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?新冠病毒?。–OVID-19)后肺纖維化治療前景

 新用戶02728539 2023-01-23 發(fā)布于江蘇

溫州市中心醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科  尤榮開(kāi)(譯)

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摘要

2019年底,,一種具有高度傳染性的感染開(kāi)始不祥地征服世界。很快發(fā)現(xiàn)該疾病是由一種名為SARS-CoV-2的新型冠狀病毒引起的,,因此該疾病簡(jiǎn)稱為COVID-19(COVID),。全球醫(yī)學(xué)界不僅致力于尋找針對(duì)致命病原體的有效療法,而且還致力于對(duì)抗伴隨的并發(fā)癥,。COVID最常見(jiàn)的兩種呼吸道表現(xiàn)是肺彌散能力(DLCO)顯著降低和相關(guān)的肺間質(zhì)損傷,。中度COVID后一年,DLCO受損和持續(xù)性肺損傷的發(fā)生率仍超過(guò)30%,,三分之一的患者有嚴(yán)重的DLCO受損和纖維化肺損傷,。由于肺纖維化進(jìn)展,持續(xù)的呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥可能導(dǎo)致大量人群發(fā)病,、長(zhǎng)期殘疾,,甚至死亡。根據(jù)SARS后15年的肺病理觀察研究,,可以估算出COVID引起的肺纖維化的發(fā)病率,。大多數(shù)肺纖維化損傷的SARS患者在第一年內(nèi)康復(fù),然后保持健康,;然而,,在20%的病例中,在5-10年內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了顯著的纖維化進(jìn)展,。根據(jù)這些數(shù)據(jù),,中度疾病后COVID后肺纖維化的發(fā)生率估計(jì)為2-6%,。更糟糕的是,有理由相信纖維化可能成為COVID的主要長(zhǎng)期并發(fā)癥之一,,即使在無(wú)癥狀個(gè)體中也是如此,。目前,盡管全球醫(yī)學(xué)界盡了最大努力,,沒(méi)有針對(duì)COVID引起的肺纖維化的治療方法,。在這篇綜述中,我們分析了正在進(jìn)行的旨在治療COVID后肺纖維化的臨床試驗(yàn)的最新數(shù)據(jù),,并分析了當(dāng)前候選藥物的基本原理,。我們討論了使用抗纖維化療法治療特發(fā)性肺纖維化、IN01疫苗,、糖皮質(zhì)激素以及間質(zhì)血管組分在COVID相關(guān)肺損傷患者的治療和康復(fù)中的應(yīng)用,。

關(guān)鍵詞:COVID-19肺纖維化,;康復(fù),;尼達(dá)尼布吡非尼酮,;去吡非尼酮

1.簡(jiǎn)介

人類繼續(xù)統(tǒng)治地球的最大威脅是病毒,。

?????    ??????????約書(shū)亞萊德伯格

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2019年12月爆發(fā)的新型冠狀病毒毒株SARS-CoV-2引發(fā)了2019年急性呼吸道冠狀病毒引起的疾病(COVID-19,,也簡(jiǎn)稱為COVID)的持續(xù)大流行[1],。隨著降低疾病死亡率的新療法和方法的出現(xiàn),新數(shù)據(jù)暗示嚴(yán)重COVID的長(zhǎng)期后遺癥是一種“隱性流行病”[2],。觀察性研究表明,,90%的COVID患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)呼吸問(wèn)題、運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量下降和肺組織損傷等COVID后遺癥[3],。這些情況在50%的患者住院后3個(gè)月內(nèi)得到解決[3,4],。然而,在住院后3到6個(gè)月之間,,完全康復(fù)率下降到35%,,而在6到9個(gè)月之間,則下降到僅15%[5],。肺損傷的完全康復(fù)率在住院后的前6個(gè)月內(nèi)具體為50%,,在9個(gè)月內(nèi)為75%。住院后9個(gè)月,,30%的患者至少經(jīng)歷過(guò)一些COVID后遺癥[5],。此外,該人群中的大多數(shù)人都有殘留的肺組織損傷,,近三分之一(或所有患者的10%)表現(xiàn)出明顯的纖維化肺損傷,;后一組中的大多數(shù)患者都經(jīng)歷了嚴(yán)重的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量下降,。進(jìn)一步觀察未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何降低COVID后遺癥嚴(yán)重程度或頻率的趨勢(shì)[5]

具有嚴(yán)重冠狀病毒癥狀或危險(xiǎn)的既往健康狀況的老年人患COVID后肺纖維化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高(盡管“纖維化”一詞適用于不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的疾病,,但對(duì)于COVID后患者“纖維化樣”后遺癥的類型尚無(wú)共識(shí)[6],。因此,在文獻(xiàn)中,,COVID后纖維化可以描述為機(jī)化性肺炎[7]或間質(zhì)性肺病[8,9],,或者只是肺纖維化[10]或纖維化肺病[11]。因此,,在這里,,術(shù)語(yǔ)“COVID后纖維化”是指任何“類似纖維化”的情況[12]。在COVID康復(fù)3個(gè)月后,,56%出現(xiàn)中度COVID癥狀的患者和71%出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重癥狀的患者臨床證實(shí)纖維化[13],。Francone[14]提出了類似的結(jié)果:在40.8%(130人中的53人)的早期疾病階段和后期階段的53.6%(130人中的70人)發(fā)現(xiàn)了CT掃描可見(jiàn)的纖維化痕跡。根據(jù)Vasarmidi[15]和Rai[16]的說(shuō)法,,COVID引起的肺纖維化率可能超過(guò)30%,。

