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來自 Sasaki 對gooood的分享,。更多關(guān)于他們: Sasaki on gooood 項目概況 PROJECT INTRODUCTION 張家浜是上海擬建的8個“楔形綠地”中的首個建設(shè)項目，建成之后,，它將成為上海市最大的公共公園,。作為生態(tài)改善和城市更新的催化劑，張家浜公園打造了一片前所未有的濕地及林地棲息地,，為這座逐漸遠(yuǎn)離自然體驗的城市重塑了自然環(huán)境,。為提升浦東新區(qū)居民的生活品質(zhì)及該區(qū)域的生態(tài)水平，張家浜項目為自身設(shè)定了更高的目標(biāo),。其復(fù)雜的生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)與其整體性的解說計劃,，將會在作為世界最大的城市之一的上海注入嶄新的環(huán)境觀念。該項目中的景觀策略對已有的人工化運河形態(tài)發(fā)出了挑戰(zhàn),，它不僅會改善運河水質(zhì),，更可以重建該地區(qū)的水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，從而提高生物多樣性,。通過細(xì)致嚴(yán)格的空間布局,、地形利用,、種植策略、水體設(shè)計和盛行風(fēng)利用,，該項目可提高空氣質(zhì)量及熱舒適度,，利用微氣候的營造來緩解上海的城市熱島現(xiàn)象。通過多模式公共交通系統(tǒng),、公園振興計劃及與周邊地區(qū)的城市肌理的重新縫合,，項目相鄰地區(qū)的發(fā)展也得以促進(jìn)。 Zhangjiabang is the first of Shanghai’s eight planned “green wedges” and will become the city’s largest public park. A catalyst for ecological and urban renewal, the park creates an unprecedented amount of wetland and woodland habitat that redefines the natural environment in a city whose residents have increasingly fewer opportunities to experience nature. To transform the civic life and ecological health of Shanghai’s Pudong District, Zhangjiabang aims higher. Its complex ecologies, coupled with a holistic interpretive program, will fuel a new environmental ethos in one of the world’s largest cities. By challenging the existing engineered canal typology, the landscape strategy improves water quality and rebuilds the biodiversity of the region’s aquatic ecosystems. Air quality and thermal comfort are designed through careful spatial configurations, utilizing landform, planting strategies, waterbodies, and prevailing winds to create microclimates that relieve Shanghai’s stifling urban heat island. Adjacent development is also integrated with multi-modal public transit, enlivening the park and reconnecting the urban fabric of the surrounding city.
場地背景 SITE CONTEXT 張家浜項目面臨著多重挑戰(zhàn),。這片場地因高架公路,、高壓電走廊、各種道路及河道系統(tǒng)（其“現(xiàn)代化”的設(shè)計是為了以一種高人工化的方式對洪水進(jìn)行防控）等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)變得支離破碎,。場地當(dāng)前的問題還包括干道之間多處土地幾近荒廢,、多處衰敗的輕工業(yè)工廠附近垃圾場成堆等。此外,，渠化河道皆由混凝土砌筑,，河水水質(zhì)不佳，附近土壤遭到破壞,，整個場地的生物多樣性極低,。但就是在這樣惡劣的環(huán)境之中，場地上仍存在著幾處小型的農(nóng)田和花園,。來自Sasaki的設(shè)計團(tuán)隊試圖將這些挑戰(zhàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)遇,，為這片土地注入活力，通過效果顯著的生態(tài)再生徹底改變場地現(xiàn)狀,，并借由項目的解說計劃向人們講述這一過程,。 Zhangjiabang’s context presented multiple challenges. The site is highly fragmented by infrastructure including an elevated highway, a high-voltage power corridor, multiple roadways, and a canal system that is being ‘modernized’ for flood control in a highly-engineered manner. Existing conditions include derelict lands surrounded by major roads and dumping grounds in the shadows of run-down light industrial sites. Canals are concrete-lined, water quality is very poor, soils are disturbed, and the entire site is biologically impoverished. Within this difficult site, small farms and gardens nevertheless persist. The Sasaki team sought to convert these challenges into opportunities, creating dynamism in the program and defying the status quo with a remarkable story of ecological rebirth articulated through its interpretive program.
