摘要的結(jié)構(gòu)

根據(jù)格式，醫(yī)藥學(xué)論文摘要分為非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要和結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要,。根據(jù)《國際生物醫(yī)學(xué)期刊投稿的統(tǒng)一要求》格式（溫哥華格式）的規(guī)定,，采用OMRAC 或AMRAC格式，即四要素式或四層次結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要,，其內(nèi)容包括：目的,、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論,。自1991 年以來,，我國生物醫(yī)學(xué)期刊逐步采用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，其中的絕大多數(shù)都采用這種四段式的摘要模式,。

摘要的時(shí)態(tài)

醫(yī)藥學(xué)論文英文摘要時(shí)態(tài)遵循科技論文摘要的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)則,。主要是過去時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，偶爾也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí),。描述方法和結(jié)果的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)使用一般過去時(shí),。在結(jié)論當(dāng)中，如果是被廣泛認(rèn)可,，已經(jīng)成為“真理”的可以使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),，如果作者認(rèn)為自己的分析和結(jié)論只限于本研究范圍或者僅僅是一種可能性，則用一般過去時(shí)為好,。對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要靈活運(yùn)用,。

摘要的語態(tài)

滕真如等抽樣統(tǒng)計(jì)分析了2001～2003 年近3 年的中外期刊100 篇學(xué)術(shù)論文英文摘要的時(shí)態(tài),、語態(tài)差別及其原因，發(fā)現(xiàn)目前我國期刊用被動(dòng)語態(tài)仍占主導(dǎo)（58.36％）,，主動(dòng)語態(tài)相對(duì)較少（41.64％）,，而國外期刊目前用主動(dòng)語態(tài)占主導(dǎo)（61.47％），被動(dòng)語態(tài)較少（38.53％）,。由此可見,，在語態(tài)方面，國內(nèi),、外期刊英文摘要相差較大,。目前，國內(nèi)醫(yī)藥學(xué)期刊中的摘要中仍多使用第三人稱,、被動(dòng)語態(tài),，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是可以省略施動(dòng)者，把重要的部分放在主語的位置上顯示出來,，表達(dá)的內(nèi)容顯得更加客觀,。采用何種語態(tài)，要根據(jù)所投雜志的要求和習(xí)慣確定,。

摘要常用的句型

• 目的部分常用的句型

單表目的

Toevaluate/determine/study/analyze/confirm/optimize/detect

例如：To evaluate theefficacy and safety of high dose Levofloxacin injection for lower respiratorytract infections in elderly patients,。

背景加目的

例如：The role ofomeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistanceon treatment outcome are not established。

又如：This studyinvestigated the role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pyloriresistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance,。

• 方法部分常用的句型

時(shí)間的表達(dá)

During/over thepast 10 years

During/over/in aten year period

During the period 1988～1992

In the 1988～1992 period

…for a period of 6 to 25 years

Between …to …

From … to…

例如：The records of allpatients during the period 1969-1978 withan operative diagnosis of gastric carcinoma for benign disease were reviewed,。

研究對(duì)象的選擇、分組及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

（1）納入研究：

…were entered into/enrolled in/selected（randomly）…

…selection was based on…

…were selected based on…

…were selected randomly from…

…the major criteria for inclusion in the study were…

…were considered ineligible for…

…inclusion/entry criteria consisted of/were（入選的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是）…

例如：A total of 169 patients were included in the study,，83 of whom received Letrozde（來曲唑）2.5mg q.d for at least two months,，while another 86 received placebo.

（2）排除或退出研究：

…were excluded from participation…

…withdrew from the study due to/because to…

…were excluded from the study…

例如：Patients with significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded。

（3）研究對(duì)象的分組：

……were dividedinto/classified/grouped/stratified/allocated/ assigned into/to（被分成）…

……were divided randomly/randomized into…

…… were divided equally into…

例如：Rats were divided into three groups,，namely group 1,，control（n＝10）；Group 2,，CCl4 induced cirrhosis group（n＝ 20）；and Group 3,，Vitamin E treatedcirrhosis group（n＝20）.