盡管重癥監(jiān)護(hù)患者發(fā)生肺纖維化的幾率更高,但在不需要人工肺通氣的患者中也有纖維化的報(bào)道[17,18],。因此,,在一項(xiàng)對(duì)5名無(wú)癥狀或癥狀非常輕微的92名患者的案例研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了COVID后新發(fā)間質(zhì)性肺病。這些患者在COVID診斷后4-8周出現(xiàn)呼吸困難,、間歇性咳嗽和揮之不去的疲勞癥狀,與CT掃描中觀察到的肺部疾病模式一致[19],。

目前,,關(guān)于COVID后患者持續(xù)性肺纖維化肺損傷自發(fā)消退的可能性和藥物治療需求的討論非常活躍,。對(duì)流感和非典型肺炎等多種呼吸道感染進(jìn)行的研究證實(shí),,病毒對(duì)肺組織的損害、異常炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)展,、永久性病變的形成和纖維化的發(fā)生之間存在明顯聯(lián)系[20],。特別是,在COVID一年后存在持續(xù)的COVID誘導(dǎo)的纖維化肺損傷與嚴(yán)重的呼吸道病理學(xué)和伴隨癥狀相關(guān)[5],,并且在較早階段(COVID后3-5個(gè)月),,炎癥反應(yīng)并發(fā)呼吸道組織損傷[21-23]。延長(zhǎng)的炎癥反應(yīng)可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步損害呼吸道的血管內(nèi)皮和上皮,,并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的組織損傷,。反過(guò)來(lái),這可能會(huì)阻止正常呼吸和肺組織再生的恢復(fù)[21],。TGF-β1和其他生長(zhǎng)因子(FGF,、EGF)的上調(diào),,以及促纖維化通路的激活和腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)失衡,也可能導(dǎo)致COVID后肺纖維化的發(fā)展[24],。

從嚴(yán)重COVID恢復(fù)的患者中長(zhǎng)期后遺癥的動(dòng)態(tài)表明,,有30%的機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展為持續(xù)的呼吸系統(tǒng)病理變化,有10%的機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展為嚴(yán)重的病理變化,。這包括呼吸的嚴(yán)重中斷,、運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量的降低以及持續(xù)性纖維化肺損傷。不幸的是,,迄今為止,,沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)可以可靠地估計(jì)COVID恢復(fù)10年后病理學(xué)進(jìn)展和COVID誘導(dǎo)的肺纖維化發(fā)展的可能性。因此,,利用SARS等其他冠狀病毒感染康復(fù)患者的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)COVID引起的肺纖維化的未來(lái)速度是合理的,。更重要的是,SARS和COVID具有相似的致病特征[25,26],。根據(jù)對(duì)SARS患者15年的觀察數(shù)據(jù),,已經(jīng)確定在康復(fù)后的前12個(gè)月內(nèi),呼吸系統(tǒng)病理學(xué)和殘余肺損傷的嚴(yán)重程度和流行率有所降低[25,27],,但在接下來(lái)的12個(gè)內(nèi)保持不變[28],。另一組觀察數(shù)據(jù)使人們可以得出結(jié)論,從SARS感染中恢復(fù)后發(fā)生纖維化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)約為20%[25-30],。因此,,對(duì)于從中度到重度COVID康復(fù)的患者,我們可以估計(jì)發(fā)生纖維化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為2-6%,。反過(guò)來(lái),,這意味著COVID誘發(fā)的纖維化患病率估計(jì)在普通人群中每10,000人中有10到15名患者,這比特發(fā)性肺纖維化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高10-100倍,。

2.COVID后肺纖維化療法的臨床試驗(yàn)

截至2021年1月,,共有11種藥物、兩種技術(shù)和一種疫苗正在進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn),,用于治療和預(yù)防COVID幸存者肺纖維化,。在這篇綜述中,我們考慮了美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)的用于特發(fā)性肺纖維化(IPF)和其他療法的藥物,,例如尼達(dá)尼布[31]或吡非尼酮[32],。表1匯總了截至2021年1月在Clinical Trials.gov[33]數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中注冊(cè)的信息。

表1.治療COVID后肺纖維化藥物的臨床試驗(yàn)

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下文提供了有關(guān)治療與COVID相關(guān)的肺纖維化的臨床試驗(yàn)藥物的更多詳細(xì)信息,。

2.1.尼達(dá)尼布和吡非尼酮

尼達(dá)尼布和吡非尼酮是抗纖維化藥物,,盡管它們的作用機(jī)制不同,但在抑制呼吸功能下降約50%和將IPF(特發(fā)性肺纖維化)患者的預(yù)期壽命平均延長(zhǎng)2.5年方面同樣有效[50],。尼達(dá)尼布(6-甲氧基羰基取代的吲哚酮)是一種口服治療劑,,用于治療IPF和非小細(xì)胞肺腺癌的二線治療,。2020年,該藥獲批用于治療晚期慢性纖維化間質(zhì)性肺病,。

來(lái)自IPF患者和體內(nèi)模型的肺成纖維細(xì)胞表明,,尼達(dá)尼布的抗纖維化活性與促纖維化介質(zhì)的抑制有關(guān),包括血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子(PDGF)和成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(FGF),、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(TGF)-β)和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF),。尼達(dá)尼布與相應(yīng)受體的細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP靶點(diǎn)結(jié)合,從而抑制促纖維化信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),,減弱成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖,、遷移和分化以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)成分分泌[51]

