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家庭羅曼史（Freud 1909） FAMILY ROMANCES 作者：西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 譯者：鄧康 隨著個體的成長,，他從父母的權威中獲得解放，這種解放是其成長過程中帶來的最為必然但也是最為沉痛的結果之一,。至關重要的是,，這種解放應該出現(xiàn)，以及可以推測這是每個到達正常階段的人所獲得的某種程度的成就,，實際上,，社會的整個進步取決于代際之間的對抗。另一方面,，有一種類型的神經(jīng)癥,，其狀態(tài)可被識別為由此解放中遭遇失敗所決定。 對于一個小孩來說,，他的父母是最初的唯一權威和所有信任的根源,。在小孩的早期歲月，最為強烈和最為重要的愿望即是像他們的父母一樣（即是,，父母中同性別的一方）,，長大到像他們的父親和母親一樣。但隨著智識的增長,，小孩不得不發(fā)現(xiàn)他的父母所屬的類別,，他知道其他人的父母，并跟自己的父母做比較，從而獲得權力去懷疑他所賦予的父母無與倫比和唯一的品質,。童年歲月的一些小事情,，將會讓他感覺到不滿而被刺激，乃至于開始挑刺父母,，并使用他所獲得的其他父母在某些方面比他們更好的知識來支撐他的挑刺態(tài)度,。神經(jīng)癥的心理學教會我們，在其他因素中,，最為強烈沖動的性競爭導致此結果,。一些感覺到的被冷落明顯是構成此種刺激的素材。有非常多的機會讓一個孩子受到冷落,，或者至少他已經(jīng)感覺到被冷落,，他感覺沒有接收到父母全部的愛，特別是,，當要與其他兄弟和姐妹分享這份愛時他感覺到失落,。他感覺他自己的感情沒有得到全然的回報，隨后可以經(jīng)常有意識地回想起童年早期的記憶,，因而他找到一個發(fā)泄的想法,，即認為自己是一個繼親孩子或領養(yǎng)孩子。沒有發(fā)展成神經(jīng)癥的人會非常頻繁地記起這樣的時刻,，通常經(jīng)由他們讀到過的一些東西的根據(jù),，在其之中，他們以此方式解釋父母的敵意并對之回應,。但在這里,，性依然是引人注目的影響因素，一個男孩的敵對情緒會更多的傾向于父親而非母親,，擁有更為強烈的愿望是從父親那而非從母親那掙脫。而女孩對于這方面的想象顯然要弱得多,。這些可意識回想起的童年心理沖動,，使得我們理解神話本質的構成因素。 神經(jīng)癥患者疏遠父母的后期發(fā)展階段,，可被描述成“神經(jīng)癥患者的家庭羅曼史”的開始,。這很少能被有意識地記起，但是可以通過精神分析而顯現(xiàn),。特別顯著的想象力活動是神經(jīng)癥的本質特征以及相比之下具有高天賦的人的特征之一,，這種活動首先出現(xiàn)在孩子的游戲中，開始于青春期之前,，以及以家庭關系為主題,。一個顯著想象力活動的典型例子，在常見的白日夢中可以被看到,，這種白日夢在青春期之后會長期保留,。如果對這些白日夢經(jīng)過細致檢查,，它們被發(fā)現(xiàn)是起到實現(xiàn)愿望和修正現(xiàn)實生活的作用。它們有兩個主要目標,，色欲目的和野心目的——色欲目的通常隱藏在后者之中,。在我上文提到的那個時期，小孩子想象著從父母那里掙脫出來,，對于父母他有低評價,，想用通常來說具有較高社會地位的其他人來替換父母。他將從實際的經(jīng)驗去聯(lián)系運用于任何合適的時機,，比如他熟悉的莊園領主或者一些地主（若他生活在鄉(xiāng)下）,，或是一些貴族的成員（若他生活在城鎮(zhèn)）。這種類型的出現(xiàn)引發(fā)孩子的嫉妒,，作為他父母被出身更好的其他人所替代的幻想素材,。這些被用于發(fā)展此類幻想的技術（當然，在這個時期是有意識的）,，依賴于孩子的獨出心裁和他可以處理的素材,。這里存在著幻想是否取決于或多或少的努力去保持逼真性的問題。在這個階段,，孩子仍舊對繁衍問題上性的決定作用處于無知狀態(tài),。 不久之后，當孩子得知父親和母親在他們的性關系中扮演著不同角色的時候,，認識到“父親總是不確定的”,，與此同時母親總是“確定的”，家庭的羅曼史經(jīng)歷了奇妙的縮減：它的內容本身在于提升父親,，但不再有任何懷疑于他的母系血統(tǒng),，并視為這是不可更改的事實。這第二（性）階段的家庭羅曼史被其他動機所驅使,，而第一（性）階段是缺席的,。小孩了解性過程之后，傾向于構想色欲性的情境和關系,，在這背后的動力是將母親（她是主體最強烈的性的好奇心的對象）帶入秘密的不貞和秘密的不正當愛情關系的情勢之中,。從之前無性的此種兒童幻想出發(fā)，兒童的幻想趕上其后期的知識水平,。 再者,，這種在早期突出的復仇和報復動機，在后期也依然發(fā)現(xiàn),。大體上說,，遭受父母在性頑皮上的懲罰的這些神經(jīng)癥孩童，現(xiàn)在通過此類幻想去報復其父母。 較為年幼的兒童更傾向于使用想象力豐富的故事,，去掠奪這些早先于他出生的孩子的特權——在某種程度上使人想起一樁歷史陰謀,；以及經(jīng)常毫無遲疑地把和他擁有競爭者數(shù)量一樣多的虛構性的不正當愛情關系歸因于他的母親。家庭羅曼史的一個有趣的變體可能會隨之出現(xiàn),，在這里,，當兄弟姐妹因是私生而被廢除，英雄和作者將回歸自身的合法性,。如果有其他特殊的利益在進行著,，他可以將其加入家庭羅曼史的情節(jié)，由于它的多面性和適用性的廣大范圍,，能夠讓它響應每一種要求,。比如，如果他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的性方面被他的一個姐妹所吸引,，一個年幼的幻想構建者就能用她來逃離親屬關系上的禁忌層級,。 如果有人傾向于被孩子的墮落心識所驚到或感到難忍，甚至想去質疑這類事情的可能性,，他應該觀察到這些充滿沖突的虛構作品中并沒有一部真正是那么惡劣的有意而為,，在細微的偽裝之下，孩童依舊保持著其對父母的原初感情,。不貞和忘恩負義只是表面的,。如果我們詳細檢查這些想象性羅曼史的共同點，替代的雙親或單單父親被更偉大的人替代,，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些新的,、貴族的父母具備的屬性，完全是從其對現(xiàn)實和卑微的父母的真實回憶中提取的,，因此,，事實上孩童并沒有抹除他的父親而是提升了父親。事實上用一個較好的人替代真實父親的所有努力僅僅是孩子渴望快樂的表達,，在那段歡樂的時光里,，他的父親對他而言是高尚、強壯的男人,，母親是最親愛的、最漂亮的女人,，但這時光已經(jīng)消逝了,。他從如今所認識的父親那里轉身離開，而遁入他童年早期歲月所崇尚的父親,；他的幻想只不過是表達這些歡樂時光已消逝的哀悼,。因此一個孩童在早期階段之特征的過高估價的幻想會再次到來。夢的研究給這種主題帶來有趣的貢獻。我們從這種解釋了解到,，即使在往后歲月中,，如果皇帝和皇后出現(xiàn)在夢中，這些高貴的人物往往代表夢者的父親和母親,，所以孩童對于其父母的過高估價仍然殘留在正常的成年人的夢中,。 FAMILY ROMANCES Source：Freud-Complete Works（P.1987-1990） The liberation of an individual, as he grows up, from the authority of his parents is one of the most necessary though one of the most painful results brought about by the course of his development. It is quite essential that that liberation should occur and it may be presumed that it has been to some extent achieved by everyone who has reached a normal state. Indeed, the whole progress of society rests upon the opposition between successive generations. On the other hand, there is a class of neurotics whose condition is recognizably determined by their having failed in this task. For a small child his parents are at first the only authority and the source of all belief. The child’s most intense and most momentous wish during these early years is to be like his parents (that is, the parent of his own sex) and to be big like his father and mother. But as intellectual growth increases, the child cannot help discovering by degrees the category to which his parents belong. He gets to know