某一地方的表面進(jìn)行。across作介詞還可表示“在……討過”,；作副詞表示“對過”或“橫過”,。
past表示從某物旁邊經(jīng)過
[注意] past是介詞，不可與動詞pass相混淆,。
We walked past the hospital.＝We passed by the hospital. 我們從醫(yī)院旁邊經(jīng)過
through表示“通過,，穿過”，它的含義與in有關(guān),，側(cè)重動作在某一物體空間里進(jìn)行,，含有從中間通過之意。through還可表示“憑借”“（做）完”等意,。
The ship sailed across the Atlantic. 這只船橫渡過了大西洋
She is talking to the neighbour across the garden fence. 她正隔著籬笆與鄰居說話：
He was absent-minded and walked past the station. 他走路時心不在焉而走過了車站。
The policeman forced his way through the crowd. 警察奮力穿過人群
He walked through the street and found nothing alive. 他走過街道,，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)有生命的東西,。
12. in the south of, to the south of與on the south of
in the south of 在...... 的南邊（部），通常指某一范圍之內(nèi),；
to the south of 在……在南邊,，強調(diào)越出了某一范圍；
on the south of 在...... 南面,，強調(diào)兩者毗部,，接攘。
He lives in the north of Scotland．他住在蘇格蘭北部
The church is to the south of London. 那座教堂在倫敦的南邊,。
China faces the Pacific on the east．中國東臨太平洋,。 
〔注意〕我們只有籠統(tǒng)地指明方向時，可以不出現(xiàn)介詞。
Shandong is north of Fujian. 山東位于福建北部
South of the mountain,，there is a big river. 山的南部,，有一條大河。
13. cover v．蓋,，掩蓋,；行過（路程）；報道,；讀
n．蓋子,，封面，封底,，包皮
〔常用短語〕
cover sth． 蓋住……
cover... with 用……蓋住……
cover 30 pages 讀三十頁
be covered with... 用……覆蓋
cover an area of… 占地面積為,，••…
cover 2,000 li 走了兩千里
cover a conference 報道會議
under cover 隱藏著
under the cover of 在……的掩護(hù)下，趁著
The book with a hard cover is more expensive. 精裝書比較貴
Flood water covered the fields by the river. 洪水淹沒了河邊的田地,。
Rubble covered the pavement．人行道上鋪了碎石塊,。
The chief editor sent a reporter to cover the event. 主編派記者去報道這一事件 
Her lectures covered the subject throughly. 她的演講對這個問題闡述得很透徹
The Red Army men covered 25，000 1i during the Long March.
長征中,，紅軍走過了兩萬五千里
〔辮析〕 discover,，uncover, find out
discover指“發(fā)現(xiàn)”某種本來存在、而以前未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的事物或不為人所知的東西,。
find out常用來指“弄明白,、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）”,，作“發(fā)現(xiàn)”講時,，是指發(fā)現(xiàn)一種無形而隱藏的東西。
uncover還可表示“發(fā)現(xiàn),、揭露,、暴露”等意思，一般用于貶義,，其賓語常常是：relic遺物,、古跡，plot陰謀,、圈套,、（秘密）計劃，conspiracy共謀,、陰謀
Do you know who discovered America? 你知道是誰發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲的嗎,？
Think it over and you'll find out the answer to the question. 仔細(xì)想想，你就會找到問題的答案
He uncovered the famous picture. 他揭開了那幅名畫的覆蓋物
14. work n．作品,；成果,；制品
v．運轉(zhuǎn),；開動；工作
Almost everyone's success is achieved by hard work. 幾乎每個人的成功都是靠艱苦的勞動獲得的,。
This vase is a wonderful piece of work. 這個花瓶是一件了不起的作品
He likes 0. Henry's works. 他喜歡歐•亨利的作品
[辮析］work on,，work at，work out
work on和work at都可以作“致力于,；從事于”解釋,，相當(dāng)于be engaged in，常?？梢曰ハ啻?。但當(dāng)表示“克服（困難）；解決（難題）”時,，較傾向于用work at,；在表示“致力于創(chuàng)作或制造時”，較傾向于用work on 
work out"解出,，找出答案”,，可以看作是work on的結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于find或have got,
Here he worked on a short film,，which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.
他制作了一部短片,，這使他獲得了一份工作，并成為世界上最年輕的電影導(dǎo)演,。
It's said that he's working at/on a new novel. 據(jù)說他正在寫一部小說
He liked to work at difficult problems in maths. 他喜歡解數(shù)學(xué)難題,。
We have made up our minds to research on till we work out the facts of what has caused the pollution.
我們決心研究下去，直到弄清導(dǎo)致污染的根源

15. more than：表示“多于,，超過,，不僅僅，不止”
more... than,；表示“與其說,，倒不如說”
no more than表示“不過，僅僅,；同••••一樣不”
not more than表示“至多,，不超過”
More than one member was against the plan. 不止一個人反對該計劃
There are more than sixty students in our class. 我們班有60多個學(xué)生
He is more than our teacher and he is our friends. 他不僅僅是我們的老師，也是我們的朋友
His father is more disappointed than angry. 他父親與其說是生氣,，倒不如說是失望
The little boy is not more than 5 years old. 這個小男孩不超過五歲。（最大只有五歲）
The little boy is no more than five years old. 這個小孩只有五歲,。（言年齡?。?
[注意]more than one和many a后均跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù),，但是more十可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋ than 
one作主語時,，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)
Many a student likes playing football. 不止一個學(xué)生喜歡踢足球,。
More workers than one were for his opinions. 不止一個工人支持／贊成他的觀點。
16.“由于,，因為”的幾種表達(dá)方式
because＋從句
because of＋n .
thans to十n.
owing to十n.
due to＋n.
as a （the）result of十n.
on account of十n.
(1) because為從屬連詞,，后跟一個完整的句子構(gòu)成原因狀語從句而because of則是一個介詞短語，后接名詞或動名詞
He didn't ao to school because of his illness.
= He didn’ t go to school because he was ill. 他沒去上學(xué)是因為生病了,。
He was punished by his teacher because of his cheating on exams.
=He was punished by his teacher because he cheated on exams. 他因考試作弊受到老師的懲罰,。
( 2 )thanks to這一短語介詞，含有,、‘幸虧,、多虧、虧得,、依賴,、依靠、由于,、因為”等意思幾它引導(dǎo)的短語,，可以表達(dá)正面意思（近似于原意“感謝”），也可用于諷刺口吻中（近似于諷刺口吻的“感謝”）它引導(dǎo)的短語在句中用作狀語時,，大多放在句首,，也可以置于句末.
My mother is getting better and better，thanks to the doctor. 
多虧了醫(yī)生,，我母親才一天天康復(fù)起來（感謝的口吻）
Thanks to your help,，I passed the test. 幸虧有你的幫助，我通過了剛驗〕（正面意思）
(3) owing to意為“由于,，因為”,，在句中通常用作狀語，可置于句首或句末,。
Owing to my absence,，they had to put off the class meeting till next week.
