⑦利尿劑應(yīng)用是轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)期間尿量少的“殺手锏” 心臟手術(shù)期間心肺轉(zhuǎn)流(CPB) 可以造成急性腎功能衰竭是眾說周知的事實(shí),所以心臟手術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)期間外科醫(yī)生和灌注師會(huì)經(jīng)常特別關(guān)注患者是否有尿,。雖然尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)明確證據(jù)表明尿量不足患者術(shù)后發(fā)生腎功能衰竭幾率增高,,但許多外科醫(yī)生卻主張術(shù)中給速尿,而此治療方案除了增加患者尿量,,是否改善腎功能卻不得而知(25),。造成心臟手術(shù)后急性腎衰的因素是多方面的 (26,27) 獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素包括:老齡,,糖尿病,,吸煙,基礎(chǔ)腎功能不全,,大量輸血,,轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)時(shí)間長,應(yīng)用大劑量血管活性藥物維持血壓,,術(shù)中和術(shù)后應(yīng)用利尿劑以及術(shù)后心律失常增加的患者,。 盡管心臟手術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)時(shí)應(yīng)用速尿已經(jīng)被文獻(xiàn)證實(shí)與腎功能衰竭發(fā)生機(jī)率增加有關(guān),但是國內(nèi)一些心臟外科醫(yī)生仍然不愿放棄這一傳統(tǒng)的治療觀念(28,,29). 不知是傳統(tǒng)理念的根深蒂固,,還是畏懼嘗試新的治療方案。 由于心肺轉(zhuǎn)流產(chǎn)生的炎性反應(yīng)可致多臟器損傷和組織水腫,,因此很多醫(yī)療中心采納心臟手術(shù)脫機(jī)后的超濾治療,,且獲得了有利于多器官功能改善的療效 (30-32)。 (27) Renal Failure, 2008; 30:155–160 ⑧心血管活性藥物的選擇和劑量 規(guī)范化麻醉管理應(yīng)當(dāng)是遵循有理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)的臨床實(shí)踐,,不斷完善和改良術(shù)中麻醉管理模式,。 但是試圖推翻或取締傳統(tǒng)的治療方案和措施也是非常不易的,就像要做一個(gè)“大手術(shù)”一樣痛苦,。雖然有文獻(xiàn)對(duì)多巴胺在心臟手術(shù)和非心臟手術(shù)中改善重要臟器的灌注方面產(chǎn)生眾多質(zhì)疑(33,,34),,還有文獻(xiàn)證實(shí)多巴胺不僅無益,且危害很大(35),。而早在十多年前,, Holmes 和 Walley醫(yī)生就認(rèn)為常規(guī)應(yīng)用小劑量多巴胺是很不好的臨床實(shí)踐 (36),在這篇文章中,, 作者用大量事實(shí)羅列了九個(gè)多巴胺給重癥患者治療帶來危害的原因,。 甚至有文獻(xiàn)總結(jié),應(yīng)用多巴胺所引起的心律失常和死亡發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)比應(yīng)用去甲腎上腺素高 (37-39), 然而遺憾的是,,最近在微信群里做了一個(gè)不完整的調(diào)查,,國內(nèi)很多家醫(yī)院仍然以多巴胺為首選血管活性藥。小劑量多巴胺通過擴(kuò)張腎動(dòng)脈保護(hù)腎功能的藥理作用在心臟外科醫(yī)生,, 重癥監(jiān)護(hù)醫(yī)生和麻醉醫(yī)生的思維里是“攻不克破”的真理,。國內(nèi)心臟外科及麻醉領(lǐng)域同行不愿改變選擇其他血管活性藥的原因仍然不很清楚。而心臟手術(shù)后無論心臟功能如何,,常規(guī)應(yīng)用中大劑量血管活性藥支持心功能的理念也許對(duì)患者有害而無益 (40,,41)。心臟手術(shù)脫機(jī)以后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的因素諸多,。 也可歸納為三個(gè)基本參數(shù): 循環(huán)容量不足,, 心臟泵功能差或外周血管阻力低, 但對(duì)于剛剛經(jīng)歷過缺血再灌注的心臟來說,,一意孤行增加血管活性藥所獲療效僅僅是“暫時(shí)”的,,就像一輛超負(fù)荷的馬車,“快馬加鞭”則終究無濟(jì)于事,。相反我們需要的是時(shí)間和耐心, 通過調(diào)節(jié)上述三個(gè)參數(shù)的平衡,,恢復(fù)心血管系統(tǒng)生理功能狀態(tài),最終讓患者機(jī)體逐漸適應(yīng)手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷的改變,。而不應(yīng)該用超乎尋常劑量的心血管活性藥去片面追求監(jiān)測儀器上的血壓變化,。