other parents and compares them with his own, and so acquires the right to dodbt the incomparable and unique quality which he had attributed to them. Small events in the child’s life which make him feel dissatisfied afford him provocation for beginning to criticize his parents, and for using, in order to support his critical attitude, the knowledge which he has acquired that other parents are in some respects preferable to them. The psychology of the neuroses teaches us that, among other factors, the most intense impulses of sexual rivalry contribute to this result. A feeling of being slighted is obviously what constitutes the subject-matter of such provocations. There are only too many occasions on which a child is slighted, or at least feels he has been slighted, on which he feels he is not receiving the whole of his parents’ love, and, most of all, of which he feels regrets at having to share it with brothers and sisters. His sense that his own affection is not being fully reciprocated then finds a vent in the idea, often consciously recollected later from early childhood, of being a step-child or an adopted child. People who have not developed neuroses very frequently remember such occasions, on which - usually as a result of something they have read - they interpreted and responded to their parent’s hostile behaviour in this fashion. But here the influence of sex is already in evidence, for a boy is far more inclined to feel hostile impulses towards his father than towards his mother and has a far more intense desire to get free from him than from her. In this respect the imagination of-girls is apt to show itself much weaker. These consciously remembered mental impulses of childhood embody the factor which enables us to understand the nature of myths. The later stage in the development of the neurotic’s estrangement from his parents, begun in this manner, might be described as “the neurotic’s family romance’. It is seldom remembered consciously but can almost always be revealed by psychoanalysis. For a quite peculiarly marked imaginative activity is one of the essential characteristics of neurotics and also of all comparatively highly gifted people. This activity emerges first in children’s play, and then, starting roughly from the period before puberty, takes over the topic of family relations. A characteristic example of this peculiar imaginative activity is to be seen in the familiar day-dreaming [1] which persists far beyond puberty. If these day-dreams are carefully examined, they are found to serve as the fulfilment of wishes and as a correction of actual life. They have two principal aims, an erotic and an ambitious one - though an erotic aim is usually concealed behind the latter too. At about the period I have mentioned, then, the child’s imagination becomes engaged in the task of getting free from the parents of whom he now has a low opinion and of replacing them by others, who, as a rule, are of higher social standing. He will make use in this connection of any opportune coincidences from his actual experience, such as his becoming acquainted with the Lord of the Manor or some landed proprietor if he lives in the country or with some member of the aristocracy if he lives in town.Chance occurrences of this kind arouse the child’s envy, which finds expression in a phantasy in which both his parents are replaced by others of better birth. The technique used in developing phantasies like this (which are, of course, conscious at this period) depends upon the ingenuity and the material which the child has at his disposal. There is also the question of whether the phantasies are worked out with greater or less effort to obtain verisimilitude. This stage is reached at a time at which the child is still in ignorance of the sexual determinants of procreation. When presently the child comes to know the difference in the parts played by fathers and mothers in their sexual relations, and realizes that “pater semper incertus est”, while the mother is “certissima”[2] , the family romance undergoes