新型的生態(tài) A NEW ECOLOGY 由于上海的持續(xù)高速擴(kuò)張，很多農(nóng)村土地均已用作城市用地,。數(shù)十年的工業(yè)發(fā)展早已嚴(yán)重破壞了整個環(huán)境系統(tǒng),，野生動植物所剩無幾，生物物理環(huán)境惡劣,。整個上海都會區(qū)林冠覆蓋率僅為10%,，遠(yuǎn)低于中國城市的平均值（25%）。近期發(fā)表的一系列生物學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,，所有研究設(shè)計的類群其生物多樣性及豐富度都有明顯下降：上海地區(qū)的兩棲動物多樣性由14種降低至4種,；城區(qū)的鳥類多樣性較歷史調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)降低了63%；植物多樣性也大幅降低,。上海景觀恢復(fù)的迫切性不言而喻,，其也成為了張家浜公園設(shè)計策略的重要驅(qū)動因素。 As Shanghai continues to rapidly expand, urban land cover has replaced much of the rural matrix. Recent decades of industrialization have resulted in environmental conditions so severely degraded that little wildlife remains and biophysical conditions are severe. Tree canopy coverage across the Shanghai metro area is only 10%, while China’s national average for cities is 25%. A series of recently published biological surveys indicate that species diversity and richness across all studied taxa have declined. Amphibian diversity in Shanghai has decreased from 14 species to 4. Similarly, total avian diversity in the city has decreased 63% from historic surveys. Plant diversity shows similar declines. The imperative for landscape restoration in Shanghai is self-evident, and this restoration is the driver of the design strategy for Zhangjiabang Park.
張家浜公園將新建215公頃的混生林，并營造61公頃的新生濕地棲息地,，以為場地中113公頃的開放水域提供生態(tài)服務(wù),。需要對現(xiàn)有的張家浜河道及其支流進(jìn)行綜合性生態(tài)恢復(fù)，以改善水質(zhì),、重建該地區(qū)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生物多樣性,。而這一恢復(fù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)同樣需要具備防洪及為野生動植物（包括成千上萬遷徙至此過冬的鳥類）提供棲息地的功能。原有的淺水湖地形經(jīng)過重新設(shè)計,，被改造為一個水域面積31公頃、最大深度達(dá)14米的湖泊,。深淺不一的水下環(huán)境,、多樣化的人工魚類棲息地，以及自然中心/孵卵處促進(jìn)了該地區(qū)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù),。湖區(qū)的東側(cè)是低矮的森林小丘,，西側(cè)則是高密度的城市核心地帶。方案中沿湖泊東側(cè)設(shè)計了大片新生濕地,，將作為涉水鳥類保護(hù)區(qū),。這一區(qū)域遠(yuǎn)離公路、鐵路及其他人類活動活躍的用地,，游人可由附近山丘頂部的觀景臺瞭望此處的景致,。項目中的土方工程大大提高了微型棲息地景觀的多樣性，同時阻隔了附近道路交通對場地帶來的噪音和空氣污染,。場地內(nèi)的河道經(jīng)過改造成為了流淌坡度較緩的河流,，以最大程度地去除水中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)并減少固體懸浮物。此外,，場地中的兩大農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)域也將被改造成為面積為12公頃的社區(qū)花園,，花園中的不同地塊將以鄉(xiāng)土植物為籬分隔，既豐富了場地的物種多樣性,，又提升了附近居民的生活品質(zhì),。 Embedded within 215 hectares of mixed forests, Zhangjiabang Park will include 46 hectares of emergent wetland habitat to serve 113 hectares of open water across the site. The existing Zhangjiabang Canal and its tributaries require comprehensive ecological restoration to mitigate poor water quality and rebuild the biodiversity of the region’s aquatic ecosystems. This network must also provide flood protection as well as suitable habitat for wildlife, including the millions of migratory water birds that arrive each winter. An existing shallow lake is regraded into a 31 hectare lake with maximum depth of 14 meters, a diverse bathymetry, various constructed fish habitats, and a nature center / conservation hatchery to support regional aquatic systems restoration. This lake is framed by low forested hills to the east and a dense urban core along its western shore. A large emergent wetland along the eastern shore of the lake is designed as a wading bird sanctuary. This area is buffered from roads, trails, and active uses, but is overlooked by an observation deck at the top of an adjacent hill. Earthwork increases landscape diversity for microhabitats and buffers the site from noise and air pollution from adjacent roadways. Canals are re-envisioned as streams with gentle cross-slopes that maximize nutrient removal and reduction of suspended solids. Additionally, community gardens will occupy 12 hectares across two major agricultural zones with plots hedged by native flora, providing added complexity to the matrix and enhancing the quality of life for residents in adjacent neighborhoods.