吡非尼酮(5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(1H)-pyridone)是一種口服抗纖維化藥物,,具有調(diào)節(jié)促纖維化和促炎細(xì)胞因子級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)以及抑制成纖維細(xì)胞增殖和膠原蛋白合成等多種作用,,這是肺癌和中度IPF的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)療法[52]。吡非尼酮通過(guò)抑制促纖維化和促炎細(xì)胞因子級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)來(lái)減緩纖維化,,包括TGF-β信號(hào),,這在IPF發(fā)病機(jī)制中起著核心作用[53]。吡非尼酮阻斷TGF-β刺激的膠原蛋白生成,,抑制HSP47和Col1基因的激活,。在體外和體內(nèi)研究中,吡非尼酮通過(guò)抑制腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α),、干擾素-γ(IFN-γ),、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白細(xì)胞介素的產(chǎn)生而顯示出抗炎作用-6(IL-6)。吡非尼酮也被證明具有抗氧化特性,;根據(jù)濃度,,它可以阻斷肝臟中NADPH依賴性微粒體脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)。根據(jù)體內(nèi)模型,,確定吡非尼酮抑制肺中TGF-β相關(guān)的成纖維細(xì)胞分化[54]

目前,,沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明尼達(dá)尼布或吡非尼酮會(huì)影響COVID癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度,。此外,這些藥物的副作用部分類似于COVID的副作用(例如,,腹瀉,、疲勞、食欲不振),,這會(huì)妨礙早期診斷并使臨床表現(xiàn)惡化[55],。急性并發(fā)癥是IPF最嚴(yán)重的后果之一,這種情況的院內(nèi)死亡率超過(guò)50%,。此類急性IPF并發(fā)癥可能由呼吸道病毒感染引起[56],。一部分急性IPF并發(fā)癥患者有病毒感染癥狀,,包括人類冠狀病毒OC43感染,這是通過(guò)病毒核酸檢測(cè)確定的[57],。雖然這兩種抗纖維化藥物都具有多效性,,但它們都不是免疫抑制的。因此,,沒(méi)有證據(jù)支持在持續(xù)的病毒感染期間暫停使用它們[50],。

截至2020年4月,吡非尼酮和尼達(dá)尼布僅以口服形式進(jìn)行商業(yè)銷售,,因此在接受人工肺通氣的患者中的使用受到限制,。然而,在2020年12月,,吡非尼酮被用于COVID引起的嚴(yán)重ARDS患者,;該化合物通過(guò)鼻胃管給藥[58]。2020年2月,,啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn),,以評(píng)估吡非尼酮在18歲以上的新型冠狀病毒患者中的安全性和有效性。在為期四天的試驗(yàn)中,,作者根據(jù)King'sBriefInterstitialLungDisease(K-BILD)問(wèn)卷,,使用胸部CT掃描、氧合,、血?dú)夂孔兓蜕钯|(zhì)量評(píng)估受損肺區(qū)的動(dòng)態(tài),。此外,研究人員分析了死亡率,、臨床表現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)(呼吸困難和咳嗽),、淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)等血液參數(shù)、病毒核酸和血液中的炎癥標(biāo)志物[37],。

2020年8月啟動(dòng)了COVID后纖維化改變患者的另一項(xiàng)吡非尼酮臨床試驗(yàn)[38],。既定的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇:(1)18歲以上的成年人;(2)已證實(shí)SARS-CoV-2感染,;(3)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重肺炎和ARDS,;(4)具有恢復(fù)期和/或肺纖維化的臨床和放射學(xué)體征,高分辨率CT(HRCT)掃描(恢復(fù)后纖維化變化不少于5%),。該試驗(yàn)旨在研究吡非尼酮如何影響COVID引起的纖維化變化,、肺用力肺活量(FVC)水平、是否降低運(yùn)動(dòng)期間的攝氧量,、增加6分鐘步行試驗(yàn)(6MWT)期間的運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量,、要求住院(一般以及與呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病相關(guān))、因呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、肺移植和死亡而要求急診或門(mén)診治療,。

尼達(dá)尼布的首個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)于2020年4月啟動(dòng),。啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于尼達(dá)尼布治療中度和重度COVID癥狀患者肺纖維化療效和安全性的單中心、隨機(jī),、安慰劑對(duì)照試驗(yàn),。該隊(duì)列包括18-70歲的COVID康復(fù)后雙肺纖維化患者。主要療效終點(diǎn)是治療八周后的FVC測(cè)量值,;次要終點(diǎn)是治療后8周的DLCO水平,、6MWT參數(shù)和HRCT[34]

尼達(dá)尼布的III期試驗(yàn)于2020年10月開(kāi)始[35],。該研究包括18-89歲的患者,,經(jīng)證實(shí)患有COVID(在過(guò)去2-6個(gè)月內(nèi)PCR或血清學(xué)檢測(cè)結(jié)果呈陽(yáng)性),具有纖維化的放射學(xué)征象(CT)(>肺活量的10%)和DLCO≤70%,。主要目的是評(píng)估尼達(dá)尼布與安慰劑相比在COVID幸存者中延緩肺纖維化進(jìn)展的療效,,以12個(gè)月內(nèi)的FVC水平表示。作者的目的是比較6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月后DLCO的下降率,、12個(gè)月后的運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量,、12個(gè)月后纖維化變化(HRCT)的增加以及與健康相關(guān)的生活質(zhì)量變化;評(píng)估呼吸困難動(dòng)力學(xué),、抑郁和焦慮水平的變化,、肺損傷的生物標(biāo)志物、肺動(dòng)脈高壓和炎癥,、12個(gè)月后與納入時(shí)相比的肺動(dòng)脈高壓率,;