由于我不在，他們只好將班會推遲到下個星期.
Xiao Wang could not come to the ball（,，）owing to a bad cold. 因為得了重感冒,，小王沒能去打（踢）球.
(4) due to意為“由于”，它引導(dǎo)的短語在句中一般用作表語或定語,，但在很多場合也可與owing to通用,，作狀語. 這一用法在現(xiàn)今英語中也很流行，但不如owing to那么嚴(yán)謹(jǐn).
The accident is due to your careless driving. 那件意外事故歸因于你駕駛不小心.
(5) as a ( the) result of意為 “ 由于......的結(jié)果”,，一般用作狀語,。
He was late as a result of the traffic jam. 由于交通阻塞，他遲到了,。
(6) on account of意為“因......緣故,，由于”它引導(dǎo)的短語在句中通常作狀語,，可置于句首或句末。
The train was delayed on account of a heavy snow. 由于一場大雪火車來遲了,。
17. such pron．這樣的物（事,、人）
adj.（無比較級和最高級）這樣的，如此的
One such dictionary is enough. 這樣的詞典一本就夠了
We are not such fools as to believe him. 我們不是那樣的愚人,，竟會相信他,。
〔注意〕(1 )such放在名詞前時，這個名詞帶或不帶形容詞都可以,。such可在句中修飾不可數(shù)名詞,，而so不可以這樣用。
（2）such一般用來加強語氣,，強調(diào)名詞或形容詞的意思,。若有比較的意思時常用like this/that的形式來表達(dá)。 
[辨析]such as,， such...as,， such...that
such as（用于列舉事物）
such...as...（用于定語從句）
such...that（引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句）
There are many books in the library such as novels，storybooks and picture books.
這家圖書館有很多書,，諸如小說,、故事書、圖畫書之類.
I went to the shop and bought such things as bread,，wine and vegetables.
我去商店買了這些東西,，如面包、葡萄酒和蔬菜,。
He is such a lovely student as every teacher likes. 他是如此可愛的學(xué)生,，以致于每個老師都喜歡他
Such things a, you have bought are not good value for money. 你買的這些東西根本不值所花的錢。
She is such a beautiful girl as many young men love.
=She is such a beautiful girl that many young men love her. 她是如此的漂亮,，以致于很多年輕男子喜歡她,。18. Between France and Spain is another mountain range-the Pyrenees.
法國與西班牙之間橫亙著另外一條山脈------庇里牛斯山。
當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語放在句首時,，所引導(dǎo)的句子應(yīng)用完全倒裝,，即地點狀語十謂語十主語＋其他
On her left sat her husband．她左邊坐著她丈夫。
Beyond the river lives an old fisherman. 有個老漁夫住在河的對岸：
所謂完全倒裝,，就是將謂語動詞置于主語前,。完全倒裝一般具有以下兩個條件：①謂語動詞是單個（即不帶情態(tài)動詞、助動詞或be動詞）的不及物動詞,，且只限于一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時,；②主語只能是名詞。完全倒裝一般有以下四種情況：
(1)以here等副詞開頭引出的完全倒裝 
在描述情景時，為了使景象更生動,，有時把here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off , away等方向性副詞位于句子開頭時，句子用完全倒裝,。此時,，①句子主語必須是名詞；②謂語動詞通常是be,come , go, run, rush, fly, follow, fall等表示位移的不及物動詞,，且為一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài),；③其中的here ,there不是表示地點，而是用以引起對方注意,。
Here comes the bus．汽車來了,。
There goes the bell．鈴響了。
Here are some advertisements about cars. 這兒有幾則有關(guān)汽車的廣告,。
(2)以表語或狀語開頭引出的完全倒裝
有時為了強調(diào),，或者為了使句子平衡，或者為了使上下文連接得更加緊密,，就將表語和地點狀語（多為介詞短語）置于句首,，謂語動詞也常置于主語前，構(gòu)成完全倒裝,。
Among the people was a man named Brown. 在這些人中有一個叫布朗的人,。
On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 這個山頂上有一座廟。
(3 )there be結(jié)構(gòu)及其變體的完全倒裝,。
There is a tall tree in front of the house. 這所房子前面有一裸大樹,。
〔注意〕在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以代替be的還有以下動詞：live,，lie,，stand，appear,，rise,，remain，happen,，come,，go等。
Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 從前,，在海邊的一個村子里住著一位老漁夫,。
(4)直接引語放在句首引起的完全倒裝。
若直接引語的部分或全部放在句首,，并且說話人是名詢時,，將say或ask置于說話人前，構(gòu)成完全倒裝,。
“Are you ready?"asked the teacher. “準(zhǔn)備好了沒有,？”老師問道,。
"It is unbelievable！”said Alfred Butts. 阿爾弗雷德•布滋說,，“這真叫人難以置信,！”
19. There is a mountain range called the Alps. 有一座山脈叫做阿爾卑斯山脈。 
called the Alps被叫做阿爾卑斯山脈,，此處,，called the Alps是過去分詞短語作后置定語，相當(dāng)于which is called the Alps,，這是一個定語從句,，過去分詞作定語，表示被動和完成,。
a boy named Jack一個名叫杰克的男孩,。
They built a monument in memory of the people killed in the war.
他們建了一座紀(jì)念碑，用以懷念在戰(zhàn)爭中遇害的人們,。
不定式,、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作定語的區(qū)別： 這三種形式作定語，主要體現(xiàn)在動作發(fā)生的時間上,。
(1)過去分詞表示的動作或是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,，或是沒有一定的時間性。
Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你讀過這本狄更斯寫的小說嗎,？
He is a man loved and respected by all. 他是個受眾人愛戴的人,。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作定語時表示的動作正在發(fā)生或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生：
Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.
聽,！現(xiàn)在唱的這首歌很受學(xué)生歡迎,；
(3）不定式的被動式作定語時，表示一個未來的動作,。
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.
明天會上討論的這個問題是個很重要的問題
試比較：
a house being built now一座正在被建造的房子
a house to be built next year一座要建造的房子
a house built last year一座去年建成的房子 
20. Paris is the capital and largest city of France,，
situated on the River Seine．巴黎是法國的首都，也是法國最大的城市,，坐落在塞納河畔,。
如果兩個名詞指兩個人或物，通常每個名詞前都要加冠詞,；如果兩個名詞指同一個人或物,，一般只用一個冠詞。
He sent her the red and the white roses.
他送給她紅玫瑰和白玫瑰（兩種）
He sent her the red and white rose.
他送給她紅白相間的玫瑰（一種）
The driver and the manager went to the company.
司機和經(jīng)理一同來到公司,。（兩個人）
The driver and manager went to the company.
