|
語氣就是我們常說的說話人說話的口氣,。在漢語中，語氣是由說話人說話的語調(diào),，情節(jié)等等表現(xiàn) 出來的,，動詞不變。而在英語中,，除了語調(diào)之外,，最主要的是動詞發(fā)生變化而表示不同的語氣。 在英語中語氣分類為三類：陳述語氣,，祈使語氣和虛擬語氣,。 陳述語氣: 我們把一句話作為對情況的敘述或詢問說出來， 就用陳述語氣,，用于陳述句,，疑問句和感嘆句。 祈使語氣： 我提出勸告,，請求,，命令等時，要用于祈使語氣,。 1. Don’t run,！ 別跑！ 2. Let’s not talk about it now. 咱們現(xiàn)在不談?wù)撍?br> 虛擬語氣： 如果我們所說的不是事實,，也不是要求命令,，勸告等。而上一種假設(shè),，愿望,，建議或是一種難以實現(xiàn)的空想，就用虛擬語氣,。 虛擬語氣可用于條件句和其他一些從句中,。 一．用于條件句中。 條件句可分兩種： 一種是真實條件句,， 另一種是非真實條件句,。只有在非真實條件句中才用虛擬語氣， 在真實條件句中,，要用陳述語氣,。 例如： 1、真實條件狀語從句與非真實條件狀語從句 If you don’t hurry up, you will be late for class. 如果你不快點,，你將會遲到的,。( 真實條件狀語)（不是虛擬語氣） If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你,，我馬上就會去。 （非真實條件狀語從句） If there were no air, people would die. 如果沒有空氣,，人就會死亡,。（非真實條件狀語從句） 2、用法及動詞形式 從句 主句 與過去事實相反 if+主語+過去時+其他 主語+should/would/could/might+do+其他 與現(xiàn)在事實相反 if+主語+had done +其他 主語+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 與將來事實相反 ① if+主語+did/should/were to do ?、?if+主語+did/be(were) sth ?、踚f+主語+should do 主語+should/would/could/might+do+其他 1、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況： 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你,，我會帶把傘,。（事實：我不可能是你） 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的電話號碼，我就會告訴你,。（事實：不知道） 3．.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我?guī)уX了，我就會借給你些,。（事實：沒帶錢） 4．.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些,，就能通過考試了。（事實：學(xué)習(xí)不用功） 2,、表示與過去事實相反的情況 1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那兒,，我就會見到她。（事實：去晚了） 2. If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他聽我的勸告的話,，就不會犯這樣的錯誤了,。（事實：沒有聽我的話） 3、表示對將來情況的主觀推測 1. If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天來這兒的話,，我就跟他談?wù)劇?（事實：來的可能性很?。?br> 2. If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我們就不能去滑冰了,。（事實：不知能否下雪） 3. If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一來這兒的話,，我就會告訴她這件事的始末。 4,、 錯綜時間條件句 有時,，虛擬條件句中，結(jié)果主句和條件從句的謂語動作若不是同時發(fā)生時,，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,。 ①從句的動作與過去事實相反,，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實不符,。 如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會成為一個工程師了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話,，我們現(xiàn)在就不會來這里了,。 ?、趶木涞膭幼髋c現(xiàn)在事實相反，而主句的動作與過去事實不符,。 如： If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話,，我們會已經(jīng)派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認(rèn)識她的話,，他肯定會去問候她了,。 ③ 從句的動作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反,，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反,。 如： If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊家會長得更好,。 If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的話,，他現(xiàn)在已進(jìn)了辦公室了。 5,、虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were, should, had時,，if可以省略，這時,，條件中的從句要用倒裝語序,，即將were, should, had等詞置于句首，這種多用于書面語,。 如： Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答應(yīng)去的話,，我們就派他去。 （If she should agree to go there,……） Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話,，她會同意我們的,。(If she were here,) Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些電腦知識的話，我們會已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了,。 (If he had learnt about computers,) 6,、含蓄條件句 1, 非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表達(dá)出來，只暗含在副詞,、介詞短語,、分詞短語、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示出來,，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句,，在多數(shù)情況下，條件會暗含在短語中,，如without, but for···等 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo),，我不會取得如此大的進(jìn)步。（If you had not instructed me,） Having known in time, we could have stopped it. 如果我們及時知道的話,，我們可能會阻止它,。（If we had known in time,） But for your help, I couldn’t have achieved anything. 要不是你的鼎力相助,，我不可能有所成就。 (If you had not helped me/If it had not been for your help,) 2,用相當(dāng)于if的其他連詞表示虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 在條件從句中除最常見的連詞if外,，還有下列連詞,。 otherwise 否則，不然 but for(that) 要不是 unless 除非 so long as 只要 in case 假如 on condition (that) 條件是…… suppose/supposing (that) 假如 provided/ providing (that) 如果 I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you. 上周我很忙,，否則我會去看你的,。（If I had not been busy last week, I would have come to see you.） But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的幫助，我們還會在工作呢,。 (If he had not helped me,) We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我們不知道他的電話號碼,，否則我們就會給他打電話。（If we had known his telephone number, we would have telephoned him.） 3, 通過上下文來表示虛擬,。這種情況下,，要加以分析。 I would have given you more money, but I was so poor then. 那時我應(yīng)該再多給你些錢,，可是我那時太窮了,。 （but引起的這一句子時在真實情況，不是虛擬,。這句話寫全應(yīng)該是 I would have given you more money, if I was rich then. But I was so poor then） 7、 有時,，虛擬條件句中,，主、從句可以省略其中的一個,，來表示說話人的一種強(qiáng)烈的感情,。 ①省略從句 He would have finished it. 他本該完成了,。（從句如If he had not been ill,） You could have passed this exam. 你應(yīng)該會通過這次考試了,。（從句如If you had reviewed well,） ②省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在家里該多好啊,。(主句如I could eat the delicious food my mother cooked.) If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了該多好啊,。(主句如 I would visit the Grate Wall.) 二． 虛擬語氣在一些從句中的用法。 1． 賓語從句中的虛擬,。 a． 一想要(desire)二寧愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建議(advise. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. desire.insist)中,，無論主句謂語動詞為何種時態(tài)，從句的謂語動詞都用：“should + 動詞原形”或只用“動詞原形” He proposes that we (should) work out a plan first. 他建議我們得先制定一個計劃,。 I suggest that we (should) visit that school. 我建議我們參觀那所學(xué)校,。 注： insist如果翻譯成堅持某種動作才用虛擬語氣翻譯成堅持某種觀點就不用虛擬語氣。 如：He insists he is a student. 他堅持說他是個學(xué)生,。 這個語句表示的是事實,，因此在這個語句中不能使用虛擬語氣,。 He insisted that they (should) show him their passports.他堅決要求他們向他出示護(hù)照。(虛擬語氣,，但他們沒有向他出示護(hù)照,。) 注意; insist on sth/ doing sth · She insisted on leaving at once.她堅持立刻就走。 suggest意為“建議”才用虛擬語氣,，意為“暗示”則不用虛擬語氣,。 如： His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含著他很擔(dān)心。 這個句子本身是事實,，因此它就沒有用到虛擬語氣,。 He suggested that she should leave the house at once. 他建議她立刻離開這房子。（虛擬語氣,，她事實上還沒有離開,。） 注意： suggest doing sth (不能跟不定式) He suggested going there at once. 他建議立即去那兒。 b,、虛擬語氣用在wish 后的賓語從句 a,、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，謂語動詞用過去式 I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那樣的頭腦,。(事實：我根本比不上你) b,、表示與過去事實相反的愿望，謂語動詞：had+done(動詞過去分詞） I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原來知道這件事的真相,。