本文是作者發(fā)布的第231篇原創(chuàng)文章2016年,ESC心衰指南提出了一種新的心衰分類,。除射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留的心衰(HFpEF)與射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低的心衰(HFrEF)以外,,射血分?jǐn)?shù)中間值的心衰(HFmrEF),作為一個(gè)新的名詞,,第一次被寫(xiě)進(jìn)指南,。它指的是左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)在40-49%之間的患者,在既往的心衰研究中,,它們通常被排除在納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之外,。但隨著指南的發(fā)表,近幾年致力于HFmrEF的研究數(shù)量迅速增長(zhǎng),。但與HFpEF一樣, 想要在HFmrEF臨床研究中取得改善預(yù)后的陽(yáng)性結(jié)果,,也存在一定難度,。究其原因,就是HFmrEF本身不是一群具備相似病理生理過(guò)程的獨(dú)立疾病,,而是一大群心衰患者的「集合體」,。甚至可以說(shuō),HFmrEF是一個(gè)「垃圾桶」,,無(wú)論診斷還是治療,,它都可能是一個(gè)令人困惑的所在。雖然HFmrEF第一次被寫(xiě)進(jìn)指南是在2016年,,但實(shí)際上它是在2014年由Lam and Solomon首次提出,。從那時(shí)起,HFmrEF常被稱為心衰家族中的「中間孩子」,,這意味著與其兄弟姐妹HFrEF和HFpEF相比,,我們對(duì)這種表型缺乏足夠的關(guān)注。同樣地,,2013年美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)/美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(ACC/AHA)指南將左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)在40-50%范圍內(nèi)的患者歸于HFpEF,,并將其進(jìn)行了細(xì)化,指出其與HFrEF的相似之處及內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,。結(jié)合上面的圖表,,我個(gè)人認(rèn)為,這一版指南其實(shí)更有助于我們了解HFmrEF的病理生理特點(diǎn):它將這類患者細(xì)分為臨界組(LVEF 41~49%)和改善組 (LVEF>40%),。前者的病因和治療手段,,與HFpEF更為接近;后者指的是以前有過(guò)HFrEF,,后經(jīng)規(guī)范治療,,LVEF得到改善或提高的人群。所以,,當(dāng)我們以EF值為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行心衰分類時(shí),,就應(yīng)該意識(shí)到,這一指標(biāo)常常隨著時(shí)間的變化而變化,。我們面對(duì)的HFmrEF,,既包括由HFrEF治療后EF值改善(以前的LVEF<40%)的人群,也包括HFpEF病情惡化的患者,,還有一部分人群在診斷心衰前后,,EF值處于40-50%之間。但由于「正常EF值」便是50%以上,,所以從「數(shù)字」上進(jìn)行推斷,,EF值處于40-50%之間的患者,一定是從正常EF值區(qū)間變化而來(lái),。也正因如此,,HFmrEF這一術(shù)語(yǔ)更多是一個(gè)「移民局」,,是一個(gè)「灰色地帶」,是介于HFpEF與HFrEF之間的過(guò)渡區(qū)間,,而非一個(gè)獨(dú)立的疾病,。從這個(gè)角度而言,HFmrEF的病理生理過(guò)程便異常復(fù)雜,,指望一項(xiàng)治療手段能在改善生存率方面取得全面勝利,,幾乎是一項(xiàng)「不可能完成的任務(wù)」。心衰是各種心血管疾病最后的病理生理通路,。評(píng)估病因?qū)Σ煌愋托乃サ脑\斷和治療有著深遠(yuǎn)的意義,。HFpEF或HFrEF患者有不同的流行病學(xué)和病原學(xué)特征。通常情況下,,HFpEF患者年齡較大,女性,,有高血壓和房顫史,,而HFrEF的患者相對(duì)較年輕,有較高的缺血性心臟病或心肌病,、糖尿病和其他心血管危險(xiǎn)因素的發(fā)生率,。然而,HFmrEF的病理生理基礎(chǔ)尚不清楚,,可能與輕度收縮和舒張功能障礙有關(guān),。上文已提及,HFmrEF的一部分患者以前曾患有HFpEF,。因此,,這一中間類別可能是一組有進(jìn)行性左室功能障礙的HFpEF人群,也有可能是治療后改善或HFrEF的患者,。后者可能與那些EF持續(xù)保留或降低的患者在臨床上不同,,并具有更好的預(yù)后。HFmrEF患者也有多種并發(fā)癥,。Kapoor等人研究顯示,,這些患者的糖尿病、房顫,、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD),、貧血和腎功能不全的發(fā)生率高于其他HF組。然而,,HFmrEF患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病發(fā)生率與HFrEF人群相似,,與HFrEF患者相比,這類患高血壓的可能性更高,,患缺血性心臟病和糖尿病的可能性也更大,。總之,,進(jìn)一步研究分析患者的人口學(xué)特征,以及疾病的病因和臨床表現(xiàn),,可能會(huì)改善HFmrEF患者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層和管理,。隨著時(shí)間的推移,射血分?jǐn)?shù)的變化很常見(jiàn),,而且似乎比基線射血分?jǐn)?shù)更重要,,從HFmrEF進(jìn)展到HFrEF的患者比那些保持穩(wěn)定或向HFpEF過(guò)渡的患者預(yù)后更差。