如何撰寫英文醫(yī)學(xué)病例報(bào)告標(biāo)題及摘要?

醫(yī)學(xué)abeycd 2022-04-07

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醫(yī)學(xué)論文是與數(shù)學(xué),、自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)和工程技術(shù)均有所不同的一類特殊的學(xué)術(shù)論文,，種類較多,，體裁各異，主要包括以下七類：（1）論著類,，（2）綜述,、講座類，（3）病例報(bào)告類,，（4）簡(jiǎn)報(bào)類,，（5）評(píng)論類，（6）會(huì)議紀(jì)要類,，（7）消息動(dòng)態(tài)類,。

其中,，病例報(bào)告（case report）通常記錄和總結(jié)臨床中少見(jiàn)但具有特殊意義的病例。這類論文有新意,，實(shí)用價(jià)值高,，被很多讀者所喜愛(ài)。特別是針對(duì)罕見(jiàn)病癥的首例報(bào)道,，能夠引發(fā)新的研究熱點(diǎn),，在國(guó)內(nèi)外具有重要影響力。

病例報(bào)告像其他論文一樣,，其完整的寫作格式包括標(biāo)題,、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞,、引言,、病例描述、討論,、結(jié)論,、參考文獻(xiàn)、致謝等部分,。其中,，標(biāo)題和摘要特別重要，因?yàn)樗鼈兪亲x者最先看到的內(nèi)容,，如果寫得不好,，讀者可能會(huì)放棄閱讀。由于病例報(bào)告在題材上具有特殊性,，在標(biāo)題和摘要的寫作上也具有一些特殊規(guī)定,，本文予以簡(jiǎn)述。

病例報(bào)告的四大特點(diǎn)

病例報(bào)告主要揭示罕見(jiàn)疾病,、新發(fā)疾病和疑難重癥,，也可以報(bào)告已知疾病的從未被人們認(rèn)識(shí)的特殊臨床表現(xiàn)、特殊鑒別診斷病例,、創(chuàng)新治療經(jīng)驗(yàn),。有些病例雖然曾經(jīng)有過(guò)少數(shù)類似報(bào)道，但如果有必要重復(fù)驗(yàn)證或加深認(rèn)識(shí),，就可以寫成病例報(bào)告發(fā)表,。
病例報(bào)告可以是單一病例的個(gè)案分析，也可以針對(duì)一組系列病例,。當(dāng)病例數(shù)量較少時(shí),，不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,。當(dāng)病例數(shù)量足夠大時(shí),，可以進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)概率分析,。這些會(huì)影響病例報(bào)告的寫法。
病例報(bào)告必須內(nèi)容確切,，病例資料完整,，診斷具有科學(xué)依據(jù)。通過(guò)對(duì)診治過(guò)程的論述體現(xiàn)診療思維,。臨床病理討論具有較強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性,。
病例報(bào)告是臨床研究的基礎(chǔ)，是一種重要的醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)交流方式,，廣泛用于各種學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議和競(jìng)賽活動(dòng),，也可以發(fā)表在期刊。

病例報(bào)告的選刊投稿

雖然很多高影響因子期刊都開(kāi)辟專欄接受病例報(bào)告,，但并不是每個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊都允許刊登病例報(bào)告,。某些期刊只發(fā)表少量的病例報(bào)告，但是也有很多著名學(xué)術(shù)期刊專門發(fā)表病例報(bào)告,，其中很多是開(kāi)放獲取期刊,，例如：Journal of Medical Case Reports, Oxford Medical Case Reports, BJR Case Reports, International Journal of Surgery Case Reports。

每個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊都有自己的投稿格式規(guī)定,，通?？窃谄诳W(wǎng)站的以下位置：Instructions for Authors，Author Guidelines,，Preparing Your Manuscript,。作者需根據(jù)期刊的投稿規(guī)定調(diào)整論文格式。

病例報(bào)告標(biāo)題

標(biāo)題需要簡(jiǎn)明扼要地反映病例信息,，并能夠吸引讀者,。病案數(shù)量應(yīng)包括在標(biāo)題中。但是,，case study（病例研究）或 case report（病例報(bào)告）這些詞在標(biāo)題中其實(shí)是多余的,，應(yīng)盡量避免。常見(jiàn)的病例報(bào)告標(biāo)題的例子包括：“……病的診治”,，“……病的診斷”,，“……病的診斷與療效觀察”等。有些英文詞匯專門用于英文病例報(bào)告的標(biāo)題,，包括：presentation, unusual case, rare case, challenges, complications, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment,。另外，在英文病例報(bào)告的標(biāo)題中常用的與病患相關(guān)的詞匯包括：patient, adult, child, infant, adolescent, elderly, man, woman,。下面給出幾個(gè)比較好的標(biāo)題例子：

An unusual presentation of primary small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) in an elderly woman
Challengesin the management of mycotic splenic arteriovenous fistula in a cirrhotic patient
CREST syndrome: a rare cause of chronic upper-gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in adults
Primary tuberculous dacryocystitis: two cases mimicking tumors of the lacrimal sac

病例報(bào)告摘要

病例報(bào)告摘要的寫法須遵循學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要寫法的一般準(zhǔn)則,，需要包括引言（研究背景和目的）、方法,、病例描述,、討論和結(jié)論等部分的簡(jiǎn)要概述,。

1. 研究背景和目的：

摘要中涉及的研究背景和目的通常由1~2句組成，說(shuō)明報(bào)告該病例的原因,，并簡(jiǎn)述創(chuàng)新性和臨床相關(guān)性,。如果字?jǐn)?shù)允許，可以加入患者或其監(jiān)護(hù)人的知情同意信息和倫理委員會(huì)審批信息,。

研究背景和目的中包括的內(nèi)容	寫作示例
醫(yī)療條件,，醫(yī)療程序，醫(yī)療方法	- Inferior glenohumeral joint dislocations are rare. - Due to severe swelling and overlapping of bones on an X-way of the wrist and hand, dislocations are missed.
關(guān)于病例重要性的解釋	- The objective of this clinical case report is to highlight the unusual injury to avoid incorrect diagnosis.

