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腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征

 GXF360 2017-06-08
腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征

腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征

陳 健,,紀(jì)志剛

中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院泌尿外科,,北京100730

【關(guān)鍵詞】腎細(xì)胞癌;遺傳綜合征

腎細(xì)胞癌是泌尿外科常見腫瘤,從遺傳學(xué)角度可分為散發(fā)性腎細(xì)胞癌和遺傳性腎細(xì)胞癌,,有遺傳基礎(chǔ)的腎細(xì)胞癌占所有腎細(xì)胞癌的5%[1],。遺傳性腎細(xì)胞癌多并發(fā)全身其他組織臟器良性病變或惡性腫瘤,故稱為腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳綜合征,,各種腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征均具有不同的突變基因,、臨床表現(xiàn)及病理類型。以往對腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征的描述主要基于臨床觀察,,如疾病的外在表現(xiàn)和家族遺傳特點;近年來家系研究和分子遺傳學(xué)進(jìn)展為了解腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征的發(fā)病機(jī)制提供了分子途徑學(xué)說,,也為散發(fā)性腎細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生提出了新的見解[2-3]。本文對腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征所涉及的基因突變與臨床特征進(jìn)行綜述,,以期為腎細(xì)胞癌早期診斷,、治療提供參考。

遺傳性乳頭狀腎細(xì)胞癌

遺傳性乳頭狀腎細(xì)胞癌 (hereditary papillary renal carcinoma,,HPRC)是一種家族性癌癥綜合征,。HPRC為常染色體顯性遺傳,外顯率高,,但發(fā)病年齡不定,,兒童或老年起病的HPRC均有報道[4-5]。HPRC主要表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)腎臟受累或多發(fā)乳頭狀腎細(xì)胞癌,,影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)血供較差,,生長緩慢[6]

遺傳連鎖分析發(fā)現(xiàn)HPRC基因 (MET原癌基因)位于7號染色體長臂[7],。MET基因編碼一種細(xì)胞膜結(jié)合的肝細(xì)胞生長因子受體 (hepatocyte growth factor,,HGF),該受體胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)具有酪氨酸激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域。HPRC患者M(jìn)ET基因突變,,使該受體與肝細(xì)胞生長因子結(jié)合后,,其胞內(nèi)酪氨酸激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域呈持續(xù)激活狀態(tài),進(jìn)而啟動下游磷酸化信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及細(xì)胞分裂調(diào)控[7],。

HPRC患者乳頭狀腎細(xì)胞癌多為雙腎受累且多病灶,,因此保留腎單位手術(shù),如腎部分切除術(shù)是首選,,可在維持腎功能的同時最大限度地降低遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險[7],。腫瘤直徑小于3 cm的患者可密切隨訪;對已出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移或不能手術(shù)切除的患者,針對MET途徑的藥物正在研發(fā)中,。一個雙相Ⅱ期多中心研究中期分析顯示,,MET血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體 2抑制劑GSK1363089已使3例HPRC患者腫瘤縮小[8]

遺傳性平滑肌瘤病和腎細(xì)胞癌綜合征

遺傳性平滑肌瘤病和腎細(xì)胞癌綜合征 (hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer,,HLRCC)的受累家庭成員表現(xiàn)為皮膚或子宮平滑肌瘤,,并發(fā)2型乳頭狀腎細(xì)胞癌。該綜合征也稱多發(fā)性皮膚和子宮平滑肌瘤病綜合征 (multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome,,MCULS)或Reed綜合征 (Reed's syndrome),。

家系研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HLRCC與延胡索酸酶 (fumarate hydratase,F(xiàn)H)基因突變相關(guān),。FH基因位于1號染色體長臂[9],,其參與線粒體三羧酸循環(huán)。FH基因突變與HLRCC的發(fā)生機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,,但與該酶缺乏所致三羧酸循環(huán)障礙有關(guān),。丙酮酸不能進(jìn)行三羧酸循環(huán),線粒體內(nèi)氧化磷酸化及供能受影響,,因此細(xì)胞能量來源依賴于無氧糖酵解,,造成細(xì)胞假性缺氧。而腫瘤發(fā)生與假性缺氧有關(guān)[10],。