尼達(dá)尼布的第三項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)(IV期;自2020年11月開(kāi)始)旨在調(diào)查尼達(dá)尼布對(duì)減緩肺纖維化對(duì)18歲以上患者肺纖維化的影響,,這些患者在胸部X光或CT上出現(xiàn)浸潤(rùn)或進(jìn)行性肺損傷首次癥狀出現(xiàn)后不少于4周,,并且FVC比率低于80%或DLCO低于正常值的50%[36]。主要終點(diǎn)包括與初始值相比180天內(nèi)的FVC變化,。次要終點(diǎn)是試驗(yàn)納入后90天和180天因呼吸道原因死亡,;通過(guò)CT掃描對(duì)胸部進(jìn)行視覺(jué)評(píng)估;根據(jù)圣喬治呼吸問(wèn)卷(SGRQ),、K-BILD,、萊斯特咳嗽問(wèn)卷(LCQ)等進(jìn)行更改。

數(shù)據(jù)表明COVID患者肺動(dòng)脈血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,。抗凝治療可能會(huì)改善嚴(yán)重COVID和凝血病患者的預(yù)后[59],。該觀察結(jié)果與接受尼達(dá)尼布的個(gè)體相關(guān),,因?yàn)樵撍幬锱c抗凝血?jiǎng)┮黄鹗褂脮r(shí)可能會(huì)增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在這種情況下,,可以暫??估w維化治療以盡量減少藥物治療的副作用[50],。此外,吡非尼酮和尼達(dá)尼布可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝毒性,,而感染SARS-CoV-2的患者通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)肝功能障礙,。在757名確診COVID患者中有168名(22%)和56/142(39%)有嚴(yán)重癥狀的患者觀察到肝酶水平升高[60]。同時(shí)使用抗生素會(huì)增加肝功能障礙的可能性,,對(duì)于患有嚴(yán)重COVID和肝功能檢查異常的住院IPF患者,,在關(guān)鍵肝功能指標(biāo)水平恢復(fù)正常之前,暫時(shí)停止抗纖維化治療可以減輕這種可能性[50],。

2.2.特蕾米德

特蕾米德也稱為二羧酸的雙酰胺衍生物(BDDA),。特蕾米德通過(guò)抑制膠原蛋白的產(chǎn)生和沉積并刺激內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞合成,在實(shí)驗(yàn)性肺纖維化動(dòng)物中引起抗炎和抗纖維化作用以及肺組織再生,。臨床前數(shù)據(jù)表明,,Treamid可有效抑制炎癥并恢復(fù)肺部的擴(kuò)散能力。這些結(jié)果有望將該藥物用作抗纖維化治療藥物,,以及恢復(fù)患有IPF和新型COVID誘導(dǎo)的纖維化患者的肺部結(jié)構(gòu)和功能[61],。

特蕾米德的臨床試驗(yàn)于2020年9月開(kāi)始,旨在評(píng)估該藥物在COVID引起的肺炎康復(fù)患者中的安全性和康復(fù)效果[39],。該研究的主要目的是評(píng)估特蕾米德在治療開(kāi)始第4周期間改變FVC和/或DLCO的功效,。次要目標(biāo)包括評(píng)估化合物的安全性和藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)、肺活量指標(biāo)(第一秒用力呼氣容積,、FEV1,、FVC、FEV1/FVC),、體體積描記法(肺總?cè)莘e,、胸容積)、DLCO和6MWT分析,,呼吸困難量表(根據(jù)Borg和mMRC量表),、根據(jù)K-BILD的生活質(zhì)量以及基于肺CT掃描數(shù)據(jù)的纖維化變化動(dòng)力學(xué)。

2.3.去吡非尼酮(Deupirfenidon)

去吡非尼酮(deupirfenidon)是一種N-芳基-吡啶酮衍生物,,分子式未公開(kāi)[62],。它是吡非尼酮的氘取代類似物,具有抗炎和抗纖維化活性,。去吡非尼酮旨在成為IPF,、間質(zhì)性肺部纖維化疾病、呼吸道COVID并發(fā)癥和相關(guān)后果以及淋巴貝塞爾疾病的潛在治療方法,。2020年9月,,啟動(dòng)了去吡非尼酮的II期臨床試驗(yàn),以評(píng)估其在18歲以上肺炎患者(至少兩個(gè)肺部受影響)中的安全性和有效性[40]。該研究的主要終點(diǎn)是第91天6MWT測(cè)試期間的步行距離,。此外,,還將評(píng)估藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)、炎癥生物標(biāo)志物,、Borg量表上的呼吸困難評(píng)分和SF-36生活質(zhì)量,。

圖片

2.4.膠原蛋白-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(FibroquelMR)