2. 病例描述：

摘要中涉及的病例描述的部分通常用3~6句組成,，簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明病患的醫(yī)療情況,、患者特征、病因病機(jī),、診斷結(jié)論,、治療干預(yù)、并發(fā)癥,、治療效果等,。該病例對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新性貢獻(xiàn)越大，就越值得詳述,。

病例描述中包括的內(nèi)容	寫作示例
病人資料,，包括年齡、性別,、國(guó)籍等	- a 35-year-old mana - 1-month-old infanta - 12-year-old Somali girl
病癥表現(xiàn)	- demonstrated typical signs and symptoms of Huntington’s Disease - presented to the hospital with severe chest pain - experienced a burning sensation due to swollen leg muscles
病史和癥狀	- reported a long history of asthma - had a family history of colon cancer on the maternal side - reported that inflammation had begun one year prior
診斷	- Based on the characteristics appearance of the cutaneous lesions, a diagnosis of granuloma annul are was made. - A clinical diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease was made. - Intestinal legions were consistent with severe Crohn’s Disease.
治療	- The patient was immediately intubated and antitubercular therapy was initiated. - Treatment was initiated with low-dose corticosteroids, anticoagulants, and vasodilators.
醫(yī)療程序	- Following kidney biopsy, renal cysts were excised laparoscopically. - The patient underwent three skin grafts.- An emergency arteriogram showed smooth segmental narrowing and bilateral vasospasm.
并發(fā)癥	- Additional history revealed that he had been ingesting ergotamine preparations for a number of years to relieve chronic muscle pain. - Laparoscopic access to the duodenum was inhibited by intra-abdominal fat.
醫(yī)療結(jié)果	- Patient was asymptomatic on subsequent visits. - Although scapular swelling subsided, she continued to report severe back pain for the following month- .… resulting in significant improvement within 4 hours and resolution of symptoms within 48 hours.

3. 討論和結(jié)論：

摘要中涉及的討論和結(jié)論通常使用1~2句簡(jiǎn)要陳述臨床影響和病例意義,，并為臨床領(lǐng)域提供建議，包括強(qiáng)調(diào)病例涉及的廣泛影響,、建議的預(yù)防措施和未來(lái)的相關(guān)研究課題,。

討論和結(jié)論中包括的內(nèi)容	寫作示例
總體臨床影響	- Each of these tests has a high negative predictive value but a poor positive predictive value. - Identifying and reporting anomalous enzymes is an important service the clinical lab technician can provide a clinician.
建議	- Even when strict protocol is followed, clinicians must remain alert to the potential for medical errors related to misinterpretation of laboratory test results based on similar samples. - SRED should be considered a possible implication of sedative hypnotics.
病例影響	- An atypical isoenzyme test may result from a macroenzyme, the presence of which can complicate interpretation of the test result and may lead to further unnecessary procedures. - Antiviral therapy may significantly reduce mortality for patients who have risk factors identified.

病例報(bào)告摘要示例

Example No 1: A Case of Injury

We herein report a case of a [patient age and gender] with an unusual case of [injury]. The [injury] consisted of features typical of [common features of the injury/disease/disorder], with additional [additional features of case, if any], signifying a [diagnosis/complications]. Features of this case are discussed together with its implications, including [implications of case]. [Additional measures taken—treatment/surgery/etc.] was undertaken due to [reason for measures].

Example No. 2: A Case of Disease/Disorder

[Disease/disorder] is a rare condition characterized by [symptoms]. Its presentation is usually [sporadic/chronic/acute]. Usually seen in patients who are [typical demographics of patient], [disease] presentation in [this specific category of patient] is rare. Symptoms at presentation depend on [parts of body/patient’s environment]. Patients with [disease/disorder] may present with [additional major symptoms]. We herein report a rare presentation of [disease/disorder] in a [patient demographic—age/gender/race/etc.] who suffered from [corresponding symptoms or co-morbid diseases]. [Diagnostics/tests] revealed [results of tests/complication]. The patient underwent [surgery/treatment] and was given [drugs/intubation/etc.]. Recovery was [description of recovery]. In spite of a wide range of therapeutic options for the management of [disease/disorder] described in the literature, the efficacy of those available therapies is [unknown/not well established/open/etc.].

其他參考鏈接

“How to Compose a Journal Submission Cover Letter” (Wordvice/YouTube)

“How to Write the Best Journal Submission Cover Letter” (Wordvice)

“40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays” (Oxford Royale Academy)

“100+ Strong Verbs That Will Make Your Research Writing Amazing” (Wordvice)

“Essential Academic Writing Words and Phrases” (My English Teacher.eu)

“Academic Vocabulary, Useful Phrases for Academic Writing and Research Paper Writing” (Research Gate)

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