a curious curtailment: it contents itself with exalting the child’s father, but no longer casts any doubts on his maternal origin, which is regarded as something unalterable. This second (sexual) stage of the family romance is actuated by another motive as well, which is absent in the first (asexual) stage.The child, having learnt about sexual processes, tends to picture to himself erotic situations and relations, the motive force behind this being his desire to bring his mother (who is the subject of the most intense sexual curiosity) into situations of secret infidelity and into secret love-affairs.’ In this way the child’s phantasies, which started by being, as it were, asexual, are brought up to the level of his later knowledge. Moreover the motive of revenge and retaliation, which was in the foreground at the earlier stage, is also to be found at the later one. It is, as a rule, precisely these neurotic children who were punished by their parents for sexual naughtiness and who now revenge themselves on their parents by means of phantasies of this kind. A younger child is very specially inclined to use imaginative stories such as these in order to rob those born before him of their prerogatives - in a way which reminds one of historical intrigues; and be often has no hesitation in attributing to his mother as many fictitious love-affairs as he himself has competitors. An interesting variant of the family romance may then appear, in which the hero and author returns to legitimacy himself while his brothers and sisters are eliminated by being bastardized. So too if there are any other particular interests at work they can direct the course to be taken by the family romance; for its many-sidedness and its great range of applicability enable it to meet every sort of requirement. In this way, for instance, the young phantasy-builder can get rid of his forbidden degree of kinship with one of his sisters if he finds himself sexually attracted by her. If anyone is inclined to turn away in horror from this depravity of the childish heart or feels tempted, indeed, to dispute the possibility of such things, he should observe that these works of fiction, which seem so full of hostility, are none of them really so badly intended, and that they still preserve, under a slight disguise, the child’s original affection for his parents. The faithlessness and ingratitude are only apparent. If we examine in detail the commonest of these imaginative romances, the replacement of both parents or of the father alone by grander people, we find that these new and aristocratic parents are equipped with attributes that are derived entirely from real recollections of the actual and humble ones; so that in fact the child is not getting rid of his father but exalting him. Indeed the whole effort at replacing the real father by a superior one is only an expression of the child’s longing for the happy, vanished days when his father seemed to him the noblest and strongest of men and his mother the dearest and loveliest of women. He is turning away from the father whom he knows today to the father in whom he believed in the earlier years of his childhood; and his phantasy is no more than the expression of a regret that those happy days have gone. Thus in these phantasies the overvaluation that characterizes a child’s earliest years comes into its own again. An interesting contribution to this subject is afforded by the study of dreams. We learn from their interpretation that even in later years, if the Emperor and Empress appear in dreams, those exalted personages stand for the dreamer’s father and mother[3]. So that the child’s overvaluation of his parents survives as well in the dreams of normal adults. Notes 1. Cf. “Hysterical Phantasies and their Relation to Bisexuality’ [1908a], where a reference will be found to the literature of the subject . 2. An old legal tag: “paternity is always uncertain, maternity is most certain”. 3.Cf. my Interpretation of Dreams(1900a). |
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