熱射病是一種以嚴(yán)重高熱(>40°C/104°F)和器官功能障礙為特征的緊急疾病,,存在發(fā)病快,死亡率高等特點,??焖俳禍厥侵委煙嵘洳〉氖滓繕?biāo),。本綜述總結(jié)了目前比較常見且應(yīng)用較廣的快速降溫技術(shù),并根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的研究成果對這些技術(shù)做了比較評估,。以幫助施救者醫(yī)護人員在特定的情況下選擇最佳的方案對熱射病患者進行降溫處理,。本文的結(jié)論是水浸技術(shù)(1-17℃)可有效的降低患者的核心體溫,已有的證據(jù)表明,,浸水是目前對熱射病降溫最有效的降溫手段,。 Comparative evaluation of rapid cooling techniques for heat stroke AbstactHeat stroke is an emergent condition characterized by severe hyperthermia (>40°C/104°F) and organ dysfunction, typically manifested by central nervous system dysregulationand there are fast onset, high mortality.Rapid cooling is the primary goal in the treatment of heatstroke.This review summarizes the common and widely used rapid cooling technologies, and makes a comparative evaluation of these technologies according to the existing research results, in order to help medical staff to choose the best scheme to cool patients with heat stroke under specific circumstances.The conclusion is that water immersion (1-17℃) can effectively reduce the core body temperature of patients. The existing evidence shows that water immersion is the most effective cooling method for heatstroke. 關(guān)鍵詞:熱射病,快速降溫,,浸水技術(shù),,降溫毯聯(lián)合療法 前言 熱射病是一種以嚴(yán)重高熱(>40°C/104°F)和器官功能障礙為特征的緊急疾病,通常表現(xiàn)為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)失調(diào),。勞力性熱射?。?ins datetime="2021-05-07T15:39">Exertional heat stroke英語全稱,EHS)發(fā)生在溫暖或炎熱環(huán)境中的體力活動中,,但也可能發(fā)生在寒冷環(huán)境中散熱功能受損的人身上,。[1]相比之下,經(jīng)典型(非勞力性)熱射?。?ins datetime="2021-05-07T15:39">non-exertional heatstroke,NEHS)同樣致命,,例如極端高溫事件(熱浪),。尤其是缺乏正常體溫調(diào)節(jié)的易感人群,如老人,、兒童和嬰兒,,較容易受到影響。如果不治療,,EHS和NEHS都可能導(dǎo)致器官受損,,心臟驟停和死亡等嚴(yán)重情況。例如,,熱射病被認為是導(dǎo)致心臟驟停的潛在原因,,因此快速緊急的降溫是治療熱射病的首要目標(biāo)。[2] 幾個世紀(jì)以來,,熱射病一直是人們關(guān)注的健康問題,。戶外工作、運動和慢性病是中暑和熱相關(guān)疾病的重要因素,。早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和及時的治療有可能顯著降低熱射病的發(fā)病率和死亡率,。一份基于專家意見的關(guān)于EHS院前護理的共識聲明揭示了早期認識和通過冷卻快速逆轉(zhuǎn)熱射病療的必要性,以改善患者預(yù)后,。[3]證據(jù)表明,,及時降溫可促進存活率生存,,減少后遺癥。目前針對任何原因的熱相關(guān)疾病的急救建議都是快速轉(zhuǎn)移,,離開熱源和啟動快速冷卻治療以降低核心體溫,。水浸技術(shù)是目前被認為是最有效的處理方法;然而,,它并沒有被廣泛采用,,在某些情況下可能存在局限性。