有研究顯示,,抗氧化反應(yīng)元件調(diào)控基因,醛酮還原酶家族1成員B10(ado-keto reductase family 1 member B10,,AKR1B10),,在FH基因敲除或無FH基因細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)上調(diào)[11]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,F(xiàn)H基因失活突變導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生活性氧自由基,,并穩(wěn)定缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α (hypoxia-inducing-factor,HIF),,均有利于形成假性缺氧[12],。

HLRCC為常染色體顯性遺傳,,F(xiàn)H基因被認(rèn)為是抑癌基因,,若該基因出現(xiàn)種系突變,,如錯義突變、無義突變,、插入突變,、缺失突變或剪切突變,均可能將HLRCC遺傳至子代[13],。

HLRCC主要臨床表現(xiàn)是子宮平滑肌瘤,,且癥狀多較嚴(yán)重需手術(shù)治療;平滑肌瘤肉瘤變罕見;皮膚平滑肌瘤亦較常見,主要發(fā)生于軀干和四肢,,癥狀多較嚴(yán)重;并發(fā)腎臟腫瘤患者占HLRCC的20%~30%,。腎細(xì)胞癌常呈高侵襲性,即使腎臟原發(fā)病灶較小且局限,,也可出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,。一項HLRCC臨床觀察研究顯示,并發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌患者確診時50%已出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[13],。

診斷考慮HLRCC的患者應(yīng)行突變基因檢查及全身影像學(xué)檢查,,確診并發(fā)腎臟腫瘤后應(yīng)盡早手術(shù)干預(yù)。局限性腫瘤行根治性切除術(shù),,包括淋巴結(jié)清掃[14],。

Birt-Hogg-Dube綜合征

Birt-Hogg-Dube(BHD)綜合征是一種常染色體顯性遺傳性綜合征,患者出現(xiàn)雙腎多發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌,,同時可并發(fā)多種皮膚腫瘤及肺內(nèi)病灶[15],。

BHD綜合征由卵泡素 (follculin,F(xiàn)LCN)基因(也稱BHD基因)突變引起,,該基因位于17號染色體短臂,,受累家系中90%的患者存在此突變基因[16]。BHD患者DNA測序結(jié)果顯示,,存在FLCN基因種系突變,,而腫瘤組織中則存在FLCN基因野生型拷貝的體細(xì)胞突變,表明FLCN基因突變是功能喪失突變,,而FLCN基因是抑癌基因[17],。FLCN基因產(chǎn)物可能通過哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 (mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)通路參與能量代謝,,調(diào)節(jié)蛋白質(zhì)合成并影響細(xì)胞生長和增殖,。卵泡素作用蛋白1(folliculininteracting protein 1,F(xiàn)NIP1)作用于5'腺苷酸 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate,,5'-AMP)激活蛋白激酶 (5'-AMP activated protein kinase,,AMPK),,負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)mTOR通路的作用,抑制細(xì)胞生長及增殖[18],。

BHD綜合征患者腎細(xì)胞癌外顯率約為30%,。在一項包含124例BDH綜合征患者的研究中,50歲以上腎細(xì)胞癌患者的外顯率約為27%,,但不同家庭腫瘤的外顯率不一[19],。BDH綜合征腎細(xì)胞癌病理類型變化較大,混合嫌色細(xì)胞癌和嗜酸細(xì)胞癌是特征性表現(xiàn),,也可并發(fā)其他病理類型[19],。皮損表現(xiàn)為纖維毛囊瘤、毛囊良性錯構(gòu)瘤,,多分布于鼻面部呈白色丘疹,,這常為BDH綜合征最早期的表現(xiàn)[13]。約80%患者肺部CT呈現(xiàn)多發(fā)肺囊性病變,,25%患者出現(xiàn)自發(fā)性氣胸[19],。