(Patience for our patients) (36) Chest 2003;123:1266-1257 In addition to the lack of renal efficacy, the evidence demonstrated that low-dose dopamine administration worsens splanchnic oxygenation, impairs GI function, impairs the endocrine and immunologic systems, and blunts ventilatory drive. There is no justification for the use of low-dose dopamine administration in the critically ill. (38) Ann Emerg Med. 2012 60:372-3 TAKE-HOME MESSAGE Dopamine administration is associated with a higher incidence of arrhythmias and increased risk of death compared with norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock. (41) Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1098-108 ⑨重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房的管理模式 希望心臟手術(shù)有良好的預(yù)后是醫(yī)生和患者的共同目標(biāo),。 它不僅取決于外科手術(shù)效果,,還與術(shù)中麻醉管理質(zhì)量以及術(shù)后管理是否完善有關(guān)。 在此進(jìn)修的醫(yī)生也驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)國外麻醉醫(yī)生更體現(xiàn)了向圍術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)職責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)變的事實(shí),。 即使患者在麻醉門診做過術(shù)前評(píng)估,, 心胸麻醉主治醫(yī)生術(shù)前必定和患者及其家屬會(huì)有全方面的病情及手術(shù)麻醉方案的討論,借此機(jī)會(huì)不僅構(gòu)建良好的醫(yī)患關(guān)系,,還可用麻醉醫(yī)生的自信解除患者的憂慮,。 手術(shù)結(jié)束后, 麻醉醫(yī)生團(tuán)隊(duì)要與重癥監(jiān)護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)(醫(yī)生和護(hù)士) 緊密交流溝通所有重要的患者病情相關(guān)信息,。有關(guān)流程必須遵守(Protocol for transfer of care),。 但這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)往往被國內(nèi)醫(yī)生忽視,, 認(rèn)為這個(gè)過程對(duì)常規(guī)的心臟手術(shù)是“無關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)”。 國內(nèi)主治醫(yī)生常常不跟隨每個(gè)患者去重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房,。 不幸的是我們有時(shí)可能低估了心臟手術(shù)患者術(shù)后瞬息萬變的病情,。 提高心臟手術(shù)預(yù)后效果,沒有任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是“無關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)”,。 術(shù)后的定期隨訪也應(yīng)列為心臟麻醉醫(yī)生圍術(shù)期麻醉管理不可缺少的一部分。 只有通過隨訪才能掌握患者的預(yù)后情況,,手術(shù)的效果以及麻醉的質(zhì)量,,從而考慮必要的改進(jìn)措施?;颊咚腿胫匕Y監(jiān)護(hù)與麻醉醫(yī)生無責(zé)的觀念應(yīng)該是時(shí)代的過去,。快通道心胸麻醉的理念已經(jīng)推廣多年,。但是心臟術(shù)后是否可以快通道恢復(fù)與很多因素有關(guān),。其中心胸麻醉規(guī)范化管理起至關(guān)重要的作用。 國內(nèi)有些學(xué)者為了安全或方便,,患者至少術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣1-2天,。 而美國受心胸外科協(xié)會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)庫作為評(píng)判患者預(yù)后的其中一個(gè)影響指標(biāo)(STS database)。 都是盡量個(gè)體化評(píng)估患者是否滿足拔管標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,鼓勵(lì)及早拔管和早期下床活動(dòng),,以減少肺部并發(fā)癥。我們醫(yī)院和美國許多心臟中心相比術(shù)后重癥恢復(fù)仍存在差距,,排除簡單的心臟手術(shù)實(shí)施快通道恢復(fù)以外,,平均術(shù)后6-12 小時(shí)拔管。 24小時(shí)以內(nèi)下床活動(dòng),。 ⑩疑難和死亡病例的分析 心臟手術(shù)或麻醉發(fā)生意外在所難免,。人非圣賢,孰能無過,。心臟手術(shù)意外的出現(xiàn)是任何醫(yī)務(wù)人員都不愿意接受的事實(shí),。有時(shí)是人為因素,有時(shí)是系統(tǒng)誤差,,還有的則是患者病情復(fù)雜,,盡管醫(yī)療團(tuán)隊(duì)付出了極大的努力仍然無回天之術(shù)。 美國大多數(shù)醫(yī)療中心都會(huì)定期進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)性的圍術(shù)期病例死亡率和并發(fā)癥的討論 (Morbidity and mortality conference),。