經(jīng)理自己開著車來到公司,。（一個人）
21. None of them speaks Spanish．沒有一個人說西班牙語。
none pron 沒有一個，無一
None of the money on the table is mine. 桌上的錢沒有一分是我的,。
None of us enjoy getting up early．我們中間沒人喜歡早起
But none of them has been turned to stone yet,！ 但是他們誰也沒有變成石頭！
no one, none,nothing的用法
(1 ) no one單獨使用,，只用于指人,，可以回答who提出的問題
-Who will get to station？誰要到車站去,？
-No one．沒有人。 
(2) none一般與of短語連用,，指人或物,。none of the boys/the money/them中，none強調(diào)數(shù)的概念,。none可以回答how mane ,how much提出的問題
He has many friends. But none of them can really help him when he is in trouble．
他有許多朋友,，但當(dāng)他遇到困難時卻沒有一個能真正幫他。
-How many Chinese stamps do you collect? 你收集了多少中國郵票,？
-None一張沒有,。
（3) nothing表示“什么也沒有，沒有東西”,，是全部否定,，作主語、賓語或表語,。
Nothing can stop us marching forward. 沒有什么東西能阻止我們前進(jìn)
22. The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people,，twice as big as the population of the United States. 擴大后的歐盟擁有五億多人口，這個數(shù)目是美國人口的兩倍,。
（1）population n.
population的用法要注意以下四點：
①當(dāng)問及國家,、城市、地區(qū)等有多少人口時,，可以用,。
What is the population of China? 中國有多少人口？
②表達(dá)擁有多少人口時,，我們常用have a population of.... 或some place with a population of. . . ,。
China has a population of more than 1.3 billion people.
或China is a country with a population of more than 1.3 billion people. 中國有十三億多人口
③當(dāng)population置于句首充當(dāng)句子的主語時，且其前有分?jǐn)?shù),、百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾時,，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
About 80% of the Chinese population are Han people. 中國人口的80％是漢族 
Two thirds of the population of this area are farmers. 這一地區(qū)三分之,。的人口是農(nóng)民
④修飾population這個詞,，常用big, large, small，而不用much, many等。
China has a large population．中國人口眾多
(2) twice是名詞,，在這里表示倍數(shù),，倍數(shù)的表示法常有以下四種：
① A is... times + adj. /adv．的比較級＋than B
This bridge is three times longer than that one. 這座橋比那座橋長三倍。
At least,，the train runs five times faster than the boat. 火車的速度至少比小船快五倍
② A is... times as + adj. /adv．的原級＋as B
This bridge is four times as long as that one. 這座橋是那座橋的四倍長
At least,，the train runs six times as fast as the boat火車的速度至少是小船的速度的六倍
③ A is... times the size/ length/ width/ height/ depth＋of ＋B
This bridge is four times the length of that one. 這座橋是那座橋的四倍長
After the experiment，the plant is six times the height of what it was before．
試驗之后,，植物的高度是原來的六倍
④ The size/length/height/depth/width＋of A＋is＋… times of＋B
The length of this bridge is four times of that bridge. 這座橋是那座橋的四倍長
Your room is three times as big as mine.
Your room is twice bigger than mine.
=The size of your room is inree times that of mine.
=your room is three times the size of mine. 你房間的面積是我房間的面積的三倍 

Module 2 Develop and Develod Countries
一,、重點單詞

hunger n．饑餓
income n．收入
poverty n．貧窮
human n..（與動物等對比的）人
development n．發(fā)展
unfortunate adj.不幸的；遺憾的
location n．位置,；所在地
tourism n．旅游業(yè)
transport n．交通工具
measure vt.測定,；測量；評估
goal n．目標(biāo)
expectancy n.（根據(jù)概率得出的）預(yù)期數(shù)額
position n．位置
educate vt．教育,；培養(yǎng),；訓(xùn)練
household n. 一家人；家庭
homeless adj．無家可歸的
charity n．慈善團(tuán)體 
crowded adj.擁擠的
freeway n．高速公路
inhabitant n．居民
similarity n．類似,；相似
industrial adj.工業(yè)的
polluted adj.受到污染的
smart adj．漂亮的,；整潔的；時髦的
vast adj.巨大的,；龐大的,；浩瀚的
entertainment n.娛樂
exchange n．交換

二、詞匯拓展
hunger-hungry ( adj.）
human-humanism ( n.）人道主義
educate-education(n)
unfortunate-unfortunately ( adr. ) -fortunately（反義詞）一fortunate ( adj.）-fortune(n)
transport-transportation( n.）
industrial-industry ( n.）工業(yè)一industrialization( n.）工業(yè)化 
三,、重點短語
at the top of 在……頂端
at the bottom of 在……底部
make effort 努力
be connected with 與……有聯(lián)系
be close to 接近,，靠近
a period of time 一段時間
up to 直到
make progress 取得進(jìn)步
agree to do 同意做……
reduce... to 減至
increase...by 以……的幅度增加
move out of 脫離，擺脫
make sure 確保
be similar to 與……相似
in recent years 近年來
as a result 結(jié)果 

四,、重點句式
while引起的并列句“介詞短語／副詞＋謂語十主語”的倒裝
with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
Beijing has a lot more inhabitants than Sydney.
There are fewer tourists in Beijing than in Sydney,。
I think Sydney has less rain than Beijing.
Sydney doesn't have as much pollution as Beijing.
五、語法歸納
連詞
（一）連詞的定義
用來連接詞,、短語,、從句與句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是一種虛詞,，在句中不重讀,，不能獨立擔(dān)任句子成分。根據(jù)在句中所起的作用,，連詞可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩類：
（二）并列連詞
連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞,、短語或句子的連詞叫并列連詞。根據(jù)其意義,，并列連詞又可分為表示聯(lián)合,、轉(zhuǎn)折,、選擇和因果四種關(guān)系的連詞。
1．表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的并列連詞
表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的并列連詞有：and（和）,，both... and...（既……又…… ) , neither... nor...（既不……也不……）,，
not only... but also...（不但……而且…... ) , as well as（除……外……也……）。
They can both read English and speak it well.他們能讀英語而且說得很好,。
Neither you nor he is wrong．你和他都沒有錯,。 
He not only had read the book but also remembered what he had read.
他不僅記得讀了那本書，而且還記得讀過的內(nèi)容,。
1 am a teacher and he is a doctor．我是老師,，他是醫(yī)生。
He has experience as well as knowledge.（＝He has not only knowledge but also experience.）
他既有知識,，又有經(jīng)驗,。
Neither I nor he has seen the film. 我沒看過這部電影，他也沒看過
2．表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞
表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有：but（可是,，但是），while(而,，然而）,，still（但是，然而）,，yet（可是）,，however（然而，但是）,，whereas（而）,，nevertheless（然而，不過）,。
I am willing, yet unable．我心有余而力不足,。
He is short，while his brother is tall.他個子矮,，而他兄弟個子高－
He worked hard, however, he failed．他很努力,，然而還是失敗了。( however可置句首,、句中或句末）
The pain was bad,，still he did not complain.他痛得厲害，可是他并沒有呻吟
3．表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞
表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞有：or（或）,，or else（否則）,，otherwise（要不然），either. . . or...（或,，••…或……,，不是……就是….. ) , rather than（而不,，也不）
I must work hard，or I'll fail in the exam.我得認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí),，否則不能通過考試,。
Either you or I am to blame．不是你就是我會受到批評
You can either do it by yourself,or you can ask someone else to do it.
