Speed Skating

速度滑冰

Speed skating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in travelling a certain distance on skates. Types of speed skat-ing are long track speed skating, short track speed skating, and marathon speed skating. In the Olympic Games, long-track speed skating is usually referred to as just “speed skating”, while short-track speed skating is known as “short track”.

速度滑冰是一項競速類滑冰比賽，選手穿著冰鞋滑行一段距離后,，需要相互交換賽道,。速度滑冰的比賽包括長距離比賽、短距離比賽和馬拉松比賽,。在奧運會上,，長距離比賽通常稱為“速度滑冰”,，而短距離比賽稱為“短道速滑”。

Speed skating appeared for the first time in 1924 at the first Olympic Win-ter Games in Chamonix. Initially, only men were allowed to participate. It was only at the Lake Placid Games in 1932 that women were authorised to compete in speed skating, which was then only a demonstration sport. It was not until the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley that women’s speed skating was officially included in the Olympic programme.

速度滑冰在1924年第一屆沙莫尼冬奧會上首次亮相,，最初只設男子組比賽,。在1932年的普萊西德湖冬奧會上，女選手獲準參加速度滑冰比賽,，當時僅作為表演項目,。直到1960年斯闊谷冬奧會，女子速度滑冰才正式列入奧運會比賽項目,。

Races are run counter-clockwise on a 400-meter oval. The events almost al-ways follow the European system, which consists of skaters competing two-by-two. Skaters must change lanes every lap. The skater changing from the out-side lane to the inside has right-of-way. Skaters may be disqualified for false starts, impeding, and cutting inside the track. If a skater misses their race or falls they have the option to race their dis-tance again. There are no heats or finals in long track, all rankings are by time.

比賽在400米橢圓形冰道上進行,，選手按逆時針方向滑行。這個項目基本一直采用歐洲競賽規(guī)則,，即兩兩進行比賽,，必須每圈交換賽道，從外道換到內(nèi)道的選手可以優(yōu)先通過,。選手可能因為起跑犯規(guī),、推擠和切入跑道而被取消比賽資格。如果選手未能正?；芑蛘咚さ箷r,，可以選擇重新開始比賽。速度滑冰沒有預賽或決賽,，以完成時間決定所有名次,。

Figure Skating

花樣滑冰

Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, duos, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first win-ter sport included in the Olympics, in 1908. Olympic sports in figure skating comprise the following disciplines:

花樣滑冰是選手穿著花樣滑冰鞋在冰上表演的運動項目，包括單人滑,、雙人滑和團體比賽,。1908年,，花樣滑冰成為奧運會的首個冬季運動項目?；踊膴W運會項目包括以下幾個小項：

● Singles competition for men and women (who are referred to as “l(fā)adies” in ISU rulebooks), wherein individual skaters perform jumps, spins, step se-quences, spirals, and other elements in their programs.

● 男子單人滑和女子單人滑（women在國際滑冰聯(lián)盟規(guī)則手冊中稱為ladies）,，個人選手在節(jié)目中表演跳躍、旋轉,、接續(xù)步,、燕式步和其他技術動作。

● Pair skating teams consist of a wom-an and a man. Pairs perform elements that are specific to the discipline such as throw jumps, in which the man ‘throws’ the woman into a jump; lifts, in which the woman is held above the man’s head in one of various grips and positions; pair spins, in which both skaters spin together about a common axis; death spi-rals; and other elements such as side-by-side jumps and spins in unison.

● 雙人滑團隊由一位女選手和一位男選手組成,，兩人要表演雙人滑特有的技術動作,，比如拋跳（女選手借助男選手拋出的力量完成跳躍）、托舉（男選手以不同的握法和姿勢把女選手舉過頭頂）,、雙人旋轉（兩位選手圍繞共同的軸心旋轉）,、螺旋線以及其他技術動作（比如并肩跳躍和聯(lián)合旋轉）。

● Ice dancing is again for couples consisting of a woman and a man skat-ing together. Ice dance differs from pairs in focusing on intricate footwork performed in close dance holds, in time with the music. Ice dance lifts must not go above the shoulder.

