【原】專家之言丨肖兆華：實戰(zhàn)應用型英語課堂用語（一）

自主發(fā)展 2021-06-16

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英語課堂用語是英語課上教師和學生之間進行互動的重要渠道和載體,，對提高英語教學質量的重要意義是眾所周知,、不言而喻的。

為貫徹落實“講好中國故事,，傳播中國聲音”的重要指示,，實現(xiàn)我國教育部提出的全面提升課堂教學質量的目標，我欣然嘗試想寫出適合我國英語課堂教學特色的英語課堂用語3000句,，每次以50句為一組,，前25句供全國師范院校及教師進修學校英語課使用，后25句供全國中小學英語課使用,。當然這兩部分也不是截然分開的,，只是有所偏重而已，各位英語老師在課堂上根據(jù)實際情況選擇使用,，如果英語老師有什么需求,，希望我們的課堂英語向什么方向傾斜，可以向全國自主教育聯(lián)盟提出,。

另外,，在疫情沒有結束之前，我有一個“蕭老師邊抽煙邊談翻譯美學”的課程,，這個課程對聯(lián)盟內的所有英語老師及愛好英語的其他學科老師也是適用的,。該課程以微信朋友圈的方式進行，因為抽煙是不好的習慣,，所以在教師群里改為“蕭老師每日三句難譯之譯”課程。聽說讀寫譯,，譯字當頭,，譯順百順，譯通百通,，由全國自主教育聯(lián)盟專門為此建立一個微信群,，我將該課程的難句及答案提供給全國自主教育聯(lián)盟，由全國自主教育聯(lián)盟負責每日為大家轉發(fā)作業(yè)和答案,。參加其群,，你會覺得獲益匪淺，疫情過后,，此課程是否繼續(xù)進行,，到時再定,。

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專家介紹

肖兆華：中國翻譯協(xié)會專家會員、全國翻譯專業(yè)資格（水平）考試CATTI英語閱卷組成員,，長期從事外交工作，著名翻譯家及翻譯教育家,，全國自主教育聯(lián)盟專家顧問 ,。

實戰(zhàn)應用型英語課堂用語

1.英語語法是處理英語單詞和句子的結構和功能的學科。

English grammar deals with structures and functions of the words and sentences of the English language.

2.英語語法通常分為詞法和句法兩大部分,。

English grammar is usually divided into two parts:Morphology and Syntax.

3.在詞法部分,，我們學習不同種類的英語單詞,，以及他們的變換形式，也就是學習名詞和代詞的數(shù)和格,，學習動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)和語氣以及形容詞和副詞的原級比較級和最高級形式,。

In morphology, we study the different classes of English words, and their inflexion, that is, the forms of number and case of nouns and pronouns, the forms of tense, voice, mood, etc. of verbs and the forms of the three degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

在句法部分，我們學習單詞的排列組合,，也就是學習不同種類的單詞,，怎樣組成句子，以及句子的不同類型,，結構功能意思等等。

In Syntax, we study the arrangement of words, that is, how words of different classes are combined into sentences, and also different types and kinds of sentences, their structures, functions, meanings, etc.

4.英語的十大詞類：①名詞 ②冠詞 ③代詞 ④形容詞 ⑤數(shù)詞 ⑥動詞 ⑦副詞 ⑧介詞 ⑨連接詞 ⑩感嘆詞

The ten parts of speech in the English language:

①the Noun ②the Article ③the Pronoun ④the Adjective ⑤the Numeral ⑥the Verb ⑦the Adverb ⑧the Preposition ⑨t(yī)he Conjunction ⑩the Interjection

5.名詞,、代詞、形容詞,、數(shù)詞,、動詞和副詞都有獨自的意義，在句子里都獨自擔任某一成分,，所以被稱為實詞,。

Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs and adverbs have their independent meaning and also their independent parts to play in the sentence. They are called notional words.

6.冠詞、介詞,、連接詞,、感嘆詞都沒有獨自的意義，在句子里也不承擔某一成分,，它們被稱為虛詞,。

Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections have no independent meanings and do not serve as a part in the sentence, so they are called form words.

7.在英語里,，當兩個名詞一起出現(xiàn)時，第一個名詞總是作定語,，修飾第二個名詞,。

In English language, when two nouns appear together, the first one is always used as an attribute to modifying the second one.

8.在英語里，當兩個或兩個以上動作同時發(fā)生時,，其中必定只有一個動作是主要的,，其他動作都是次要的；表示主要動作的動詞必須以謂語的形式出現(xiàn),，表示次要動作的動詞只能以非謂語的形式出現(xiàn),。

In the English language, when two or more actions occur together, there must be only one action which is of the first importance, the other actions are just of the secondary importance.The verb that represents the actions of first importance must appear in the predicate form ,while the verb that denote the actions of the secondary importance must appear in the non-predicate form.

9.讀一個句子，不僅要關注它字面上的意思,，還要關注它的上下文來確定它的意思,。

When we read a sentence ,we must not only pay attention to its lexical meaning but also to its contextual meaning.