BDH綜合征腎細(xì)胞癌多累及雙側(cè)腎臟,多發(fā)病灶,,但腫瘤生長緩慢,,直徑小于3 cm的腫瘤可密切觀察;如行手術(shù)治療,應(yīng)切除所有可見腫瘤[20],,保留腎單位腎臟腫瘤切除術(shù)是首選治療方法[21],。目前,已構(gòu)建了BDH綜合征動物模型,,以供評估治療方法,。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報道,mTOR抑制劑雷帕霉素可使該模型腎臟腫瘤體積縮小[22],。

遺傳性副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤和嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤

遺傳性副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤和嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤是常染色體顯性遺傳病,,表現(xiàn)為頭頸部、胸部,、腹部,、盆腔和/或膀胱發(fā)生副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤,常見于30余歲青年人,。侵襲性腎細(xì)胞癌亦可見于這一疾病,,其發(fā)生與編碼三羧酸循環(huán)的基因種系突變有關(guān),包括琥珀酸脫氫酶 (succinate dehydrogenase,,SDH)亞基[23],。

SDH由4個亞基組成 (SDHA、SDHB,、SDHC和SDHD),,是線粒體復(fù)合體Ⅱ的組成部分,。SDH是抑癌基因[24-25],且每一個亞基基因突變都與腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān),,但以SDHB更為顯著[26],。SDH相關(guān)腎細(xì)胞癌發(fā)病年齡較早[26],確診年齡24~73歲,,其組織學(xué)類型多種多樣,,透明細(xì)胞癌或嫌色細(xì)胞癌最常見[27],。SDH缺乏也與常染色體顯性遺傳副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤相關(guān),,腫瘤常位于頭頸部,亦可見于胸,、腹,、盆腔及膀胱。對于每一例早發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌 (發(fā)病年齡<45歲),、腫瘤雙側(cè)或多發(fā)以及存在嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤或副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤或腎細(xì)胞癌家族史的患者,,都建議進(jìn)行SDH基因檢測。

結(jié)節(jié)性硬化癥

結(jié)節(jié)性硬化癥 (tuberous sclerosis complex,,TSC)是一種常染色體顯性遺傳疾病,,由9號染色體TSC1基因突變,或是16號染色體 TSC2基因突變所致,。TSC1基因產(chǎn)物為錯構(gòu)瘤蛋白 (hamartin),,TSC2基因產(chǎn)物為結(jié)節(jié)蛋白 (tuberin)。TSC腎臟表現(xiàn)為雙腎多發(fā)血管平滑肌脂肪瘤或腎細(xì)胞癌,。TSC2基因突變TSC比TSC1基因突變TSC更為嚴(yán)重,,表現(xiàn)為TSC2突變型腎血管平滑肌脂肪瘤更為嚴(yán)重,且復(fù)雜型腎囊腫,,腎細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生風(fēng)險更高[28],。

正常個體錯構(gòu)瘤蛋白和結(jié)節(jié)蛋白可抑制mTOR介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),抑制細(xì)胞生長及增殖,。TSC患者TSC1或TSC2基因突變導(dǎo)致錯構(gòu)瘤蛋白和結(jié)節(jié)蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)及功能缺陷,,mTOR途徑不能被抑制,進(jìn)而使腫瘤生成[29],。

TSC患者腎細(xì)胞癌最常見的病理類型為腎透明細(xì)胞癌,,也可能由復(fù)雜囊腫囊壁細(xì)胞惡變形成[30]。TSC腎細(xì)胞癌并發(fā)率尚未明確,。一項包含167例TSC患者的研究顯示,,96例有腎臟病變,4例并發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌,,6例腎臟病變在影像學(xué)上不能區(qū)分是腎細(xì)胞癌或是乏脂肪性脂肪腎血管平滑肌脂肪瘤[30],。