你可以自己做，也可以請人做,。 
Seize the chance, otherwise( or else) you'll regret it．
抓住機會,，否則你會后悔的。( otherwise, or else常接在祈使句后面）
You can either stay at home or go fishing.你可以呆在家里,，或是去釣魚：
He went rather than stay as an unwelcome guest.他走了,，不愿留下來做個不受歡迎的客人。
4．表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞
表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有：so(所以）,for（因為）
It is moming,for the birds are singing．是早晨了,，因為鳥叫了,。
It was late, so I went home．天色已晚，因此我就回家了,。
［注意］then（那么,，因而）,thus（因而），hence（因此）,，therefore（因此,，所以）等副詞常可放句首表示因果關(guān)系He was busy,therefore he could not come．他忙,，因此不能來,。
He studied hard，thus he got a full mark.他很用功,，因而得了滿分,、
His car broke down，thus he was late for work.他的車壞了,，因此他上班遲到,。
It is winter now，hence the days will be shorter.現(xiàn)在是冬天,，因此白天會短些,。
（三）從屬連詞
用來連接主句和從句的連詞叫從屬連詞從屬連詞可分為兩類：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞和引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞
1．引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞有連接詞that, whether和if，這些連接詞在句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,；連接代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, what等,，它們在句中可作主語、賓語,、定語等,；連接副詞主要有when, where, how, why等，它們在句中可作狀語（詳情見名詞性從句）,。 
We know( that）the earth goes round the sun.我們知道地球圍繞太陽運轉(zhuǎn)（賓語從句）
What we need is more time.我們需要的是更多的時間,。（主語從句）
That's what I want．那就是我想要的,。（表語從句）
The news that our team had won was very exciting.我們隊贏了，這消息十分令人振奮,。（同位語從句）
2．引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞
(1）引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞：
when(當(dāng)……時）,，while（在……期間），as（當(dāng)……時,，一邊……一邊）,，after（在……之后），before（在……之前）,，since（自從……以來）,，till/until（直到，直到……才）,，once（一旦..... ) , as soon as（一......就..... ) , the moment/instant（一……就……）,，no sooner... than（剛……就……），hardly... when（剛……就……）等
Once you begin,，you must go on.一旦你開了頭,，你就必須繼續(xù)下去
When it rains，I go to school by bus.下雨時,，我坐公共汽車上學(xué),。
(2)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞：
as（由于）,because（因為），since（既然）等,。
He didn't go to school because he was ill．他因為生病沒去上學(xué),。
Since everybody is here,，let's begin. 既然大家都在這里,、我們就開始吧
(3）引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的從屬連詞：
where（在……地方），wherever（無論在……哪里）等,。
Wherever she may be,，she will be happy.她無論在什么地方都快樂
Where there is a will, there is a way．有志者，事竟成,。
(4）引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞： 
if（如果）,，unless（除非），so/as long as（只要）等
He will not come unless he is invited.除非被邀請,，否則他是不會來的,。
You'll be late for the class if you don't hurrv.如果你不快點，你就會上課遲到,。
(5）引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞：
that（以便）,，so that（為了），in order that（為了）,lest（以防,，免得）,in case（以防,，免得）等,、
She took medicine on time in order that she might get well soon．為了快點康復(fù)，她按時吃藥,。
I came here that I might take a good look at the new bridge. 我來這兒,，為的是好好看看這座新橋
(6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞：
so（結(jié)果），so that（結(jié)果）,so... that/such... that（如此……以致）,，that（以致）等
It was very cold,，so that the water in the bowl froze.天氣很冷，碗里的水都結(jié)冰了
He is such a good student that we all like him.他是個好學(xué)生,，我們都喜歡他：
(7)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞：
though/although（雖然）,，as（雖然）,even if/even though（即使）,however（無論怎樣），whatever（無論什么）,，whoever（無論誰）,，no matter how/what/which/...（無論多么／什么／哪一個……）等。
Even if you were here yesterday,，you couldn't help him, 即使昨天你在這,，你也幫不了他
Though he is old，he still works hard.雖然他老了,，可是他還努力工作,。
(8）引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的從屬連詞：
as（正如），as if/as though（好像,，似乎）等 
He speaks English as if he were an Englishman.他講起英語來就像是英國人似的
Use a book as a bee does a flower.像蜜蜂利用花一樣去利用書籍吧：
(9）引導(dǎo)比較狀語伏句的從屬連詞：
as（如…... ) , as... as. . .（像•••••一樣）,，not so... as（與……不一樣）,than（比）等
He works harder than before．他比以前更努力工作。
His elder sister is as tall as his mother.他姐姐和他母親一樣高
（四）部分連詞的用法比較
1．when和while
兩個詞都可以表示“當(dāng)……時”,，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞既可以是延續(xù)性的,，也可以是終止性的；while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞只能是延續(xù)性的,。
My brother came in when/while I had dinner.我弟弟進(jìn)來時我在吃飯
The train had just started when we arrived at the station.我們剛到火車站火車就走了
He was doing his homework when I came in.（當(dāng)）我進(jìn)來時,，他正在做家庭作業(yè)
I came in when/while he was doing his homework.當(dāng)他在做家庭作業(yè)時，我走了進(jìn)來
While/When I was in the town,，I saw him twice.（當(dāng)）我在城里時,，見過他兩次
Strike while the iron is hot．趁熱打鐵。．
when還可譯作這時while還可譯作“而”
He was playing football outside when it began to rain.
他在外面踢足球,，這時開始下起雨來,。 
He is tall while his elder brother is short.