10.什么叫句子？句子就是能夠表達完整的意思的一個單詞或一組單詞,。

What is a sentence? A sentence is a word or a group of words that can make complete sense.

11.具體情況具體分析是馬克思主義的靈魂,。

Making a concrete analysis of each concrete problem is the essential of Marxism.

12.“Study”這個單詞既可作名詞，也可作動詞,，作動詞時,，既可作及物動詞，也可作不及物動詞,，當他作及物動詞時,，后面必須跟一個賓語，才能表達完整的意思,。

The world“study” can be used both as a noun and as the verb.When it is used as the verb, it can be used both transitively and intransitively. When it used transitively, it must have an object to follow so as to make complete sense.

13.英語的名詞分為個體名詞,、集體名詞、物質名詞和抽象名詞,。物質名詞和抽象名詞如果跟在不定冠詞后面,，就變成個體名詞，例如：玻璃（物質名詞）glass,，民主（抽象名詞）democracy,，但是a glass（一只玻璃杯），a democracy（一個民主國家）,。

English nouns are classified into individual nouns, collective nouns, material nouns and abstract nouns. Yet, when a material noun or an abstract noun directly follows an indefinite article, it turns to an individual noun. For example,：

glass (玻璃) a glass (一只玻璃杯) democracy (民主) a democracy (一個民主國家).

14.一個好句子,，必須是語法正確，邏輯合理,，結構完美,，朗朗上口。

A nice sentence should be grammatically correct, logically right ,of good structure and easy to say.

15.名詞還可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

English nouns can also be divided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

16.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式,。

A countable noun has two forms：singular and plural.

17.名詞作定語時,，通常以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，例如,，五顆星（five stars）,，但是五星紅旗應該說the Five Star Red Flag；三條腿（three legs）,，而三條腿的桌子應該說a three-leg table,。

When a noun is used as an attribute, it must appear in the singular form. For example, 五顆星(five stars), yet China’s national flag should be said “the Five Star Red Flag”, and for the same reason, 三條腿(three legs), but a table supported by three legs should be said “a three-leg table”.

18.復合名詞變成復數(shù)時，只將主體名詞變成復數(shù),。例如,，an evening school→evening schools，a paper tiger→paper tigers,，a story-teller→story-tellers,，an editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief。

The plural of compound nouns written separately or with hyphens is formed by making the principal word plural.

For example:

an evening school→evening schools,

a paper tiger→paper tigers,

a story-teller→story-tellers,

an editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief.

19.另外要注意,，英語中存在名詞化的動名詞,，例如savings，belongings.

The verbal nouns ending in ”ing” are another point we must pay attention to .

For example:

savings(存款),，belongings(隨身攜帶物品).

20.有些名詞的復數(shù)形式表示特殊的意思,，例如，custom風俗,，customs關稅,；letter字母，letters文學,；work工作,，works工廠。

There are also differentiated plurals.

For example:

custom風俗,customs關稅

letter字母,letters文學

work工作,，words工廠

21.代詞是用來代替名詞,、形容詞或數(shù)詞的詞，代詞分為：

①人稱代詞 ②物主代詞 ③自身代詞 ④相互代詞 ⑤指示代詞

⑥疑問代詞 ⑦關系代詞 ⑧連接代詞 ⑨不定代詞

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, an adjective or a numeral. Pronouns are divided into:

①Personal pronouns (人稱代詞)

②Possessive pronouns (物主代詞)

③Self-pronouns (自身代詞)

④Reciprocal pronouns (相互代詞)

⑤Demonstrative pronouns (指示代詞)

⑥Interrogative pronouns (疑問代詞)

⑦Relative pronouns (關系代詞)

⑧Conjunctive pronouns (連接代詞)

⑨Indefinite pronouns (不定代詞)

22.當it這個詞作人稱代詞時,，它通常不表示人而是表示一個東西或一個動物,，這個東西或動物前面已被提及。

When the word “it” is used as a personal pronoun, it is not generally applied to a person but to a thing or animal just mentioned.

23.當it這個詞作非人稱代詞時,，它通常在句子里擔任主語，表示時間,、天氣,、事物的狀態(tài)等。

When the word ”it” is used as an impersonal pronounce,it's great generally used as a subject in impression of time,weather,state and things.

24.先行詞it既可以作形式主語也可作形式賓語,，使用先行詞it的主要目的就是使句子避免頭重腳輕,。

An anticipatory ”it” may play a function as either a formal subject or a formal object. The main purpose of using an anticipatory ”it” is to the sentence well balanced.

25.物主代詞有兩個形式,，結合形式和獨立行事，結合形式向形容詞放在被它修飾的名詞前面,，獨立形式相當于名詞,，例如:

這是我的書(This is my book)這里的my相當于形容詞。

這書是我的(This book is mine)這里的mine相當于名詞,。

There are two sets of possessive pronouns: conjoin forms and absolute forms.A possessive pronoun in conjoint form is like an adjective while a possessive pronoun in absolute form is like a noun.For example:

This is my book(這是我的書)Here in this sentence the word “my”is like an adjective.This book is mine(這書是我的)Here in this sentence the word “mine”is like a noun.