TSC并發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌多為雙腎受累,,多發(fā)病灶,發(fā)病年齡小,,兒童多見[31-33],。腎細(xì)胞癌診斷應(yīng)基于腎臟病變體積逐漸變大,且影像學(xué)檢查未見明顯的脂肪組織,。如影像學(xué)檢查無法鑒別,,可行腫物穿刺活檢。由于TSC腎細(xì)胞癌多為雙側(cè)病變,,手術(shù)建議行保留腎單位手術(shù)或射頻消融[34],。

Von Hippel-Lindau病

Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)病是一種常染色體顯性遺傳綜合征,表現(xiàn)為多種良性及惡性腫瘤,,包括腎透明細(xì)胞癌,。VHL病的發(fā)病率約為1/3.6萬[35]。除了腎細(xì)胞癌外還可出現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管母細(xì)胞瘤,、視網(wǎng)膜血管母細(xì)胞瘤,、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、中耳內(nèi)淋巴囊腫瘤,、胰腺漿液性囊腺瘤和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤,、附睪和闊韌帶乳頭狀囊腺瘤等[35]

VHL病的致病基因為 VHL(3p25),,產(chǎn)物為pVHL,,是一種抑癌蛋白。與其他抑癌基因突變致病機(jī)制相同,,已證實VHL病發(fā)生通過“雙重打擊”機(jī)制實現(xiàn),。VHL病患者每一個體細(xì)胞都攜帶一個VHL等位基因種系突變,若在另一個正常等位基因發(fā)生體細(xì)胞突變或缺失或啟動子過度甲基化,,則會導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生,。而在散發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌患者中,2個等位基因均發(fā)生體細(xì)胞突變更為多見,。pVHL與elongin B,、elongin C、cullin 2等蛋白形成穩(wěn)定的復(fù)合體,,稱VBC復(fù)合體,。VBC復(fù)合體的作用主要是介導(dǎo)多種蛋白在蛋白酶體降解,從而控制其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的水平[36],,其中pVHL發(fā)揮著靶分子E3泛素連接酶的作用,,通過共價連接泛素而協(xié)助其在蛋白酶體內(nèi)的降解。此外,,pVHL還包括維持初級纖毛,、調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子,、控制微管功能、保證細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)完整性并調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期的作用,。然而,,由于尚未構(gòu)建出理想的VHL病動物模型,因而純合VHL基因敲除小鼠并未產(chǎn)生腎細(xì)胞癌或血管母細(xì)胞瘤[37],。其失敗原因可能與物種特異性有關(guān),,也可能在人體組織內(nèi)還存在其他尚未明確的致病因素。

20歲以前,,VHL病患者診斷腎細(xì)胞癌少見,,但此后腎細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生率逐漸升高。VHL病腎細(xì)胞癌平均發(fā)病年齡為44歲,,而60歲以后69%的VHL病患者并發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌[37],。

腫瘤多為雙腎多發(fā)病灶,因此手術(shù)治療建議采用保留腎單位的腎腫瘤切除手術(shù)[38],。系統(tǒng)治療方案對VHL并發(fā)腎細(xì)胞癌患者有重要意義,隨著分子靶向治療的發(fā)展,,舒尼替尼可縮小腎癌病灶體積,,減少手術(shù)次數(shù)[38]

結(jié)論

早期識別腎細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)遺傳性綜合征的臨床特征是明確診斷的重要步驟,。依據(jù)患者及家族成員的遺傳風(fēng)險因素,,選擇適合的治療策略,對于最大程度地降低疾病相關(guān)的死亡率十分重要,。但也應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎地應(yīng)用這些遺傳信息,,避免帶來不必要的焦慮和家庭問題。以現(xiàn)有的研究成果,,基因篩查結(jié)果解讀仍然存在諸多疑點,,因此應(yīng)邀請專業(yè)遺傳咨詢師,以預(yù)先對患者相關(guān)事宜進(jìn)行全面評估,。

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通信作者:紀(jì)志剛 電話:010-69152520,,E-mail:jzg1129@medmail.com.cn

【中圖分類號】R737.11

【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】A

【文章編號】1674-9081(2016)02-0136-05

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2016.02.012

(收稿日期:2014-04-30)

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