對(duì)于更為嚴(yán)重的圍術(shù)期意外,,甚至是撲朔迷離的事件,醫(yī)院會(huì)有專業(yè)部門人員協(xié)調(diào)組織所有手術(shù)室相關(guān)人員進(jìn)行追根尋源討論(Root cause analysis conference),。無論是死亡率和并發(fā)癥的討論,,還是追根尋源討論,,都是對(duì)事不對(duì)人。 注重分析系統(tǒng)和手術(shù)過程細(xì)節(jié)以及圍術(shù)期可能引發(fā)事故的危險(xiǎn)因素和造成“惡果”的根源,。 確認(rèn)哪些步驟的改變可以避免類似事件的再次發(fā)生,。 找出更有效的安全措施。 外科醫(yī)生,,麻醉醫(yī)生,, 灌注師和器械及巡回護(hù)士集體參與患者死亡率和并發(fā)癥的討論,不僅可有效發(fā)現(xiàn)意外原因,,還可通過互補(bǔ)信息促進(jìn)手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)用相同“語言”交流,。 這也是醫(yī)院始終貫徹患者安全質(zhì)量控制宗旨的一部分。我們醫(yī)院仍在不懈的努力希望在醫(yī)護(hù)人員當(dāng)中建立以患者為中心的醫(yī)院文化,,不斷強(qiáng)調(diào)安全理念,,而且鼓勵(lì)所有醫(yī)務(wù)人員都有權(quán)力和義務(wù)對(duì)于不良事件或醫(yī)療環(huán)節(jié)中的隱患(Near miss) 主動(dòng)上報(bào) ,(Patient safety report PSR),。盡管術(shù)中的誤差不可能完全避免,,但是通過這些開放的,透明的,,非追究責(zé)任的討論,。 不僅加強(qiáng)了所有醫(yī)務(wù)人員的圍術(shù)期安全意識(shí),而且鼓勵(lì)醫(yī)務(wù)人員樹立主人翁精神,。只有建立這樣一個(gè)文化氛圍,,才能將手術(shù)意外事件降到最低(42)。 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在美國所有醫(yī)療中心所做的這一切包括 RCA conference 都是受法律保護(hù)的,,當(dāng)事人可以暢所欲言,,毫無顧慮地討論事件的經(jīng)過和看法。特別是無論人員等級(jí)高低,、職務(wù)大小都會(huì)尊重所有醫(yī)務(wù)人員提供的相關(guān)信息,。但對(duì)反復(fù)無視安全理念,多次“事故”的醫(yī)生,,醫(yī)院會(huì)追究其醫(yī)療責(zé)任,,當(dāng)事人也會(huì)受到州政府醫(yī)療管理部門的行政處罰或吊銷執(zhí)照。 然而在國內(nèi)目前的醫(yī)療體制和醫(yī)療環(huán)境下,。建立上述體系不僅需要醫(yī)療法律的保護(hù),,醫(yī)療制度的改革,醫(yī)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的支持,,還需要醫(yī)務(wù)人員小心謹(jǐn)慎堅(jiān)持不懈的努力和介入,。 (42) Circulation 2013; 128:1139-1169 心臟手術(shù)是錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的, 咋看有盤根錯(cuò)節(jié)的步驟和許多“無關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)”。沒有明確的套路和軌跡可循,。 就像早晨上班遇到?jīng)]有引導(dǎo)的交通堵塞,,有些人僥幸走了捷徑,有些人花很多時(shí)間繞道走了彎路,,但也有少數(shù)人“不幸”遭遇了交通事故,。 如果我們有章可循,且醫(yī)護(hù)人員人人遵守圍術(shù)期的“交通條例和法規(guī)”,,那么“不幸的交通事故”發(fā)生率就可降至最低,。希望“紅色”警示的昨天,在不久的將來變?yōu)?/span>“綠色”暢通的明天,。 要實(shí)現(xiàn)心臟麻醉規(guī)范化管理的目標(biāo),,我們必須從點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴的“無關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)”做起。 1)Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR et al Safe Surgery saves lives Study Group A surgical safety checklist to reduced morbidity and mortality in a global population N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:491-9 2) Tillman M, Wehbe-Janek H, Hodges B et al Surgical care improvement project and surgical site infections: can integration in the surgical safety checklist improve quality performance and clinical outcomes. journal of surgical research 2013; 184:150-156 3) Wagner CE, Bick JS, Johnson D et al Etomidate use and postoperative outcomes among cardiac surgery patients. 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