2020年8月,肌肉注射用膠原蛋白-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(collagen-PVP)溶液作為抑制COVID患者細(xì)胞因子風(fēng)暴的候選藥物啟動(dòng)了I期和II期臨床試驗(yàn)[41],。已確定膠原蛋白-PVP可降低IL-1β,、IL-8、TNF-α,、TGF-β1,、IL-17、Cox-1,、白細(xì)胞粘附分子(ELAM-1,、VCAM-1和ICAM-1)的水平),降低其他炎癥介質(zhì)的表達(dá),并增加IL-10的水平和Treg細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,。此外,,候選藥物在類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎和骨關(guān)節(jié)炎期間刺激組織纖維化的抑制,并且與任何不良事件無(wú)關(guān)[63,64],。該試驗(yàn)包括18歲以上有COVID癥狀(咳嗽,、粘液分泌、吞咽痛,、呼吸困難伴或不伴發(fā)熱,,以及炎癥浸潤(rùn)的放射學(xué)證據(jù))的患者;不需要通過(guò)RT-PCR對(duì)SARS-CoV-2進(jìn)行陽(yáng)性檢測(cè),。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)測(cè)有輕度和重度COVID癥狀的個(gè)體(D-二聚體>1000ng/mL,;淋巴細(xì)胞總數(shù)<800個(gè)細(xì)胞/μL,肌酸磷酸激酶高于正常范圍上限兩倍以上,;肌鈣蛋白和鐵蛋白>300mcg/L),,SpO2<92%,皮內(nèi)膠原蛋白-PVP反應(yīng)陰性[41],。主要終點(diǎn)包括氧療需求,、癥狀緩解和淋巴細(xì)胞水平恢復(fù)。次要終點(diǎn)是血清IP-10的減少,、血清中的抗炎細(xì)胞因子(TNF-a,、IL-1β、IL-7),、循環(huán)效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞,、降低的實(shí)質(zhì)衰減,、出現(xiàn)磨玻璃影、肺結(jié)節(jié),、小葉間隔增厚和/或支氣管壁增厚。

2.5.糖皮質(zhì)激素(潑尼松)

人們發(fā)現(xiàn)皮質(zhì)類固醇可以減輕COVID引起的肺炎的短期和長(zhǎng)期影響[65],,長(zhǎng)期使用皮質(zhì)類固醇可能有利于降低隨后發(fā)生COVID后肺纖維化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或嚴(yán)重程度[2],。在大鼠IPF模型中顯示潑尼松可以減緩肺纖維化的進(jìn)展,其機(jī)制可能與caveolin-1水平升高和TNF-a,、TGF-b1和PDGF水平降低有關(guān)[66],。

因此,皮質(zhì)類固醇可以通過(guò)減少肺部炎癥來(lái)改善COVID后肺纖維化的癥狀,。三名COVID后患者的病例系列證實(shí)了這一假設(shè),,表明1個(gè)月的潑尼松療程導(dǎo)致輕微的臨床改善(減少家庭氧氣消耗,改善胸部X光掃描),,沒(méi)有重大不良反應(yīng)[67],。此外,類固醇是公認(rèn)的機(jī)化性肺炎一線治療藥物,,這被證明是COVID后間質(zhì)性肺病患者的普遍情況,,出院后6周出現(xiàn)明顯的功能障礙(4.8%,837名幸存者中有35名)[68],。其中30名患者接受了潑尼松治療,,癥狀和放射學(xué)顯著改善。

一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)于2020年9月開(kāi)始并已完成,,該試驗(yàn)評(píng)估低劑量(20mg)潑尼松聯(lián)合對(duì)癥治療14天治療COVID后肺部浸潤(rùn)的療效,。該試驗(yàn)包括從COVID中恢復(fù)的患者,這些患者具有持續(xù)的放射學(xué)(CT)浸潤(rùn)證據(jù),。療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是CT掃描中肺部浸潤(rùn)的消退,。

2.6.玻尿酸酶偶氮肟(Longidase)

玻尿酸酶偶氮肟是一種長(zhǎng)效透明質(zhì)酸酶,由相應(yīng)的酶與N-氧化物1,4-乙烯哌嗪和(N-羧甲基)-1,4-乙烯哌嗪溴化物的共聚物結(jié)合而成,。玻尿酸酶的抗纖維化特性表現(xiàn)為通過(guò)透明質(zhì)酸酶降解糖胺聚糖來(lái)破壞膠原纖維的形成,。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)45名隱源性纖維化肺泡炎并發(fā)肺纖維化患者的臨床試驗(yàn)證明了玻尿酸酶偶氮肟的益處,即臨床癥狀(咳嗽和疲勞)的顯著緩解,,以及特征性CT掃描地面掃描的擴(kuò)散和強(qiáng)度降低10%玻璃不透明度,。基線治療包括口服糖皮質(zhì)激素,,平均劑量為每天15-20毫克[69],。