[4]除了水浸,,還有其他潛在有效的冷卻技術(shù),。本綜述的研究目的是總結(jié)和綜合EHS和NEHS急救降溫的已發(fā)表證據(jù),對目前常見的急救降溫方法進行對比評估,,為熱射病降溫治療提供指導(dǎo)性意見,。 方法 我們檢索了國內(nèi)外相關(guān)的文獻,其中包括隨機對照試驗(RCT),、非隨機對照試驗,、間斷時間序列、研究前后對照,、隊列研究以及成人和兒童NEHS(最低核心溫度40°C/104℉)5個或5個以上的病例,。我們將核心溫度定義為通過口腔、食道或直腸方式測量,。干預(yù)措施包括任何冷卻技術(shù)或適合急救的技術(shù)組合(傳導(dǎo),、蒸發(fā)、對流),,與任何其他冷卻技術(shù)或適合急救的技術(shù)相比較,。 冷水浸泡(Cold Water Immersion英語全稱,CWI) (水溫:8-17oC/57.2-62.6oF) 對7項對照研究(n=樣本量143)的匯總分析表明,,與被動降溫相比,,勞力性熱射病的成人受試者軀干CWI(14-17oC/57.2-62.6℉)的降溫速度更快,平均降溫速度0.1℃每分鐘,。[58–645]-[11]當(dāng)將CWI與室溫水浸泡(20-26oC/68-78.8℉)[629],、[6512]、[6613]涼水浸泡(8oC/46.4℉)[6715]或冰水浸泡(2-5oC/35.6-41℉)進行比較時,,勞力性熱射病成人受試者的冷卻率沒有明顯差異,。[585],[6715] 對6項對照研究(n=樣本量62)的匯總分析顯示,與被動降溫(MD 0.01oC/min,;95%CI 0.00-0.02)相比,,手和/或腳使用冷水浸泡(10-17oC/50-62.6℉)能更快地降低體溫,平均降溫速率0.06℃每分鐘。[6] 冰水浸泡(Ice water immersion英語全稱,,IWI)(水溫:1-5oC/33.8-41℉) 圖1冰水浸泡法 對4項對照研究(n=樣本量54)的匯總分析表明,,與被動冷卻相比,勞力性熱射病的成年受試者在軀干冰水浸泡(IWI)(1-5oC/33.8-41℉)下的冷卻速度更快,。,。一項觀察性隊列研究(n=樣本量21)顯示,與被動冷卻相比,,軀干IWI冷卻速度更快,,平均降溫速率為0.18℃每分鐘。(圖1)[585],77-79[21]-[23] 蒸發(fā)冷卻(霧化和通風(fēng)) 兩項對照研究(n=樣本量23)的匯總結(jié)果顯示,,與被動冷卻相比,,運動性熱射病的成人受試者蒸發(fā)冷卻的冷卻速度略快。但是根據(jù)最新的研究顯示,,蒸發(fā)冷卻的速率跟空氣流通速度和環(huán)境溫度相關(guān),,當(dāng)整個身體被溫水噴霧包裹,并在20°C的溫度下以1 m / s的風(fēng)速扇風(fēng)的時候,,能達到最大散熱量,,降溫速率能達到0.1℃-0.15℃每分鐘。82,83[24],[25] 商業(yè)冰袋 兩項針對成人勞力性熱射?。?span style="text-decoration:line-through;">n=樣本量15)的對照研究結(jié)果顯示,,與被動降溫相比,在頸部,、腋下和腹股溝使用商用冰袋沒有顯著的差異,。但是如果選取腳底、手掌和臉頰等無毛(無毛)的皮膚區(qū)域作為覆蓋位置,,降溫速率能達到0.03℃每分鐘。84[26] 冷卻背心和夾克 冷卻背心由微纖維,、孢子粉制成,,里面放置晶體。冷卻背心首先放置在冰水中(冰水在2°C到5°C之間)30分鐘,,激活晶體形成凝膠,。另一種冷卻背心由氯丁橡膠材料制成。它有4個前袋和4個后袋,。內(nèi)含密封封包(140 mm×140 mm,,每個120 g)的PC17,先放在4℃的冰箱冷卻,,穿上前放入口袋,。PC 17是一種白色的結(jié)晶固體物質(zhì),具有傳遞3.5 W/cm2熱量的潛力 。 我們,?本文確定了6個對照試驗,,比較了不同的降溫背心和被動降溫,所有這些試驗都顯示,,體溫降低率沒有明顯差異,。59[6],71,85[26]–88[29]由于研究之間使用的商業(yè)背心的異質(zhì)性,沒有進行匯總估計,。這些研究都顯示冷卻背心和夾克不適用于熱射病的降溫,。 濕毯(Ice sheet)包裹法 圖2濕毯包裹法(Ice-sheet) 濕毯包裹法(3℃/37.4℉)通常用于軍事場合,包括該方法是將一個人包裹在冰水浸泡過的床單中,,此過程中需確保一旦床單變熱,,就可以更換床單(圖2)。有研究顯示,,用該方法并未導(dǎo)致比被動冷卻更快的平均冷卻速率,。59[6],90[31] 冰毯機聯(lián)合降溫法 冰毯機降溫是一種在院內(nèi)急救中常用的降溫方法,包括一個帶有壓縮機的制冷主機,,冰毯冰帽,,和循環(huán)用的冷卻液?;颊呷朐\后,,研究人員快速 去除患者衣物,平置于冰毯上,,冰帽冰袋不可直接接觸皮膚,, 用毛巾包裹后,頭部配戴冰帽,,冰袋放置在頸部,、腋下、腹 股溝等存在淺表血管處,。