他個子高，而他哥哥個子矮
2. because,，since.和as
because引導(dǎo)的從句通常表示說話人認(rèn)為聽話人不知道的原因或理由,，從句往往是整個主從復(fù)合句的重心。
He was annoyed because he missed the bus. 他感到為難是因為他沒有趕上那班車
since和as表示原因時,，往往表示人們顯然已知的理由或原因,；因此,，側(cè)重點是主句的內(nèi)容，原因只作附帶說明,。在語氣上,，becausc最強，since次之（在意義上相當(dāng)于漢語中的“既然”),as最弱
Since his method doesn't work,，let's try yours. 既然他的方法不起作用,，我們就試一試你的。
As she was in a bad mood,，we left her alone. 由于她心情不好,，我們不去打擾她了。
He is absent frorn school because he is ill. 因為他生病,，所以他沒來上課
Because/As it was wet,，we went there by bus. 因為下雨，所以我們乘車去那兒,。
Since everybody is here,，let's begin. 既然大家都到了，我們就開始吧,。
3.if和unless
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞,，主要是if和unless,由if條件狀語從句可以是真實的條件句，也可以非真實條件句．真實條件句所表示的條件指的是事實,，即可以是實現(xiàn)的事,，非真實條件句指的是與事實相反或不大可能實現(xiàn)的事．
If it rains, the match will be cancelled（取消）． 如果天下雨，比賽將被取消
If I were you, l should consult（請……看?。゛ doctor. 我要是你,，我就去看醫(yī)生
If I had tried hard last term，I would have succeeded. 如果上學(xué)期我努力的話,，我現(xiàn)在就已經(jīng)成功了
unless在意義上相當(dāng)于if... not 
You will fail unless you work harder. 除非你努力,，否則你不會成功,。
Do not come unless I call you. 我沒叫你,，你就不用來。
4. though和as
兩個詞都可表示“雖然”,、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句though引導(dǎo)的從句用正常語序,；as引導(dǎo)的從句要用倒裝語序，即把從句中的表語,、狀語或動詞原形放在as之前,。
Cold as it was，he went on working.Though it was cold,，he went on working. 盡管天氣冷,，可他仍繼續(xù)工作
Child as he is,，he knows a lot.Though he is a child，he knows a lot.
雖然他還是個孩子,，可是他很懂事
Fast as you read,，you can't finish the book in three days.
Though you read fast，you can't finish the book in three days.
盡管你讀得快,，你也不能在三天內(nèi)讀完這本書,、：
Try as he might，he couldn't get rid of the difficulty.
Though he might try,，he couldn't get rid of the difficulty.
不管怎樣努力,，他還是擺脫不了困難。
5 .if和whether
(1)表示“是否”時,，兩個詞都能引導(dǎo)賓語從句
I wonder if/whether you can examine him now. 不知你現(xiàn)在是否可以給他檢查一下,。
［注意］①如果主句的謂語是短語動詞用whether,而不用if.
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切都取決于我們是否有足夠的錢。
②某些動詞（如discuss）后的賓語從句,，用whether而不用if來引導(dǎo),。 
They discussed whether they should help her. 他們商議他們該不該幫助她。
③賓語從句移置句首時,，用whether,，而不用if
Whether it is true or not, I can't say．這是不是真的，我不敢說,。
④賓語從句為否定形式時,，通常用if, 而不用whether。
I asked her if he wouldn't come．我問她他是不是會來,。
(2) if'可譯作“如果”,，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句
If I were you, I would not go．如果我是你，我就不去,。
(3) whether可譯作“不管,，無論”，引導(dǎo)讓一步狀語從句
Whether he agrees or not,，I shall do that. 不管他同意與否我都要做這事,。
（4) whether可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句,、同位語從句,，接不定式．或接or not等（if則不能）
Whether he will come or not is unknown. 還不知道他來不來。（主語從句）
The question is whether it is worth doing. 問題是這件事是否值得去做
I have no idea whether he is there. 我不知道他是否在那里（同位語從句）
I don't know whether he will do it or not. 我不知道他是否會做這事,。（接or not)
She hasn't decided whether to go or not,，她還沒有決定去還是不去。（接不定式）
六、知識*能力聚焦
1. by prep.
(1)表示“相差”,，指增加或減少的程度 
The water level of the lake was going to rise by 63 metres.湖里的水位要升高63米
We defeated the opposing team by 3 runs (by a score of 5 to 2 )．我們以3分的優(yōu)勢（5比2)擊敗對方
(2)表示單位,，“以……計、依據(jù)”( by后面的名詞之前通常一要加定冠詞）
I'm paid by the hour．我是按時計酬的
Is this cloth sold by the metre?‘這塊布是按米出售的嗎,？
We can buy the eggs by the dozen.我們可以按打買雞蛋
(3)by還可用于表達(dá)其他意義．
There is a tree by the water.水邊有棵樹（指離水近）
They are coming by the highway．他們正沿公路而來
I took your pen by mistake．我錯拿了你的鋼筆
The pool is 15 meters by 50 meters.這個游泳池長50米,，寬15米、
Keep close by,，or you will get lost.跟近一點,，否則你會迷路的
What time is it by your watch？你的表幾點了,？
Have you read any books by Lu Xun?你讀過魯迅寫的書嗎,？
The children went in two by two.孩子們兩個兩個地進(jìn)來了
The old man made a living by selling newspapers.這冬老人以賣報為生 
2. up to
up to直到……，至多......
be up to＝be busy doing忙于
it’s up to sb.todo sth 由某人負(fù)責(zé)做某事
be up to =be fit for勝任（常用否定句和疑問句）
Up to four people can live in the room. 這間房里最多能住四個人,。
What are you up to,？你在忙什么？
It's up to us to help those in need.我們有責(zé)任幫助那些有困難的人
What are these naughty boys up to?這些淘氣的孩子們在干什么,？
It's up to me to get the four of us moving.由我來負(fù)責(zé)我們四個人的行動
[常用短語]
up to now 直到現(xiàn)在
up-to-date 現(xiàn)代的,；包含最新信息的
3. measure vt.＆Vi.＆n.
(1)vt. measure the distance (the length)測量距離（長度）
　　　　 measure sb for a new suit為某人量尺寸做衣服
measure ones ability估計／衡量某人的能力 
（2)vi．度量
（3）n. to ones measure 根據(jù)某人的尺寸
take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事
The dress designer measured her customers before making new clothes.
服裝設(shè)計師在為其顧客做衣服之前先為顧客量尺寸。
Let me make clothes to your own measure. 讓我按照你的尺寸做衣服吧,！
The police measured the speed at which the car was traveling.警察測量出該汽車行駛的速度,，
The room measures five meters across．房間寬5米
一How long is this rope？一I don't know,，I must measure it.
“這根繩子有多長,？”“我不知道，我得量一量．”
My mother is measuring me for clothes. 我媽媽在給我量尺寸做衣服
His eyes measured the newcomer from top to bottom. 他的眼睛上下打量著新來的人,。
We must take necessary measures to solve these problems one by one.
我們必須采取措施逐個解決這些問題,。
They took strong measures against reckless drivers. 他們對于魯莽的駕駛員采取強硬措施。
[常用短語]
for good measure另外,；外加 
short measure分量不足
measure one's length全身跌倒躺在地上
take someone's measure/get the measure of someone估量某人（的品格,，能力等）
to one's measure按某人的尺寸
take measure采取措施
4. all
(1) adj.所有的，全部的,，整個的
I have lived here all my life.我在這里度過了一生
(2) pron．全部,，一切
All the children are busy.所有的孩子都很忙一
So all she could do was to go back home.她所能做的一切就是回家去。
［注意］
(1)all既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞,，也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞,，但如果它所修飾的名詞前沒有其他的“限定詞”（如定冠詞,、物主代詞等）,，一般不用all of.