2020年6月開(kāi)始一項(xiàng)關(guān)于玻尿酸酶偶氮肟預(yù)防和治療COVID后炎癥后纖維化和間質(zhì)性肺病療效和安全性的臨床試驗(yàn)[43]。該研究的目的是比較接受玻尿酸酶偶氮肟治療或預(yù)防的成年COVID后肺部并發(fā)癥與炎癥后纖維化和間質(zhì)性肺病相關(guān)的結(jié)果,,以及接受動(dòng)態(tài)觀察的患者組,。該試驗(yàn)包括18歲以上的患者,,由于COVID并發(fā)癥導(dǎo)致肺部殘留變化,在疾病發(fā)作后不遲于2個(gè)月被發(fā)現(xiàn)[43],。主要試驗(yàn)療效終點(diǎn)包括評(píng)估2.5個(gè)月時(shí)HRCT數(shù)據(jù)與初始值相比所證實(shí)的纖維化肺組織損傷和間質(zhì)變化,。次要終點(diǎn)包括肺纖維化和間質(zhì)變化、磨玻璃影,、胸水,、Botkin.AI軟件(人工智能)分析的圖像整合;FVC和DLCO變化,、根據(jù)mMRC量表的呼吸困難率,、SpO2、6MWT數(shù)據(jù),、6MWT后的SpO2動(dòng)態(tài),;殘余肺活量和總肺活量的變化[43]

2.7.金雀黃素(染料木黃酮)

金雀黃素是一種獲得專利的合成染料木黃酮納米懸浮液,。金雀黃素(5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4h-chromen-4-one)是一種生物利用度非常低的大豆異黃酮[70],。染料木黃酮的結(jié)構(gòu)與雌激素相似;因此,,染料木黃酮被稱為植物雌激素,。金雀黃素結(jié)合所有三種雌激素受體,但對(duì)雌激素受體β(ER-β)具有選擇性親和力,。有幾份關(guān)于染料木黃酮誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞周期抑制劑p21和p27以及GADD(生長(zhǎng)停滯和DNA損傷)基因激活的報(bào)道,。金雀黃素還抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(NF-kB)和c-Myc的表達(dá),并且可以通過(guò)激活ER-β并隨后使NF-kB失活或通過(guò)直接誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期抑制蛋白的表達(dá)來(lái)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期停滯,。

金雀黃素最初是為抵抗高輻射暴露而開(kāi)發(fā)的,,最終被Humanetics Corporation許可作為一種放射調(diào)節(jié)劑用于臨床腫瘤學(xué)[7]。在輻射暴露后施用金雀黃素可降低骨髓和原代肺成纖維細(xì)胞中的微核數(shù)量,,這表明輻射誘導(dǎo)的DNA損傷減少[70],。旨在評(píng)估金雀黃素減少輻射引起的肺炎/纖維化的能力的小鼠臨床前測(cè)試表明,與未經(jīng)處理的輻射對(duì)照相比,,存活率顯著提高到180天以上(26.6%)[71],。除了提高生存率外,金雀黃素還減輕了輻射損傷并改善了整體肺功能,。此外,,金雀黃素減少了28%的小鼠肺部膠原沉積,照射后每4周采集一次[72],。

值得注意的是,,輻射引起的肺炎特征與COVID引起的間質(zhì)性肺炎相似[73,74]。例如,,在急性輻射暴露后的患者和動(dòng)物以及肺損傷的COVID患者中都可以觀察到局部中性粒細(xì)胞,、細(xì)胞因子和其他免疫因子的增加[75,、76]。肺炎通常會(huì)發(fā)展為肺纖維化[77],,并且在照射后和COVID患者中也觀察到隨后的血氧水平下降[60],。因此,可以想象,,輻射暴露治療可有效治療COVID后并發(fā)癥[2],。

由于金雀黃素可以使NF-kB失活[78],NF-kB已被證明可以減少COVID小鼠模型中的炎癥,,因此它可以有效治療由SARS-CoV-2感染引起的肺部并發(fā)癥。

自2020年11月以來(lái),,金雀黃素已在18歲以上且之前因COVID住院的患者中進(jìn)行肺纖維化治療的測(cè)試[44],。主要研究終點(diǎn)是治療12周后DLCO和6MWT指標(biāo)的變化。次要終點(diǎn)包括肺活量測(cè)定參數(shù)(FVC,、FEV1,、FEV1/FVC)的變化、SpO2,、胸部CT掃描的肺纖維化征象評(píng)估(基于4點(diǎn)李克特量表),、SGRQ動(dòng)力學(xué)、一系列生化血液測(cè)試的監(jiān)測(cè)參數(shù)和死亡率,。第三終點(diǎn)是額外耗氧持續(xù)時(shí)間,、休息和運(yùn)動(dòng)期間夜間額外耗氧量、TGF-β1表達(dá)以及細(xì)胞因子IL-1b,、IL-6,、IL-8和TNF-α的變化。

2.8.粉防己堿

粉防己堿(TET)是中國(guó)Stephaniatetrandra S.Moore植物的主要活性成分,。粉防己堿被描述為一種具有多向作用的天然生物堿,,可影響活性氧、鈣通道和半胱天冬酶依賴性途徑[79],。由于其抗腫瘤[79],、抗炎[80]和抗埃博拉病毒(體內(nèi))和人類冠狀病毒OC43(體外)[81]的抗病毒活性,粉防己堿已被嘗試用于治療風(fēng)濕病,、肺癌和矽肺,。粉防己堿可以降低I型和III型膠原蛋白mRNA和肺部膠原蛋白沉積[80]。最近的數(shù)據(jù)表明,,該藥物可以通過(guò)自噬激活抑制肺纖維化,,部分原因是Rheb/mTOR/p70S6K信號(hào)的傳遞,正如博來(lái)霉素誘導(dǎo)(BLM)肺纖維化小鼠的成纖維細(xì)胞所證明的那樣[80],。