同時進行常規(guī)降溫,,配合 5%-10% 乙醇配備溶液 [2] (4℃)進行全身擦拭,并用冰水浸泡或的消 毒毛巾包裹患者裸露皮膚,,5 min 進行更換,。15 min 進行 1 次肛溫檢測,急速降溫過程中,,需進行心電監(jiān)護,,避免體溫 驟降,患者發(fā)生房顫,、急性心衰等危險,。88[32] 很少有研究評估聯(lián)合療法,,如蒸發(fā)冷卻結(jié)合冷卻背心或商業(yè)冰袋。聯(lián)合治療可能會導(dǎo)致更快的冷卻速度比任何單一的評估模式,,并被認為是一個知識缺口,,為未來的研究。此外,,納入研究中使用的冷卻技術(shù)可能并不適用于所有環(huán)境,。所有冷卻技術(shù)都有成本和資源影響,有些可能僅限于專業(yè)人員或環(huán)境,,需要脫衣服和浸泡的干預(yù)措施可能有文化方面的考慮,。對不同年齡組(尤其是兒童和老年人)、性別和體重的各種降溫技術(shù)的有效性進行比較的更有力的研究,,將為知識庫提供有價值的補充,。中暑的診斷和治療可能會因持續(xù)性精神疾病、認知障礙,、代謝紊亂,、脊髓損傷和嚴(yán)重心臟病等復(fù)雜的基礎(chǔ)疾病而變得更加復(fù)雜,這些都是需要進一步研究的重要領(lǐng)域,。 討論 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在EHS和NEHS管理中使用冷卻技術(shù)的高質(zhì)量直接證據(jù)很少,。我們納入了間接證據(jù),即在健康志愿者中進行的誘導(dǎo)性勞累熱療研究,,以評估與EHS和NEHS治療相關(guān)的結(jié)果(如核心溫度冷卻率),。與以前的綜述相比,我們擴大了本綜述的范圍,,包括NEHS,、EHS和勞累性熱療以及所有可行的急救和院前冷卻技術(shù)。 我們的綜述本文發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾個有趣的現(xiàn)象,。浸水可以比其他冷卻技術(shù)更快的降低核心體溫,。在誘導(dǎo)性勞累性高熱的研究中,軀干冰水浸泡的耐受性良好,,盡管沒有不良反應(yīng)的報道,。但令人驚訝的是,水溫越低,,平均冷卻速度并不總是越快,。這可能是由于周圍組織在較冷的溫度下血管收縮,,以及在靜水中形成一個隔熱層,,但這是我們的推測。[5]8商業(yè)冰袋應(yīng)用比單獨被動冷卻更快,,并且在冷水浸泡不可能不可用或只能部分浸泡的環(huán)境其他聯(lián)合降溫手段一起中提供益處,。[82,8423],[25]如果面部和四肢可以接近,一項研究建議在臉頰、手掌和腳底放置冷敷可能優(yōu)于頸部,、腋窩和腹股溝,,允許這些干預(yù)措施的結(jié)合。84[25]通風(fēng),、霧化和蒸發(fā)技術(shù)并沒有比單獨的被動冷卻更快地降低核心溫度,。[596],[7118]無論采用何種冷卻技術(shù),將受害者從熱源中轉(zhuǎn)移是最重要的,。 對勞累性熱射病患者的對比研究表明,,浸水,特別是在冰水(1-5℃)中,,比其他技術(shù)更快地降低體溫,。根據(jù)體育賽事EHS系列案例的直接證據(jù)(盡管確定性很低),采用浸水技術(shù)(1-17℃水溫)結(jié)合其他方法,,如靜脈補液,、冷敷,和扇風(fēng)讓患者快速康復(fù)并直接在現(xiàn)場就得到治療,。 納入的研究使用了許多指南作者和臨床專家推薦的核心溫度測量(如直腸和食管),。26103104?外部冷卻導(dǎo)致血管收縮,,導(dǎo)致外周溫度測量不準(zhǔn)確,。[6512]一般來說,當(dāng)需要準(zhǔn)確度來指導(dǎo)治療決策時,,不應(yīng)使用外圍測量,,如監(jiān)測冷卻速度、持續(xù)時間和決定何時開始將患者轉(zhuǎn)移到院,。105無論如何,,臨床上懷疑是否存在中暑和是否開始降溫應(yīng)基于環(huán)境、環(huán)境條件以及是否存在EHS或NEHS的跡象和癥狀,。在資源有限,、身體不可能浸水的情況下,中暑患者應(yīng)離開熱源,,并使用可用的最快冷卻技術(shù)進行冷卻,。 結(jié)論 基于已有的研究證據(jù)表明,與被動降溫相比,,水浸泡技術(shù)(1-17℃的水)有效地降低了核心體溫,。雖然沒有直接的證據(jù)來指導(dǎo)中暑患者的降溫技術(shù),但現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)表明,,在可行的情況下,,浸水可以迅速降低核心體溫,。總的來說,,關(guān)于中暑降溫技術(shù)的急救和院前文獻是有限的,。有必要對中暑患者進行大規(guī)模、可靠的研究,,以評估降溫技術(shù)對臨床結(jié)果的影響. 參考文獻 [1]. 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