(2)all在句子中要放在冠詞、物主代詞和其他“限定詞”之前
(3)a11后面可以接一個定語從句,，但定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that,，不能用what此時all可能有兩個含義：一個相當(dāng)于everything,，一個相當(dāng)于the only thing( s)
(4)對all構(gòu)成的否定是部分否定，意思是“并不是全部……”,，要構(gòu)成完全否定的意思,，需用‘`none 
[常用短語］ 
all day long整天
all night long整夜
all over 全身，到處
all the afternoon 整個下午
after all畢竟,，終究
all kinds of各種各樣的
all one's life某人一生,，終身
all over the country (world）全國（世界）
in all總共，總計
not all（用作主語時表示部分否定）并非全部

5. position n．位置,；狀況,，職位；姿態(tài),；（社會）地位,，身份；形勢,，狀況,，處境；意見,，主張,；見解；立場
fix a ship's position in the sea測定船在海上的方位
take a position as a typistt擔(dān)任打字員職務(wù)
a high position in society很高的社會地位
in a favourable/position處于有利的位置
a lying position躺姿 
one’s position on the prontem某人對這個問題的看法
in a position to ( do sth.）能夠（做某事）
in/out of position在／不在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?
Please explain the house's position on the hill.請說明那座房子在山坡上的具體位置
She lay in a comfortable position.她以舒適的姿勢躺著
He is a person of position.他是一個有地位（身份）的人
We are in a difficult position.我們現(xiàn)在的處境困難
6. although和while
although和while都是連詞,，都可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,，但在用法上有很大區(qū)別。
although為從屬連詞,，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,，意為“雖然，盡管”,，相當(dāng)于though,，所引導(dǎo)的句子通常置于句首.
Although it was only four o'clock，the lights were already on. 盡管才四點,，燈卻已經(jīng)亮了
Although he is still young his hair is grey. 雖然他還很年輕,，但頭發(fā)已經(jīng)灰白一雙
while意為“然而，但是”,，用作并列連詞,，表示前后的對比，所引導(dǎo)的句子不能置于句首
Jack likes football,，while his brother likes basketball.. 杰克喜歡足球,，而他的弟弟卻喜歡藍(lán)球.
[注意] while也可用作從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意為“雖然,，但是”,，可和although換用
While/Although we don't agree，we continue to be friends.
盡管我們意見不同,，但我們還是朋友
While/Although it was so cold,，he went out without an overeoat.雖然天氣很冷，但他沒有穿大衣就出去了．
7. unfortunate adj.不幸的 adv．不幸地,，不幸運地 
I would like to apologize for this unfortunate mistake. 我謹(jǐn)就此令人遺憾的錯誤致歉,。
She was unfortunate to miss the last train. 她不幸錯過了最后一班列車
Unfortunately，he didn't pass the exam. 不幸的是,，他沒有通過考試．
8. share v.＆n
(1)v. ＂分享,，分擔(dān)，分配”,，常用句式：share sth. with sb
Would you share your newspaper with me'? 我們一起看報紙好嗎,？
Why didn't we share the expenses among us? 我們?yōu)楹尾灰黄鸱謸?dān)費用呢？
I share a flat with four other people. 我和其他4人共用一個公寓
Let's share the pizza beticeen the two of us. 我們倆來分享這個比薩餅吧
His property was shared equally among his children. 他的財產(chǎn)被他的子女平分了.
(2) n. 一份,，份額
I've not got my share of the cake yet. 我還沒分得我的那份蛋糕．
9. mean v.
（l）mean做動詞,，意思是“意味著…；有……的意思”,，后常接名詞或v.ing形式作賓語
What do you mean by saying so? 你這么說是什么意思,？
What he said meant hiring some more workers. 他的意思是再雇一些工人
What does the word mean in this context？ 在這個上下文中,，這個單詞表示什么意思,？
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 錯過這班火車意味著還要等上一個小時
(2) mean 還可作“打算，意欲”講,，但其后需接動詞不定式 
1 don't mean to say that you are wrong. 我并沒有打算說你做得不對
1 meant to wait for you. But someone dragged me upstairs.
我本想等你,，但有人把我拽到樓上去了。
lie meant no harm．他沒有惡意,。
Do you mean to go there without money? 你打算身無分文地去嗎,？
She said I ignored her，but 1 didn't mean to. 她說我忽視了她,，但我并沒有這個意思.
〔拓展〕means n.（單復(fù)數(shù)相同）方法,，手段
〔常用短語〕by all means當(dāng)然可以；by any mean,、無論如何,；by no mean、決不,；by means of憑借,，用
10. match n．比賽,；對手；火柴v.相等,；相似,；相配,；吻合
The man struck a match to light a cigar. 那人劃著了一根火柴點燃一根香煙,。
These shoes do not match；one is large and the other is small. 這雙鞋不相配,，一只大,，一只小
No man can match him in singing.＝No man is match for him in singing.
在唱歌方面沒有人能比得上他廠
His deeds match well with his words他說到做到
[常用短語]
match for sb．某人的對手；meet one's match遇到對手,；match up和諧,；
match up sth．把……拼成一個整體；match up to sb./sth比得上,；match sb. /sth. with sb. /sth．找到相配的人或物,；match sb. /stli. against使較量；have a match舉行一場比賽
[辨析]match,，fit,，suit 
match指品質(zhì)、顏色,、設(shè)計等方面,，意為“與……相配”
fit指尺碼、款式適合,。
suit多指合乎需要,、品味、性格,、條件,、地位等
She was wearing a dress with a hat and gloves to match.她穿著一件與帽子和手套相配的裙子
The blue coat fits you better than the hlack one.這件藍(lán)色的上衣比黑色的更適合你
Does the time suit you？這個時間對你合適嗎,？
No dish suits all tastes．沒有合所有人口味的菜,。
11. agree v．同意，愿意,，答應(yīng)
agree with sb. /one's idea/what sb. said 贊同,，同意，與某人意見一致
agree to one's plan/suggestion/arrangement. . . 贊同某人的計劃／建議／安排……
agree on sth．就某事雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議
agree to do sth．同意做某事
agree with sb. about/on sth．同意某人某事
agree that同意……
one's words agree with one's deed,、言行一致
food/climate agrees with slh.某人適應(yīng)（某地的）食物／氣候
agreement n．同意,，一致
he in agreement with sb.與某人意見一致
reach/come to/arrive at no agreement沒有達(dá)成協(xié)議 
〔辮析〕agree with; agree to; agree on
agree with＋某人或表示“意見，看法”的詞,；
agree to＋表示“提議,，辦法,，計劃”的詞；
agree on十表示“具體協(xié)議的文件,、計劃,、行動”的詞（這時，主語常是協(xié)商一件事的人或單位）
They agreed to the plan．他們同意這個計劃,、
He agreed with ire/what I said/my words.他同意我所說的話r
They agreed on this point.他們在這一點上是一致的‘
[詞匯拓展］
agreeable adj.使人愉快的,，欣然同意的
agreement n．同意，一致,，協(xié)定,，協(xié)議
disagree vi．不一致，不適宜
disagreeable adj.不愉快的,，不為人喜愛的,，厭惡的
disagreement n.意見不同，不協(xié)調(diào),，爭執(zhí),，爭論
12. way n.