粉防己堿和通過(guò)粉防己堿凍干獲得的粉防己堿-羥丙基-β-環(huán)糊精(TET-HP-β-CD)通過(guò)吸入在體內(nèi)模型中有效對(duì)抗肺纖維化,。粉防己堿和TET-HP-β-CD減輕了炎癥和纖維化(通過(guò)組織學(xué)檢查證實(shí)),,限制了肺部羥脯氨酸的積累(分別減少了28%和41%),并提高了術(shù)后存活率(分別增加了28%和41%)42%與纖維化對(duì)照組相比,,分別)[83],。藥物顆粒的適當(dāng)空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)直徑應(yīng)約為1-5μm,以便最佳給藥至深肺[84],,兩種制備的制劑都滿足了這一要求,。與靜脈注射粉防己堿相比,吸入粉防己堿和TET-HP-β-CD在給藥后3小時(shí)內(nèi)提供了持續(xù)更高的肺部濃度[83],。因此,,預(yù)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案與粉防己堿相結(jié)合將降低COVID后康復(fù)期間肺纖維化的發(fā)生率。粉防己堿臨床試驗(yàn)的IV期于2020年3月開(kāi)始,,包括18-75歲有輕度和重度肺炎癥狀的患者[45],。主要終點(diǎn)是死亡率。

2.9.扶正化瘀片(FZHY)

扶正化瘀片(FZHY,,傳統(tǒng)中藥)是六種草藥的混合物[85],。中國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局已批準(zhǔn)該制劑用于治療肝纖維化[66]。扶正化瘀片可有效抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2的活性,,在體內(nèi)模型中顯示參與IPF的發(fā)展[87]以及抑制肺中IV型膠原蛋白的表達(dá)[88],。這些影響可以用扶正化瘀片的成分之一,常春藤素(HDG)來(lái)解釋[89],。HDG以劑量依賴的方式減少BLM誘導(dǎo)的肺功能障礙,。此外,HDG通過(guò)降低α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白,、I型膠原蛋白,、炎性細(xì)胞因子TNF-α和IL6、TGF-β1和結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子的水平來(lái)減少BLM相關(guān)的膠原蛋白沉積[90],。對(duì)該機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步分析表明,,HDG能夠阻斷Ras/JNK/NFAT4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),從而在肺纖維化形成過(guò)程中控制I型膠原蛋白在間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)[91],。這些機(jī)制為一項(xiàng)擬議的試驗(yàn)奠定了基礎(chǔ),,該試驗(yàn)旨在評(píng)估扶正化瘀片結(jié)合肺康復(fù)和維生素C攝入對(duì)COVID后纖維化的療效[46]。扶正化瘀片的雙盲,、安慰劑對(duì)照,、隨機(jī)、多中心試驗(yàn)于2020年4月開(kāi)始,,納入了接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)COVID治療后患有肺纖維化的18-65歲患者,。主要終點(diǎn)包括肺功能(FVC、DLCO),、6MWT和HRCT數(shù)據(jù)變化的評(píng)估,。次要療效終點(diǎn)是SpO2動(dòng)態(tài),、經(jīng)歷的不適、生活質(zhì)量以及SARS-CoV-2特異性IgG和IgM水平[46],。

2.10.安絡(luò)化纖

安絡(luò)化纖中國(guó)推薦用于治療肝纖維化,。已知安絡(luò)化纖可抑制肝纖維化患者I型和III型膠原蛋白mRNA、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-1(TIMP-1)的組織抑制劑和TGF-β1的表達(dá)[92],。此外,,已知肝纖維化和肺纖維化的發(fā)病機(jī)制非常相似[93]。因此,,對(duì)安絡(luò)化纖在新冠肺炎后肺纖維化患者康復(fù)中的有效性和安全性進(jìn)行了評(píng)估,。一項(xiàng)多中心、開(kāi)放,、隨機(jī),、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)于2020年4月開(kāi)始[47]并包括確診為COVID和HRCT支持的肺纖維化診斷的患者。主要臨床療效終點(diǎn)是使用HRCT確定的放射學(xué)表現(xiàn)的變化和通過(guò)6MWT測(cè)量的運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量,。次要終點(diǎn)包括生理指標(biāo)的變化、根據(jù)SGRQ的參數(shù)動(dòng)態(tài),、mMRC量表上的呼吸困難評(píng)分和肺活量,。

圖片

2.11.間充細(xì)胞(cSVF)

基于源自脂肪組織的間充細(xì)胞(cSVF)的再生醫(yī)學(xué)是治療IPF的一種新的有前途的療法[48]。異質(zhì)SVF細(xì)胞群由先天免疫系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞(中性粒細(xì)胞,、巨噬細(xì)胞,、單核細(xì)胞、樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞,、自然殺傷細(xì)胞,、肥大細(xì)胞等)組成,這些細(xì)胞對(duì)適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)至關(guān)重要,。根據(jù)Alexander RW獲得的數(shù)據(jù),,引入自體cSVF可以通過(guò)激活受損肺組織中的適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)來(lái)減輕炎癥損傷,而不會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的副作用[94],。因此,,使用cSVF(已知有助于減輕嚴(yán)重炎癥性疾病造成的損害、提供免疫調(diào)節(jié)并促進(jìn)修復(fù)和再生作用)可能對(duì)纖維化肺部疾病產(chǎn)生有益影響[95],。