已知HFrEF患者的死亡率較高,,但HFmrEF和HFpEF的死亡率相似,。下面我們綜述已經(jīng)發(fā)表的幾項(xiàng)臨床研究,比較HFrEF,、HFmrEF和HFpEF的預(yù)后,。因研究命名不同,下方表格中的HFbEF對(duì)應(yīng)的就是HFmrEF,。ALARM-HF研究中,,有4 953名住院的患者被診斷為HF。其中25%有左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)有記錄的患者(n=3,,257)被診斷為HFmrEF,。HFmrEF患者因急性冠脈綜合征(38.6%,p<0.01)或感染(17%,,p<0.01)而住院率高于HFrEF和HFpEF,。HFmrEF最常見(jiàn)的表現(xiàn)為急性肺水腫、急性肺水腫,。其全因住院死亡率或30天死亡率的顯著低于HFrEF(HR=0.64,,p=0.03),但與HFpEF相似(HR=1.03,,p=0.92),。GWTG-HF注冊(cè)研究納入了39 982名來(lái)自美國(guó)住院的HF患者,其中8.2%的患者患有HFmrEF,。HFrEF,、HFmrEF和HFpEF的5年死亡率相近(分別為75.3%、75.7%和75.6%),。HFmrEF患者的再入院率略高于HFpEF患者(85.7%和84.0%,,調(diào)整后HR=1.05,p=0.03),。RICA研究納入了西班牙重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科212 753例心衰患者,,其中10.2%的患者有HFmrEF。HFrEF組1年死亡率明顯高于HFmrEF組和HFpEF組(分別為28%和20%和22%,,P<0.01),。然而,,3組在30天和1年的再入院率上沒(méi)有差異。在REDINSCOR II研究中,,經(jīng)過(guò)一年的前瞻性隨訪,,HFrEF組、HFmrEF組和HFpEF組在死亡,、HF再入院方面,,沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。在所有患者中,,最常見(jiàn)的死因是難治性心衰,,其次是死于非心血管原因。上述結(jié)果的差異可能是由于這些登記的HF患者的特征(急性,、穩(wěn)定的HF或他們的組合)以及不同的隨訪期所致,。需要進(jìn)一步研究,以確定HFmrEF患者的長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后,。正如前文所討論的那樣,,HF患者的LVEF常常從一個(gè)類別轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)類別,這就合理地提出了HFmrEF更多的是HFpEF和HFrEF之間的過(guò)渡狀態(tài),,而非HF的一個(gè)單獨(dú)表型。事實(shí)上,,在瑞典心力衰竭登記研究中,,三分之一的HFmrEF患者在隨訪期間經(jīng)歷了EF的惡化,而大約四分之一的患者EF得到改善,。值得注意的是,,一般的缺血性心肌病患者,特別是新診斷的缺血心肌病,,更有可能經(jīng)歷EF的惡化,,而不是EF的改善。從HFrEF到HFmrEF的LVEF轉(zhuǎn)歸比穩(wěn)定的HFmrEF預(yù)后好,,但從HFpEF惡化到HFmrEF的預(yù)后略差于穩(wěn)定的HFmrEF,。由于一些HFmrEF患者已被納入以HFpEF的試驗(yàn)中。目前的ESC心衰指南中,,關(guān)于 HFmrEF推薦更多的是參考HFpEF的證據(jù),,而不是HFrEF。比如,,對(duì)于HFmrEF患者,,利尿劑常被推薦用于緩解癥狀和體征。然而,,HFmrEF患者使用心衰經(jīng)典藥物,,特別是血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(ACEIs),、血管緊張素受體阻滯劑(ARBs)、醛固酮受體拮抗劑(MRAS)和β-阻滯劑的比例相當(dāng)高,。在最近發(fā)表的對(duì)登記冊(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的分析中,,對(duì)HFmrEF患者使用心血管藥物和器械的情況作了總結(jié),見(jiàn)下表,。在表格中提到的研究中,, ACEI、ARBs,、MRAs,、β-受體阻滯劑、他汀類藥物,、鈣通道阻滯劑和利尿劑,,其對(duì)HFmrEF患者預(yù)后的影響與HFPEF患者不同,但與HFrEF患者相近,。β-阻滯劑的使用與HFmrEF和HFrEF的死亡率降低相關(guān),,而在HFpEF患者中則不相關(guān)。利尿劑對(duì)HFmrEF和HFrEF有負(fù)面的預(yù)后影響,,而對(duì)HFpEF患者則無(wú)影響,,而他汀類藥物的使用與HFpEF的死亡率降低有關(guān),而在HFmrEF或HFrEF中則不相關(guān),。可以說(shuō),,由于已發(fā)表的研究越來(lái)越多,HFmrEF作為HF的一種特殊表型的引入已經(jīng)達(dá)到了提請(qǐng)人們注意HFmrEF的目的,。比較HFpEF,、HFmrEF和HFrEF患者的臨床特征、共患病情況,、預(yù)后和預(yù)后,,可以考慮HFmrEF作為中間表型,而HFrEF往往比HFpEF更接近HFrEF,。此外,,HFmrEF可以動(dòng)態(tài)地過(guò)渡到HFpEF或HFrEF,這表明HFmrEF代表HFpEF和HFrEF之間的過(guò)渡狀態(tài),,而不是HF的獨(dú)立表型,。目前對(duì)HFmrEF的潛在病理生理機(jī)制了解甚少。我們不僅需要新的研究提高對(duì)HFmrEF病理生理學(xué)的理解,,而且還需要確定有效的治療策略,。Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. 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