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hello大家好,，我是達(dá)達(dá)。前段時(shí)間泫雅和張大大被爆患有抑郁癥,，泫雅說(shuō)：直到2016年去醫(yī)院后才知道,，這樣一直堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的我，無(wú)法相信自己患上了憂郁癥和恐慌障礙,?！?/p> 好像這兩年我們隔三差五總會(huì)見(jiàn)到抑郁癥這個(gè)詞。抑郁是世界上導(dǎo)致殘疾的主要原因,；在美國(guó),，將近10％的成年人患有這種疾病。但是由于這是一種精神疾病,，因此比高膽固醇更難理解,。海倫·法雷爾（Helen M.Farrell）研究了抑郁癥的癥狀和治療方法，并提供了一些技巧,，教會(huì)我們?nèi)绾尾拍軒椭磉呎馐芤钟衾_的朋友,。 5種跡象判定抑郁癥 來(lái)自TED英語(yǔ)演說(shuō)優(yōu)選 00:00 04:28 Depression is the leading cause of disability in the world. In the United States, close to 10% of adults struggle with depression.抑郁癥是造成全球殘疾類疾病的主要原。在美國(guó),，大約有10%的成年人被抑郁癥所困擾,。But because it's a mental illness, it can be a lot harder to understand than, say, high cholesterol.但是作為一種精神疾病，抑郁癥比類似高膽固醇等概念更難被理解,。One major source of confusion is the difference between having depression and just feeling depressed.其中最容易被混淆的概念在于區(qū)分患有抑郁癥與只是簡(jiǎn)單的情緒低落,。Almost everyone feels down from time to time.Getting a bad grade, losing a job, having an argument, even a rainy day can bring on feelings of sadness.考試失利,，被炒魷魚(yú),，與人發(fā)生爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，甚至只是雨天都有可能導(dǎo)致心情低落,。Sometimes there's no trigger at all. It just pops up out of the blue.有時(shí)可能根本就是沒(méi)來(lái)由的消沉,。傷感就那么不經(jīng)意地來(lái)襲了,。Then circumstances change, and those sad feelings disappear. Clinical depression is different.但是漸漸地峰回路轉(zhuǎn),，悲傷的感覺(jué)總會(huì)慢慢淡去。但是臨床上所講的抑郁癥卻是另一碼事,。It's a medical disorder, and it won't go away just because you want it to.抑郁癥是一種醫(yī)學(xué)上的情緒障礙,，它無(wú)法靠意志來(lái)改變。It lingers for at least two consecutive weeks, and significantly interferes with one's ability to work, play, or love.它會(huì)持續(xù)至少兩周的時(shí)間,，并且會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者的工作狀態(tài),，行為能力以及情感生活。Depression can have a lot of different symptoms: a low mood, loss of interest in things you'd normally enjoy,抑郁癥有多種不同的癥狀：情緒低落對(duì)平時(shí)的愛(ài)好失去以往的興趣，changes in appetite, feeling worthless or excessively guilty, sleeping either too much or too little, poor concentration,食欲的改變自卑或者極度的負(fù)罪感,，嗜睡或者失眠,，無(wú)法集中注意力，restlessness or slowness, loss of energy, or recurrent thoughts of suicide.焦躁或遲鈍,，渾身乏力,，或者反復(fù)的輕生念頭。If you have at least five of those symptoms, according to psychiatric guidelines, you qualify for a diagnosis of depression.如果你符合以上所述的五項(xiàng)癥狀,，從精神學(xué)的角度講,，便可以被判定為患有抑郁癥。And it's not just behavioral symptoms. Depression has physical manifestations inside the brain.不止是行為上的這些癥狀,，抑郁癥還會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些腦部的臨床表現(xiàn),。First of all, there are changes that could be seen with the naked eye and X-ray vision. These include smaller frontal lobes and hippocampal volumes.首先，有些變化可以通過(guò)肉眼以及X光檢測(cè)觀察到,。其中包括檢測(cè)出較小的額葉以及海馬體(大腦的組成部分),。On a more microscale, depression is associated with a few things: the abnormal transmission or depletion of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, blunted circadian rhythms,從更微觀的角度講抑郁癥與以下幾點(diǎn)有關(guān)：以血清素, 去甲腎上腺素和多巴胺為主的某些神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)物質(zhì)的異常傳遞與消耗，生物鐘節(jié)奏混亂,，or specific changes in the REM and slow-wave parts of your sleep cycle, and hormone abnormalities, such as high cortisol and deregulation of thyroid hormones.或是睡眠狀況的明顯變化,，以及荷爾蒙紊亂，例如皮質(zhì)醇(一種類激素)偏高以及甲狀腺激素異常,。