張家浜公園的設(shè)計旨在最大程度地為地域性生物多樣性的重新引入和健康發(fā)展創(chuàng)造條件。場地中的濕地系統(tǒng)將為至少22種被國際自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟記錄在冊的在該地域過冬,、遷徙,、繁殖的鳥類提供棲息地。在湖區(qū)北岸,，保護(hù)性孵卵處優(yōu)先重新引入了瀕臨滅絕的水生生物,，包括三種野外已經(jīng)滅絕的蛙類、一種瀕危龜類及多種魚類,。公園中也設(shè)計了大量的人工棲息地,，包括蝙蝠產(chǎn)育箱、猛禽巢穴、水禽棲息島,、兩棲類閑游木,、魚類棲息結(jié)構(gòu)及孔洞巢箱等。場地中的交通系統(tǒng)及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)均使用了有利于野生動物保護(hù)的涵洞及地下通道,，并將原有的橋梁改為人行道及野生動物走廊,。 The design for Zhangjiabang seeks to maximize the opportunities for regional biodiversity to recolonize and thrive. At least 22 species of IUCN listed birds that overwinter, migrate, or breed in the region will utilize the robust system of wetlands across site. At the lake’s northern shore, the conservation hatchery prioritizes the reintroduction of extirpated aquatic species, including three extirpated frogs, an endangered aquatic turtle, and a broad array of fish species. A comprehensive selection of artificial habitats throughout the park includes bat nursery boxes, raptor nest platforms, waterfowl nest islands, turtle loafing logs, submerged fish structures, and cavity nest boxes. Transportation and building infrastructure will utilize wildlife-friendly culverts and underpasses, and decommissioned existing bridges will serve as both pedestrian and wildlife corridors.
宜人的微氣候 A COMFORTABLE MICROCLIMATE 項目在設(shè)計過程中對氣候條件進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的模擬，以通過地形改造,、種植策略及經(jīng)過計算的空間協(xié)同效應(yīng)最大程度地改善熱舒適度及空氣質(zhì)量,。其中包括了林冠與水體的交替出現(xiàn)，開放空間的設(shè)計也利用當(dāng)?shù)叵募臼⑿械臇|南風(fēng),，促進(jìn)了整個場地的自然降溫,，使場地四季宜人?；诖罅恳寻l(fā)表的科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),，項目中微氣候的設(shè)計對整體規(guī)劃中生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)將帶來的社會生態(tài)效益進(jìn)行了量化。據(jù)估計,，張家浜公園中將種植至少10萬棵樹木,，這將為整個場地帶來切實的微氣候效益并有效減少污染。現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)表明,，得益于微氣候的營造,，公園中的氣溫可比上海市區(qū)低3~7℃，這對于身處熱浪中的市民而言將是一大福音,。而公園中相對較深的湖泊也可利用其處于上風(fēng)向的優(yōu)勢,，促進(jìn)熱傳遞與蒸發(fā)降溫，為整個公園帶來陣陣宜人涼風(fēng),。 The design process included detailed climate modeling, with the goal of maximizing thermal comfort and air quality benefits through landforms, planting strategies, and calculated spatial synergies. The program is configured such that alternating forest canopy, waterbodies, and open fields are aligned with prevailing southeast summer winds to enhance passive cooling and provide four season choices. This microclimate design is richly informed by published scientific data which was employed to quantify the socio-ecological benefits of ecosystem services provided by the master plan. An estimated minimum of 100,000 trees will be planted in Zhangjiabang Park, providing tangible microclimate benefits and pollution mitigation. Existing data suggests that the microclimate of the park will be on the order of 3-7 degrees Celsius cooler than downtown Shanghai, providing significant public health benefits during heat waves. Zhangjiabang’s relatively deep lake will provide increased heat transfer and evaporative cooling at an upwind position that will decrease downwind temperatures throughout the entire park.
建立持續(xù)的社會參與過程 BUILDING A ROBUST ENGAGEMENT PROCESS 張家浜公園在文化活動方面開展了創(chuàng)新性的線上活動,，用戶可以按時間和類別情景化地瀏覽活動內(nèi)容，這吸引了眾多市民的參與和支持,。該項舉措使得設(shè)計團(tuán)隊令客戶,、來自不同領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家和專家、地區(qū)級設(shè)計機(jī)構(gòu),，以及其他對本項目感興趣的團(tuán)體參與到規(guī)劃過程中來,。設(shè)計團(tuán)隊反復(fù)聽取交互會議中獲取的信息，并應(yīng)用到對公園元素及其配置的優(yōu)化中,。 Cultural programming for Zhangjiabang Park gained stakeholder input through the development of an innovative online tool that allows users to spatially visualize program elements across time and by different categories. This allowed the Sasaki team to engage the client, a wide range of scientists and experts, regional design institutes, and other interest groups in the planning process. Information gleaned from interactive meetings was then iteratively used to refine the park’s elements and their configuration.