又如：Twelve Chinese mini- swine weighing 15～20 kg,，including 4 females and 8 males，were divided into 2 groups,，6 in each group,。

材料來源

…was provided by…

…was purchased from（購自）…

…was obtained from…

…using Osteo Analyzers（Simens- Osteorn，Wahiwas,，Hawaii）（用骨分析器（由夏威夷西門子奧斯汀公司生產(chǎn)）…

例如：New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.2～2.7 kg each were purchased from SLC Inc.（Hanamatsu,，Japan）.

實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物處置

…was bred/fed in…

…was fasted/starved 12 hours before operation…

…white rabbits weighing between…and…were used…

…was killed by decapitation/cervical dislocation / exsanguinations（被斷頭/放血/處死）…

…was anesthetized with…

例如：The control groups were fed with normal diet（Ca ∶P＝1 ∶0.7）,，while theexperimental groups were fed with high phosphate diet（Ca ∶P＝1 ∶7）.

又如：The pregnant Wistar rats（GD 21）were anesthetized withhalothane and laparotomy was performed to set up an animal model。

借鑒他人實(shí)驗(yàn)方法

…was isolated by the procedure of…

…was prepared according to the methods described by…

…was carried out as previously described…

…was separated by the technique previously…

…was done with a modified method of…

…was determined/measured by/with…

例如：MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method outlined by the Clinical and Laboratory StandardsInstitute（formerly the National Committee for Clinical LaboratoryStandards）,。

年齡與性別

（1）某一年齡：如一個(gè)15歲患者：

…a 15- year- old patient/a patient aged 15（years）/a patient at 15 years of age/a patient at the age of 15 years（old）…

（2）在某年齡范圍內(nèi)及平均年齡：

Patients range in age from …to…

…with a mean of（50 years）…

（3）在某一年齡以上或以下：

Patients more/older than 50 years…

Patients under/before/below/after/less than 50 years…

（4）性別：

…twelve patients（7 male and 5 female）…

The male- to- female ratio was 1 ∶4

…with female- male ratio of 2 ∶1

診斷與治療

（1）診斷：

…be diagnosed as having…

…be diagnosed as …by …/with …be suspected as…

…was diagnosed as/by/with/ according to/on the basis of…

…was misdiagnosed as/was mistaken as（for）…

…was suspected as/of having…/ to be…

（2）治療：

…be treated with…（aloneor in combination with …）…

…be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis…

例如：The patients inthe control group were treated with

conventionaltherapy alone,，while the trial group were treated

with conventionaltherapy in combination with radiotherapy。

 結(jié)果部分的常用句型

結(jié)果表明

The resultsshowed/ suggested/ indicated / revealed/ documented/ demonstrated that …

…We found that…

…was/were found to/that…

例如：The results showedthat high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percentsensitive,，56 percentspecific and 63 percent accurate.

與…有關(guān)

…was correlated/associated/related to/with…

There was arelationship/correlation/ association between A and B

例如：The analysisshowed that this disease was associated with age,，systolic blood pressure，body mass index.

又如：In this groupthere was an inverse relationship between the time to proteinuria andglycosylated haemoglobin,。

增加或減少的表述,。

…increase/ rise/ elevate/ raise/ decrease/ reduce/ fall/drop/ decline/lower by（增加或減少了）or to（增加到或減少到）…

例如：Activity of normalmyocardium declined further by 63％ from 30 to 240 minof reperfusion，while activity in the transiently ischemic myocardiumdecreased by 15.5％.

…increase/ rise/ elevate/ raise/ decrease/ reduce/ fall/drop/

decline/lower from…to …（從…增加到…）

又如：In one women,，serum prolactinlevel fell from baseline of 2.7 ng·mL－1 to 440 ng·mL－1.

倍數(shù)比較的表述

增加3倍：

…increase by 3 fold（times）…

…a 3- fold increase…

A 是B的3倍：

A is 3 fold（times）as…as B

A is 3 fold（times）B

例如：After treatment,，plasma levels ofLDL cholesterol were significantly reduced from 197 to 149·dL.