(1)道路，路線,，路途
Go along the way across the fields,，please.請沿著這條路穿過田地
(2)方法，手段
The dog died because there was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth.
因為沒有辦法把狗帶回地面,，所以它死了,。 
[注意]在名詞way后面的定語從句中，常常省略引導(dǎo)詞that或in which因為the way表示方式,，所以不能再用how. way后面還可以接不定式或of短語作定語,。
「常用短語」

in a way 在某種程度上
on the/one's way 在路上
find a way 找到辦法
make one's way to 向……走去
all the way 一路上，一直
out of the way 奇特,，不尋常
fight one's way 奮勇前進(jìn)
in the way 檔路,，妨礙
by the way 順便說
feel one's way 摸索前進(jìn)
push one's way 擠著前進(jìn)
by the way of 由，經(jīng)過
lose one's way 迷路
make way for 為……讓路 

[辮析]manner,，way,，method，fashion,，means五個詞都表示“方法,，辦法”之意，但有差別
manner意為“方法”,，比way更為莊重,，正規(guī)，意義廣泛,；
way意為“方法”,，普通用語,，常跟in搭配；
method意為“方式,，方法”,，指合乎邏輯或系統(tǒng)的方法；
fashion意為“式樣,，方式”,，比way更正式，含有“流行式樣”之急,；
means意為“方式,，手段”,，常與by連用,，更側(cè)重一于做某事采取的手段：
13. surprise n. &v.
(1) n．驚奇，驚訝
He expressed surprise that no one had offered to help.誰都不肯幫忙,，他感到很詫異
(2) vt．使驚奇
It wouldn't surprise me if they lost.他們輸了也不足為奇
［注意］surprise的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞形式都可以在句中作表語,。但surprised指人，某人對……感到吃驚,；
surprising指物或事情,，某物令人吃驚。
「常用短語］
to one's surprise令某人吃驚的是
take by surprise突襲,、突擊
in surprise吃,，涼地
be surprised to do sth．吃驚地做某事 
surprise sb with a visit突然拜訪某人
be surprised at對……感到驚訝
[辮析]surprise，shock,，astonishment
surprise為一般用語,，“驚訝，吃驚”程度比后兩者輕
shock尤其指對一些令人不愉快的未預(yù)料的事情的“驚訝,，震驚,，打擊”，程度較surprise大
astonishment指因為一些意想不到的事或情況而吃驚,，乃至于達(dá)到目瞪口呆的程度,，在三者中它的程度最大
His success was a great surprise to me.他的成功令我大為驚訝。
The news was a great shock to me.這個消息使我很震驚,。
She was filled with astonishment at the sight.她看到那景象,，感到十分驚奇。
14. other adj.＆pron.
(1) adj.①另外的,，其他的
Have you any other friends here?你在這兒還有其他朋友嗎,？
②（常加定冠詞）（兩個中）另一個，其余的
Now open your the other eye.現(xiàn)在睜開你的另一只眼睛：
③不久前,，以前的
In other times there was a king從前這兒有一個國王,。
④隔一個
You should write on everv other lines.你應(yīng)該隔行寫
(2) pron. 
①（復(fù)）另外的人（或事物）
I don't like these. Can you show me any others?我不喜歡這幾個,，你能不能另外拿幾個給我看看？
②（復(fù)）其余的人（或事物）
This magazine is better than the others.這本雜志比其余的好
「辮析」other, others,，another,，any other, the other
other作形客詞時，沒有復(fù)效形式其復(fù)數(shù)形式“others”,，只能作代詞,，意思是othen ones(另幾個）或other people（另外的人）
others:泛指另外的幾個人或東西，the others指在一個范圍之內(nèi)的另一部分,，因此是一種特指的用法
在一個數(shù)字或是few開頭的復(fù)數(shù)詞語前,，用another表示＂另外的＂，不能用other
"any other＋名詞”用于比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)中,，是指在同一個范圍內(nèi),，除去前面提到的那一個以外，其他任何一個如果相比較的成分不在同一個范圍內(nèi),，other便不需要了
指兩個人或兩個事物中的另一個,，用the other表示，another泛指許多中的另一個
15. make sure
make sure意為“弄清楚．查明白,；確保”,，是動詞短語，后面常接“of/about＋名詞或v. -ing形式”,，也常接,；that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其中sure可由certain替代
Arrive early at the station to make sure/certain of getting a ticket.早點到車站,，以確保買到車票
Can you make sure/certain that you'll succeed?你能確保成功嗎,？
Please make sure that the house is locked before leaving.離開前一定要把門鎖上
【辮析】make sure of, he sure of
make sure of表示“弄清楚" , be sure of則表示“對……有把握”
We're sure of our success.我們有把握成功 
Please make sure of the time and place of the meeting.請弄清楚會議召開的時間和地點
He is sure of his own answer.他確信他的答案是正確的
16. similar adj．類似的，相似的,，同樣的
be similar to與……相似,，與……類似
All big cities are quite similar.所有的大城市都大同小異
Her experiences were similar to mine.她的經(jīng)歷和我的類似
【辮析】similar，like,，alike
similar：指有明顯的共同性質(zhì),，但不完全一致
like作形容詞或介詞，指事物在外倪,、性質(zhì)或特征上非常相似以致于區(qū)別不開,，在句中既可作表語，也可作定語此外,，like可用作介詞,，alike可用作副詞
alike與like同義，作形容詞時,，只用作表語
A similar mistake Occur; at the end of the paragraph.這一段末尾有一個性質(zhì)類似的錯誤
Like thinking produces like ideas.相似的思維產(chǎn)生相似的思想
Like father,like son．有其父必有其子
The two buildings are very like．這兩座樓很相似
He is a hit like his father.他有點像他爸爸,。
A good teacher treats all his students alike.好老師對待學(xué)生一視同仁
He and his brother arevery much alike.他們兄弟倆太相似了.
17. used adj．用過了的,，二手的；習(xí)慣于……的． 
v. 過去常常,，過去習(xí)慣于
The astronauts soon got used to the condition of weightlessness.宇航員很快就習(xí)慣了失重狀態(tài),。
［辮析］used to，he used to
used to是情態(tài)動詞,，表示過去存在但現(xiàn)在已不存在的情況或習(xí)慣.這里的to是不定式符號,，后面跟動詞原形意為“過去常常做某事”be used to，是“習(xí)慣于”的意思,，可用于各種時態(tài)其中to是介詞,，后面接名詞、代詞或動詞一ing形式意為“習(xí)慣于做某事”
「注意」強調(diào)界限性的狀態(tài),，說明從不習(xí)慣到習(xí)慣時,，常在used前面用get .或become代替b。這種現(xiàn)象尤其常見于將來時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)中
We used to work in山e same workshop.我們曾在同一個車間工作
There used to he many people smoking in the office,，but now nobodv is allowed to.