與城市連通 CONNECTED TO THE CITY 公園周邊為面積3.46平方公里的公共交通導(dǎo)向型中等密度混合用地開發(fā)帶,。原先空閑的工業(yè)地塊如今已被整合為一個統(tǒng)一的公共開放空間，服務(wù)于兩個關(guān)鍵的城市核心區(qū),。形式多樣而又彼此連通的游道在宜人的尺度上提供了連續(xù)而變化的景致和生態(tài)環(huán)境,，人們可以在森林,、樹叢、帶有木棧道的濕地,、草甸,、草坪和各種場所之間穿梭徜徉。而城市中的主要游線則串聯(lián)起場地中的主要活動場所,，將兩個城市核心區(qū)緊密地聯(lián)系了起來,。 Totaling 8.4 square kilometers, the 4.94 square kilometer park is bounded by 3.46 square kilometers of medium density, transit-oriented, mixed-use development. Vacant industrial parcels are consolidated into a unified public open space anchored by two key urban cores. The multiple connective trails offer continuous human-scale interest, changing surface, and ecological context as they transition through forests, groves, boardwalk wetlands, meadows, lawns, and destination nodes. The urban spine trail threads through primary event spaces and provides a strong link between the two urban centers. Zhangjiabang’s eastern flank includes a large recreational complex of play fields enveloped by low forested topography and situated adjacent to a subway station. A playful labyrinth, sculpture gardens, and innovative play landscapes provide many options for families. In total, the 26.5 kilometer trail system provides 18.5 kilometers of universally accessible paths and 8 kilometers of unpaved trails throughout the park.
張家浜公園的東側(cè)設(shè)有一個大型的綜合娛樂設(shè)施，活動場地為矮林環(huán)繞,，且與地鐵站毗鄰,，交通便捷。場地中充滿趣味的迷宮,、雕塑花園及創(chuàng)新性游樂景觀,，為家庭活動提供了更加多樣的選擇?？傮w而言，在全長26.5公里的游道系統(tǒng)中包括18.5公里的無障礙區(qū)段與8公里的未經(jīng)鋪砌的園中道路,。張家浜公園的城市開發(fā)地塊方案始終遵循綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的最佳實踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn),，其目的是減少暴雨徑流量、改善公園中的水體水質(zhì),。街道可將雨水排入生物過濾系統(tǒng)中,，該生物過濾系統(tǒng)亦是人行道和車行道的緩沖帶，使行人免受車流交通的影響,。設(shè)有排水暗渠的行道樹池,，以及人行道和自行車道下方結(jié)構(gòu)性土壤的大量使用將顯著提高行道樹的健康與活力水平，進(jìn)而提高樹木的地下蓄水力,。 The urban development parcels of Zhangjiabang adhere to best practice standards for green infrastructure in order to reduce stormwater quantity and further improve water quality throughout the park. Streets will drain into stormwater biofiltration systems that buffer the pedestrian experience from adjacent traffic lanes. Under-drained street tree trenches and the extensive use of structural soils beneath sidewalks and bike lanes will maximize street tree health and vigor, and further increase subsurface stormwater storage capacity.
積極改變的催化劑 A CATALYST FOR POSITIVE CHANGE 該項目的規(guī)模恰是其面臨的另一大挑戰(zhàn),。2016年，項目4期工程中的首期工程破土動工,。這種階段性推進(jìn)的建設(shè)過程將有助于吸引社會資本,，向公眾宣導(dǎo)公園人工棲息地的重要性，并最終在上海的中心區(qū)域開啟環(huán)境意識的新紀(jì)元,。張家浜公園的植物多樣性需要在中國本土植物培育方面取得新的突破,，其也將可能形成該地區(qū)中更加綜合、信息化的園藝產(chǎn)業(yè),。設(shè)計團(tuán)隊的方案同時也期望提高人們對于城市綠地開發(fā)中那些已被利用及被浪費掉的資源的保護(hù)意識,，并對目前整個大上海地區(qū)的改造項目中的植被進(jìn)行挽救性保護(hù)?？傮w而言,，隨著設(shè)計向詳細(xì)設(shè)計階段不斷推進(jìn),，項目的目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向更新政府官員觀念，從原先的宣傳口號和“綠色化妝運動”向為上海建立一種真正的新型城市生態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變,。 The very scale of the project also is part of its challenge, but implementation is moving forward with the first of five phases breaking ground in 2016. This phased construction process will help to build social capital, train local stakeholders in the value of the park’s constructed habitats, and ultimately ignite a new era of environmental awareness in the heart of Shanghai. The park’s botanical diversity will require new advances in native Chinese plant propagation, and likely will result in a more versatile and informed horticultural industry in the region. The design team’s proposals also seek to raise awareness of the resources being exploited and wasted in greenfield developments in the city, with a goal of salvaging plants from concurrent redevelopment projects throughout the greater Shanghai region. Overall, as the project moves forward into more detailed design phases, the objective is to evolve the understanding of public officials to move beyond propaganda buzzwords and greenwash towards a genuine embrace of a new urban ecology for Shanghai.
項目名稱：張家浜楔形綠地城市設(shè)計及景觀概念規(guī)劃 Project name: Zhangjiabang Urban Design and Landscape Master Plan MORE: Sasaki 更多關(guān)于他們: Sasaki on gooood |
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