比較與對(duì)比

…was equal to（等于）…

…of A was similar/analogous to that/those of B（A與B相似）

…was compared to/with（與……比較）…

…was consistent/comparable with…

…in contrast/on the contrary/whereas（對(duì)照/相反/而）…

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的區(qū)別

There was/issignificant difference in…between A and B

The difference in …between A and Bwas/is significant

A was/issignificantly different from B in …

No significantdifference was found / observed / noted in …between A and B

例如：No significantdifference was noted in total effective rate between Group A and Group B.

結(jié)論部分常用句型

結(jié)果提示

These resultssuggest that…

These results aresuggestive of…

例如：These resultssuggest that by combining mesenchymal stem cells（間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞）with anappropriate delivery vehicle，it may be possibleto offer patients new therapeutic options,。

結(jié)果支持或反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)

These resultssupport the idea that…

These results failto support the idea that…

These results donot support the idea that …

例如：These results donot support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterolconcentration cause mood disturbance,。

表示觀點(diǎn)的確定或不確定性

There is noevidence that…

It islikely/unlikely that …

例如：There is noevidence that NIDDM（non- insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus）produce any changein bone metabolism or mass。

具有…意義

…be of great （some/little/no） clinical significance in…

…be of great/some/little/no clinical significance in …

…be of great/little/no/ limited use/ application/value in …

例如：The detection of p53 geneis of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis,。

分析（可能的）原因

…may be caused/explained by…

…may lead to/result in/account for/be the cause/result of…

…be responsible for…

…be due to…

…contribute to…

…give rise to…

例如：These findingssuggest that the initial corneal response to orthokeratology（矯正角膜學(xué)）may be explainedby redistribution of corneal tissue,。

前瞻性說明

…remain to be further studied…

…It is remains to be proved that …

例如：However，the relation ofinsulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.

 結(jié)語

以上介紹醫(yī)藥學(xué)論文英文摘要的結(jié)構(gòu),、時(shí)態(tài),、語態(tài)并總結(jié)了摘要各部分常用的句型，希望對(duì)醫(yī)藥學(xué)工作者的英文摘要撰寫有一定的指導(dǎo)作用,。當(dāng)然,，要寫好英文摘要，還需要多讀原版的英文雜志,，在實(shí)踐中不斷積累提高,。 

田俊英

講堂講者：田俊英，出生于1971年,， 民族：漢,，碩士，副教授,，研究方向： 專門用途英語研究 (ESP),，醫(yī)學(xué)英語閱讀、詞匯,、寫作及翻譯,。

1、主要學(xué)習(xí)及工作簡(jiǎn)歷

1997.09-1999.07：四川外語學(xué)院（英語本科）

2001.09-2004.07：重慶大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院（碩士）,。研究方向： 專門用途英語研究 (ESP)

2013.03-2013.09 英國阿伯丁訪學(xué)

2004.07-至今  重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)英語教研室(副教授)

2,、 教學(xué)工作量：承擔(dān)各個(gè)層次學(xué)生醫(yī)學(xué)英語教學(xué),，科目包括“醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)閱讀”“醫(yī)學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)”“醫(yī)學(xué)英語”“醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作”及“大學(xué)英語”等課程。

3,、教學(xué)獲獎(jiǎng)情況：2008年作為第二作者與王燕（醫(yī)學(xué)英語教研室主任）一同獲得教學(xué)成果獎(jiǎng),。

4、主要論文：發(fā)表科研教學(xué)論文20余篇,，其中3篇為中文核心論文,。

5、課題：科研課題三項(xiàng),，其中本人主持校級(jí)課題一項(xiàng),，院級(jí)課題一項(xiàng)，另外還作為第二主持人參加1項(xiàng)教學(xué)改革研究課題,。

6,、參編教材：作為副主編正在編寫人民衛(wèi)生出版社臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)“5+3”整合課程系列教材之“醫(yī)學(xué)英語教程”；參編醫(yī)學(xué)教研室王燕主辦的“醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯與寫作教程”一書（本人編寫部分大約有5萬字左右）,，該書已公開出版發(fā)行,。

7、論文指導(dǎo)：指導(dǎo)英語專業(yè)及二學(xué)位學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文,，多人畢業(yè)論文被評(píng)為優(yōu)秀,。

8、 翻譯經(jīng)歷：擔(dān)任《中國藥房》及《中國醫(yī)院用藥評(píng)價(jià)與分析》英文編輯十余年,。