過去在辦公室里常常有許多人抽煙,，現(xiàn)在不讓人抽了
She isn't used to living in the county．她不習(xí)慣住在鄉(xiāng)下
We've been used to hard work．我們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣干重活了
You will soon get used to the weather here.你很快會習(xí)慣這里的天氣的
It's getting darker and darker outside.外面的天色越來越暗
18．辨析：but, however
but conj.可是,，然而,，但是，盡管……還是用來連接兩個并列成分／分句.
however adv. 無淪如何,，不論到什么程度,，不過，然而.不能連接分句,，必須用逗號分開,，可以在句首，也可插在句中
Not one,but two,！不是一,，而是二！ 
He is young but very experienced.他雖然年輕,，但是經(jīng)驗很豐富,。
He has three daughters but no sons.他有三個女兒可是沒有兒子
However did you get there？你是怎么到那里去的,？
He hasn't arrived. He may,，however，come later.他還未到,，不過,，他可能晚一會兒來
I'd like to go with you，however my hands are full.我很想和你一塊兒去,，可是我忙不過來
19. Although developed countries give some financial help,，they need to give much more.
雖然發(fā)達(dá)國家提供了一些經(jīng)濟援助,，但是提供援助的數(shù)量應(yīng)該大大增加。
need v．需要,，aux v．必須 n. 缺乏,；缺少；需要,；責(zé)任,；義務(wù)；必需品,；貧窮,；困難
The hungry children were in need of food. 這些饑俄的孩子需要食物。
【用法】( 1) need用作情態(tài)動詞時,，只能用于疑問句,、否定句和條件狀語從句中；在肯定句中need只能用作實義動詞,，后面需要接帶to的不定式
(2)need作情態(tài)動詞用于疑問句時,，如果作肯定的回答應(yīng)該用must,
(3）在否定句中，可以用“need的否定形式＋動詞的完成式”表示過去時間,，這里“needn't have＋過去分詞”表示做了不必要做的事
(4) need表示“需要”時,，是實義動詞，后面常接動名詞作賓語,，用主動形式表示被動意義,，也可以用不定式替換動名詞的主動式。
(5)情態(tài)動詞need沒有過去式,，因此一般不表示過去時間,。但在賓語從句中沒有這種限制 
need和dare的用法比較：
need和dare兩者既可用作情態(tài)動詞也可用作行為動詞，作行為動詞時,，有人稱和數(shù)的變化,，后接動詞時要用帶to的不定式，可用于肯定句,、否定句或疑問句中,，構(gòu)成否定句或疑問句時要用助動詞do, does, did；作情態(tài)動詞時,，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化（dare可以有過去式dared ),，直接接動詞原形，只用于否定句和疑問句中,，構(gòu)成否定句或疑問句時不用助動詞
另外,，dare作情態(tài)動詞時，還可用于條件句中，過去式為dared,；作行為動詞時,，da，用于疑問句或否定句時,，后面的to也可省略,；I dare say是習(xí)慣說法，意為“我想,，大概”,、．
20. The most important goals are to：…；make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11,；…
最重要的目標(biāo)是：……,；確保所有的孩子接受教育到11歲；…
be to do sth.
(1)表示安排,，意向或目的
The U. S. President is to visit China.美國總統(tǒng)將訪問中國
(2)(表義務(wù)）應(yīng)該做……,，必須做……
You are to be back by six o'clock.你要在6點之前回來
(3)(表可能）會做……
How am I to know what has become of him?我怎么知道他的遭遇如何？
(4)注定（通常用過去時）
He came to power,，but was to pay dearly for it,，soon he was killed.
他得到了權(quán)力，但是為此付出了昂貴的代價,，不久他就被暗殺了
(5)（用于If...were to do句型）如果……的話
If you were to succeed,，be sure to make full use of your time. 你如果想成功，就得充分利用時間 

表將來的特殊形式：
be going to do表示打算去做成可能發(fā)生某事
be to do表示計劃好做某事
be about to do表示既將（正要）做某事,，要友生的動作,，其后不接具體的時間狀語
go , come , leave,arrive等少數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移性不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示按計劃、妥排即將發(fā)生的動作,，并不那么
“固定”
leave, open等詞的一般現(xiàn)在時可表示“按照時刻表或日程安排發(fā)生某事”
21. The bottom ten countries are all African countries，with Sierra Leone（in West Africa）at the bottom of the list.
處于末端的十個國家均是非洲國家,，塞拉利昂（西非）排在最后,。
with Sierra Leone at the bottom是“with +賓語＋介詞短語”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語“witli＋賓語＋
介詞短語”這種結(jié)構(gòu)常在句中作狀語,，表方式,、原因、伴隨動作等
The boy came in,，with a red rose in his hand．男孩進(jìn)來了,，手里拿著一枝紅玫瑰
“with十復(fù)合賓語”除用介詞作賓語補足語外，還有以下幾種形式：
( 1 )with+n./pron.+to do（不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作）
With so mane things to do,，I won't have time to go out tonight.有那么多的事要做,，今晚我沒時間出去
(2) with＋賓語＋adj.
I used to sleep with the window open.我過去習(xí)慣開著窗子睡覺
(3) with＋賓語＋adv. 
I can't hear you clearly with the machines on.機器開動著，我聽不清你說話
(4) with＋賓語＋v -ing
With you standing there，I can't do my work.你站在那里,，我沒法干活
(5）with＋賓語＋v.-ing
With all his homework done,，he weut back home.所有作業(yè)做完后，他回家了,。
22. These are among the five richest countries in the world,，so it is right that they should do so.
這些國家在世界上最富裕的五個國家之列，因此他們這樣做是完全正確的,。
常見的it句型：
It is＋一段時間 + since從句 自從……有……
It will he＋一段時間＋hefore從句 再過……才……
It's just/not like sb to do sth.… 某人恰恰就是／可不是……這個樣子
It's no good/use doing sth. . . 做……是沒有益處／用處的
It's no wonder that 難怪……
It's hoped/said/believed/reported/thought. . . that... 人們希望／相信／報道／認(rèn)為……
It's possible/probable/likely that... 很可能……
Sb.see（s）to it that... 某人務(wù)必使……／保證使……
It's suggested/ordered/required that... 有人建議／命令／要求…… 
（注意〕該句型中主語從句要用虛擬語氣,，即should＋動詞原形，should可省略
It's certain that... 一定會……
[注意]該句型中certain不能用sure代替
It is time that... 是……時候了
〔注意〕該句型中主語從句也需用虛擬語氣,；謂語動詞用過去時
It is/was十時間＋for sb. to do sth某人做……用了……時間
It + be＋強調(diào)部分＋that從句