Ntolios等人[95]表明,,在第一次注射后24個(gè)月內(nèi),氣管內(nèi)間充細(xì)胞給藥可導(dǎo)致纖維化功能顯著降低,,DLCO變化6.2%(p=0.04,,18個(gè)月),F(xiàn)VC變化6%(p=0.029,,24個(gè)月),。無(wú)進(jìn)展的中位總生存期為26個(gè)月,,中位總生存期為32個(gè)月。所有患者在第一次注射后至少存活了2年,。12名患者(85.7%)死于疾病進(jìn)展,。盡管上面提供了令人鼓舞的數(shù)據(jù),但結(jié)果是在沒(méi)有安慰劑對(duì)照的短期,、非隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)中獲得的[96],。

Michalek等人的案例研究,一名患有IPF的71歲女性患者的研究表明,,靜脈內(nèi)給予自體間充細(xì)胞可以促進(jìn)肺再生,,而沒(méi)有任何嚴(yán)重的不良事件[97]。治療后9個(gè)月,,患者肺功能顯著改善(FVC61-104%,,F(xiàn)EV159-92%),治療后的積極效果持續(xù)14個(gè)月(FVC10 2%,,F(xiàn)EV1 97%),。

2020年3月啟動(dòng)的GARM-COVID試驗(yàn)的前提是靜脈注射cSVF以改善不可逆受損的肺泡組織。該試驗(yàn)包括從COVID中康復(fù)的患者,,其肺組織損傷經(jīng)HRCT證實(shí),。cSVF使用的主要療效終點(diǎn)是不良事件發(fā)生率;次要終點(diǎn)是肺部放射動(dòng)力學(xué)分析(HRCT)和6MWT測(cè)量的運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量[48],。

2.12.IN01疫苗

IN01疫苗是重組表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)和霍亂毒素B亞基結(jié)構(gòu)域G33D(CTB-G33D)的混合物,。以多克隆抗EGF中和抗體的形式產(chǎn)生免疫反應(yīng)[49]。據(jù)推測(cè),,該疫苗會(huì)抑制EGF與其受體的結(jié)合,,該受體在IPF患者中過(guò)度表達(dá)[98]。EGFR信號(hào)介導(dǎo)SARS-CoV-2感染期間宿主對(duì)肺損傷的過(guò)度活躍反應(yīng),,這可能導(dǎo)致纖維化的發(fā)展[99],。據(jù)推測(cè),IN01疫苗也可以通過(guò)阻斷EGFR激活來(lái)預(yù)防SARS-COV-2感染后的肺纖維化,。因此,,COVINVAK試驗(yàn)于2020年6月啟動(dòng)[49]。該試驗(yàn)包括18歲以上的患者,,他們患有肺炎,、肺功能障礙和與SARS-CoV-2感染相關(guān)的纖維化改變(根據(jù)胸部CT),并且之前接受過(guò)無(wú)創(chuàng)肺通氣并且有EGF水平小于200pg/mL,。主要療效終點(diǎn)是安全性(不良事件的頻率和嚴(yán)重程度),。次要療效終點(diǎn)包括血氧水平、通過(guò)QoL問(wèn)卷評(píng)估的生活質(zhì)量以及通過(guò)HRCT測(cè)量的纖維化變化動(dòng)力學(xué)。

2.13.殼三糖苷酶抑制劑OATD-01

2020年3月,,Onco Arendi Therapeutics宣布了殼三糖苷酶抑制劑OATD-01用于治療COVID后肺纖維化的臨床試驗(yàn)[100],。殼三糖苷酶(幾丁質(zhì)酶1)顯示可增強(qiáng)TGF-β1刺激的纖維化反應(yīng)[101]。然而,,COVID患者肺組織中殼三糖苷酶的表達(dá)水平仍在討論中[102],。OATD-01臨床試驗(yàn)的第一階段目前已接近完成,到目前為止,,該候選藥物已被證明在健康志愿者中是安全的,。這些試驗(yàn)在德國(guó)進(jìn)行,我們無(wú)法在Clinical Trials.gov數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中找到它們,。

3.結(jié)論

新型冠狀病毒引起的疾病導(dǎo)致大流行,,對(duì)人類健康構(gòu)成全球威脅。對(duì)從COVID相關(guān)肺炎中康復(fù)的患者的監(jiān)測(cè)表明,,肺實(shí)質(zhì)中DLCO顯著減少和相關(guān)纖維化跡象與不良預(yù)后因素相關(guān),。持續(xù)的呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥可能導(dǎo)致大量人口發(fā)病、長(zhǎng)期殘疾,,甚至因肺纖維化進(jìn)展而死亡,。中度疾病后COVID后肺纖維化的發(fā)生率估計(jì)為2-6%。根據(jù)這一估計(jì),,COVID后肺纖維化的患病率將為每10,000人中有10至30名患者,,這是IPF患病率的30倍。

醫(yī)學(xué)界目前缺乏針對(duì)COVID引起的纖維化的有效治療方案,,因此不得不研究藥物和候選藥物。我們認(rèn)為COVID相關(guān)肺炎后6個(gè)月的抗炎治療將減少殘留的肺部炎癥并改善肺部受損的彌散能力,。反過(guò)來(lái),,這將促進(jìn)肺組織再生并防止持續(xù)性呼吸道疾病。我們希望上述臨床試驗(yàn)?zāi)軌虬l(fā)現(xiàn)有效的工具來(lái)對(duì)抗肺纖維化,,肺纖維化是COVID的主要并發(fā)癥之一,。

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