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權(quán)威發(fā)布|可疑肺栓塞D-二聚體/CT評(píng)估流程

 急診醫(yī)學(xué)資訊 2020-10-21

主題:減少不必要的檢查

適用:門診/住院成人可疑急性肺栓塞患者

發(fā)布:《內(nèi)科學(xué)年鑒》

單位:美國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)臨床指南委員會(huì)

時(shí)間:2015.11.03


肺栓塞并不少見,,但由于其癥狀,、體征、及相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素不具備特異性而導(dǎo)致診斷困難,?;颊咭步?jīng)常是因?yàn)樾姆蜗嚓P(guān)的癥狀而就診。然而,,并非單一的危險(xiǎn)因素、癥狀或體征既可完全對(duì)肺栓塞做出診斷或排除診斷。對(duì)此,,臨床上一些評(píng)估工具的確有助于對(duì)可疑肺栓塞患者進(jìn)行分層,。通過初步分析,可以區(qū)分哪些患者不需要做進(jìn)一步的檢查,,D-二聚體可為肺栓塞的診斷提供更多的危險(xiǎn)分層信息,,還有就是哪些患者屬于高度發(fā)生肺栓塞可能性的,這些患者就需要做進(jìn)一步的影像學(xué)評(píng)估,。高敏D-二聚體(ELISA法)測(cè)定可用于低或中危肺栓塞的排除診斷,。乳膠凝集法或紅細(xì)胞凝集試驗(yàn)僅適用于低危肺栓塞的排除診斷。影像學(xué)方面,,盡管CT的使用在急/門診,、住院可疑肺栓塞患者的使用在增加,但其并不能改善患者預(yù)后,,而且CT掃描有輻射(癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),,尤其是女性)以及對(duì)比劑腎損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大家也是知道的。因此,,可疑肺栓塞時(shí),,有必要確定哪些患者需要做D-二聚體測(cè)定、哪些患者需要進(jìn)一步行胸部CT檢查,。美國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)臨床指南委員會(huì)就此問題進(jìn)行了解答,,并給出了六點(diǎn)指導(dǎo)建議:

Best Practice Advice 1: Clinicians should use validated clinical prediction rules to estimate pretestprobability in patients in whom acute PE is being considered.

Best Practice Advice 2: Clinicians should not obtain D-dimer measurements or imaging studies inpatients with a low pretest probability of PE and who meet all PulmonaryEmbolism Rule-Out Criteria.

Best Practice Advice 3: Clinicians should obtain a high sensitivity D-dimer measurement as theinitial diagnostic test in patients who have an intermediate pretestprobability of PE or in patients with low pretest probability of PE who do notmeet all Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria. Clinicians should not use imagingstudies as the initial test in patients who have a low or intermediate pretestprobability of PE.

Best Practice Advice 4: Clinicians should use age-adjusted D-dimer thresholds (age × 10 ng/mLrather than a generic 500 ng/mL) in patients older than 50 years to determinewhether imaging is warranted.

Best Practice Advice 5: Clinicians should not obtain any imaging studies in patients with a D-dimerlevel below the ageadjusted cutoff.

Best Practice Advice 6: Clinicians should obtain imaging with CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) inpatients with high pretest probability of PE. Clinicians should reserveventilation–perfusion scans for patients who have a contraindication to CTPA orif CTPA is not available. Clinicians should not obtain a D-dimer measurement inpatients with a high pretest probability of PE.

根據(jù)原文意思,在此可歸結(jié)為以下四條:

1. 應(yīng)使用經(jīng)過充分驗(yàn)證的臨床預(yù)測(cè)工具估計(jì)急性肺栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性,。例如Wells評(píng)分(附表1)和Geneva評(píng)分(附表2)是經(jīng)臨床驗(yàn)證過的,,目前證據(jù)表明二者效力類似。



2. 肺栓塞低危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且滿足肺栓塞排除診斷所有指標(biāo)(表1)時(shí)不應(yīng)行D-二聚體檢測(cè)或影像學(xué)檢查,。即滿足表1中的所有八條指標(biāo),,則發(fā)生肺栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于D-二聚體檢測(cè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),肺栓塞發(fā)生的概率僅為0.3%,,因此不需要做D-二聚體測(cè)定,。避免D-二聚體假陽性值造成不必要的CT檢查。但不滿足所有排除診斷指標(biāo)的,,需要通過血漿D-二聚體進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的分層篩選,。血漿D-二聚體正常(絕對(duì)值<500ng/mL)充分提示肺栓塞為陰性,因而也不需要行CT檢查,。如果D-二聚體升高則需要安排行CT檢查,。請(qǐng)注意:年齡>50歲者,應(yīng)使用年齡校正的D-二聚體值(年齡*10ng/ml)而不是絕對(duì)值500ng/ml,。請(qǐng)注意:肺栓塞排除診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(表1)不要用于急性肺栓塞中?;蚋呶,;颊摺?/strong>


3. 急性肺栓塞中危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者應(yīng)行血漿D-二聚體測(cè)定,。

4. 肺栓塞高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行CT肺血管造影(CTPA),。對(duì)于CTPA禁忌或無CTPA時(shí)可退一步采用肺通氣灌注掃描。這一類患者不應(yīng)做D-二聚體測(cè)定,,因?yàn)镈-二聚體陰性結(jié)果不能排除CT檢查的必要性(圖1),。


對(duì)于既往因肺栓塞已行多次CT檢查過的,此次伴有可疑肺栓塞癥狀(如胸痛)而就診時(shí),,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)同患者溝通多次CT檢查的輻射危害性,,需要回顧既往相關(guān)病史,檢查可以利用下肢靜脈超聲或肺通氣灌注掃描(慢阻肺,、肺炎,、肺水腫者不適用)替代。不適于肺通氣灌注掃描的可用下肢靜脈超聲替代,。此時(shí)也不應(yīng)該做MRI檢查,。當(dāng)然,也可以在做CT檢查之間先做下肢靜脈超聲檢查,。血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定伴有下肢癥狀的,,發(fā)現(xiàn)下肢深靜脈血栓形成就可以避免CT檢查的必要性,因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)抗凝治療已經(jīng)確定,。如果這組人群出現(xiàn)心胸癥狀(如復(fù)發(fā)性肺栓塞),,那么在接受初始治療后可考慮長(zhǎng)期抗凝治療,這對(duì)出于早期妊娠中的孕婦來說尤其有用,。更多的建議如表2,。


文章信息:Rajr.etal. Evaluation of Patients With Suspected Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Best Practice Advice From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians

From Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York; and Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia.

Note: Best practice advice papers are “guides” only and may not apply to all patients and all clinical situations. Thus, they are not intended to override clinicians' judgment. All ACP best practice advice papers are considered automatically withdrawn or invalid 5 years after publication or once an update has been issued.

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