● 冰舞由一名女伴和一名男伴共同在冰上表演,。冰舞與雙人滑的區(qū)別在于,，冰舞注重配合音樂節(jié)奏在舞伴始終靠近彼此的舞蹈表演中呈現(xiàn)復雜的步法；冰舞的托舉高度一定不能超過肩膀,。

The four disciplines of men’s singles, ladies’ singles, pair skating and ice dancing also appeared as part of a team event for the first time at the 2014 Win-ter Olympics.

2014年冬奧會首次設立花樣滑冰團體賽,，包括男子單人滑、女子單人滑,、雙人滑和冰舞四個項目。

Short Track Speed Skating

短道速滑

Short track speed skating is a form of competitive ice speed skating. In com-petitions, multiple skaters (typically be-tween four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a circumference of 111.111 metres (364.54 ft). The rink itself is 60 metres (200 ft) by 30 metres (98 ft), which is the same size as an interna-tional-sized ice hockey rink. Short track speed skating is the sister sport to long track speed skating.

短道速滑是一項競速類滑冰運動,。在比賽中,，多位滑冰選手（通常為四到六人）沿著111.111米（364.54英尺）的橢圓形賽道滑行,。比賽場地的面積為60米×30米（200英尺×98英尺），與國際冰球場地面積相同,。短道速滑是長道速度滑冰的姊妹運動,。

In short track speed skating, athletes compete not against the clock, but against each other. This introduces the elements of strategy, bravery and skill needed for racing.

在短道速滑比賽中，運動員不僅要與時間賽跑,，還要和對手較量,。這項比賽要求選手具備策略、勇氣和技術等要素,。

After having been a demonstration sport at the 1988 Games in Calgary, short track speed skating became part of the Olympic programme in Albertville in 1992, with two individual events and two relays. The discipline comprises men’s and women’s events. Since the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, the pro-gramme of this discipline has included eight events. 

在1988年卡爾加里冬奧會上,，短道速滑作為表演項目首次亮相，此后在1992年阿爾貝維爾冬奧會上成為正式比賽項目,，設立了兩項個人賽和兩項接力賽,。短道速滑包括男子和女子項目。2006年都靈奧運會以來,，短道速滑已經(jīng)擁有八個小項,。

In recent Games, China and South Korea have emerged to challenge North American dominance in this event. In-deed at the 2006 Turin Games, it was South Korea who emerged as the nation to beat, winning an incredible six gold medals, and 11 medals in total.

最近幾屆冬奧會上，中國和韓國對北美選手在這個項目的統(tǒng)治地位發(fā)起了挑戰(zhàn),。韓國在2006年都靈冬奧會上成為該項目的強者,，贏得了六枚金牌，總共斬獲十一枚獎牌,。

Biathlon

冬季兩項

A biathlon competition consists of a race in which contestants ski through a cross-country trail system whose total distance is divided into either two or four shooting rounds, half in prone position, the other half standing. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant’s total running distance/time. The contestant with the shortest total time wins.

冬季兩項比賽中,，選手在越野滑雪比賽場地滑行，過程中進行兩輪或四輪射擊,，一半為臥射,，另一半為立射,。根據(jù)射擊成績的高低，選手要在總滑行距離/時間上增加額外的距離或時間,?？傆嬘脮r最少的選手獲勝。

For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets and receives a pen-alty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules.

在每輪射擊中,，冬季兩項運動員每一射擊點射五發(fā)子彈,，每脫靶一次要接受懲罰，懲罰內(nèi)容根據(jù)比賽規(guī)則有所不同,。

In order to keep track of the contes-tants’ progress and relative standing throughout a race, split times (interme-diate times) are taken at several points along the skiing track and upon finish-ing each shooting round. The large display screens commonly set up at biathlon arenas, as well as the informa-tion graphics shown as part of the TV picture, will typically list the split time of the fastest contestant at each interme-diate point and the times and time dif-ferences to the closest runners-up.

為在比賽過程中追蹤選手的進度和相對排名,，需要在選手經(jīng)過滑雪賽道上的幾個計時點和完成每輪射擊后，計算他們所用的分段時間（中途時間）,。冬季兩項的場地通常會設置大型顯示屏,，電視畫面上也會顯示成績表，通常會列出每個中間點速度最快選手的分段時間,，以及成績最接近的選手所用的時間和時間差距,。