But neuroscientists still don't have a complete picture of what causes depression.但是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家始終未能完美詮釋導(dǎo)致抑郁癥的原因,。It seems to have to do with a complex interaction between genes and environment,這可能和基因與環(huán)境的相互作用有關(guān)，but we don't have a diagnostic tool that can accurately predict where or when it will show up.但目前我們還沒(méi)有有效的方法來(lái)準(zhǔn)確判斷這種作用具體的發(fā)生機(jī)制,。And because depression symptoms are intangible, it's hard to know who might look fine but is actually struggling.并且由于抑郁癥的病癥發(fā)生于無(wú)形,，我們便很難發(fā)現(xiàn)那些正飽受抑郁癥困擾的人。According to the National Institute of Mental Health, it takes the average person suffering with a mental illness over ten years to ask for help.根據(jù)美國(guó)心理健康研究中心數(shù)據(jù)表示,，平均每一位患有精神疾病的患者需要花至少10年去尋求幫助,。But there are very effective treatments. Medications and therapy complement each other to boost brain chemicals.但其實(shí)目前有很多有效的治療方法來(lái)幫助抑郁癥患者。藥物治療配合心理治療可以促進(jìn)腦內(nèi)化學(xué)物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,。In extreme cases, electroconvulsive therapy, which is like a controlled seizure in the patient's brain,在一些特殊的病例中,，甚至電休克療法，即一種像是控制病患大腦進(jìn)行休克的方法,，is also very helpful. Other promising treatments, like transcranial magnetic stimulation, are being investigated, too.也有一定療效,。另外一些很有潛力的治療方法，比如經(jīng)顱磁刺激（一種皮層刺激方法）,，也正在被廣泛研究So, if you know someone struggling with depression, encourage them, gently, to seek out some of these options.因此,，如果你認(rèn)識(shí)某位正飽受抑郁癥折磨的人，請(qǐng)鼓勵(lì)他們從以上的方法中尋求幫助,。You might even offer to help with specific tasks, like looking up therapists in the area, or making a list of questions to ask a doctor.你甚至可以進(jìn)行更為具體的幫助,，比如尋求一些此領(lǐng)域中的專業(yè)治療師,，又或者是幫忙列一個(gè)問(wèn)題清單去請(qǐng)教醫(yī)生。To someone with depression, these first steps can seem insurmountable.對(duì)于那些患有抑郁癥的人來(lái)說(shuō),，邁出這第一步尤為艱難,。If they feel guilty or ashamed, point out that depression is a medical condition, just like asthma or diabetes.如果他們有負(fù)罪感或羞恥感，請(qǐng)向他們指出抑郁癥是一種醫(yī)學(xué)疾病,，就像哮喘或糖尿病一樣常見(jiàn),。It's not a weakness or a personality trait, and they shouldn't expect themselves to just get over it anymore than they could will themselves to get over a broken arm.告訴他們抑郁癥并不能成為他們的弱點(diǎn)或代表他們的人格，而且他們不能只靠自己硬撐來(lái)克服這個(gè)疾病,，這并不像傷筋動(dòng)骨一樣可以自愈,。If you haven't experienced depression yourself, avoid comparing it to times you've felt down.如果你未曾受到抑郁癥的困擾，請(qǐng)不要將他們的痛苦與你平日里的情緒低落進(jìn)行比較,。Comparing what they're experiencing to normal, temporary feelings of sadness can make them feel guilty for struggling.將他們所承受的困擾與常見(jiàn)的悲傷情緒相提并論,，這樣會(huì)使他們?yōu)樽约旱牟∏楦械阶载?zé)。Even just talking about depression openly can help.哪怕只是單純而誠(chéng)懇地談?wù)勔钟舭Y都會(huì)對(duì)他們有所幫助For example, research shows that asking someone about suicidal thoughts actually reduces their suicide risk.例如,，研究顯示詢問(wèn)一些人關(guān)于自殺的看法,，實(shí)際上可以降低他們自殺的幾率。Open conversations about mental illness help erode stigma and make it easier for people to ask for help.開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公地談?wù)劸窦膊∮欣诘颊叩淖员耙庾R(shí),，并且讓他們更有勇氣去尋求幫助,。And the more patients seek treatment, the more scientists will learn about depression, and the better the treatments will get.而越多的患者來(lái)積極尋求治療，對(duì)于抑郁癥的研究才能有所突破,，從而使他們得到更有效的治療,。
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