（事實：原來不知道） c,、表示將來難以實現(xiàn)的愿望 謂語動詞：should/would + 動詞原形 I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我還能有一次這樣的機(jī)會。（事實：很難再有這樣的機(jī)會了） (注：if only和as if/as though也有相同用法） C. 一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種愿望,，故使用虛擬語氣,。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： 表示所發(fā)生的時間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu) 過去 had + 過去分詞； 現(xiàn)在 過去時(be 用were ) 將來 過去時(be 用were ) I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影,。 (與過去事實相反) I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你現(xiàn)在這兒,。（與現(xiàn)在事實相反） We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我們倒想你明天去那兒。（與將來事實相反） 2． 主語從句中虛擬 表情緒.觀點的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣.如:necessary,、 important,、impossible、 natural,、 strange ,、surprising 、 funny ,、 right,、wrong. better、 a pity、a shame,、no wonder,、a honor等。 句型：It is.......that 結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句,，從句的謂語動詞都要用 should（可省略）+原型 或只用動詞原型,。 It is a pity that you should miss a good chance. 真遺憾， 你失去了這么好的機(jī)會,。 It is important that we should speak politely. 說話要有禮貌,，這是很重要的。 It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist. 沒有必要使每個人都成為科學(xué)家,。 3. 表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬,。 表語從句 用suggestion, proposal, order, insistence, plan, requirement, recommendation, idea等表示愿望，建議,，命令等情緒是,，用虛擬語氣，從句中用 should （可省略） +動詞原形,。 My suggestion is that we try it again. 我的建議是再試一次,。 Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我們唯一的請求就是盡快解決這個問題。 同位語從句 當(dāng)先行詞是以上詞表時,，愿望,，建議，命令,，決定等 從句用虛擬語氣,。 There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一種建議就是布朗應(yīng)該離隊。 注意： 當(dāng)先行詞是fact, news, idea, thought, reply, report, remark等名詞時,，通常使用直陳述語氣。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪兒聽說我不能來? The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stole. 那筆錢不見了并不意味著是被偷了,。 4．定語從句中的虛擬,。 It is /was time/high time/about time that +主句+過去式 /should+ 動詞原形 It is time we left. 我們該走了。 ?。x開的時間已經(jīng)超過了,，但是我們還沒走） It is time I was in bed, 我該睡了。(該是睡覺時間,，但是還沒睡) It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了,。 注意： It is time (for us) to leave. 我們該走了 （時間快到了，該走了） 5.虛擬語氣用于目的狀語中,。 在從屬連詞lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中,，可以使用助動詞should+動詞原形， 意為“為了不···，以免···,?！?表否定目的，這種虛擬語氣表“有疑問的動作”,。 I shall remind you, lest you should forget. 我將提醒你,， 以免你忘記。 I say all this, lest there be a misunderstanding. 我說所以這些,，以免產(chǎn)生誤解,。 6．虛擬語氣用于方式從句中。 在從屬連詞as if, as though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,，如果談?wù)摰氖遣豢赡芑虿徽鎸嵉那闆r時,， 它們所引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬性的比喻或方式的狀語從句要用虛擬語氣。從句的動詞形式和wish或if引導(dǎo)的從句中的動詞形式變化相同,。 He speaks English as if he were (was) an Englishman. 他說起英語來好像他是個英國人似的,。( 與現(xiàn)在事實相反) They talked about the city as if (though) they had been there them. 他們談?wù)撃亲鞘芯秃孟袼麄円郧罢嫒ミ^那兒似的。（與過去事實相反） He stood up as if (though) he would speak. 他站起來好像要發(fā)言似的,。（實際上他不可能發(fā)言,， 與將來事實相反） 注意： seem, appear是敘述事實或接近事實，要用陳述語氣,。 He appears (to be) drunk. 他好像喝醉了,。 He seems (to be) honest. 他好像很誠實。 7. 虛擬語氣用于讓步狀語從句中,。 a,、 在從屬連詞even if/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。如果談?wù)摰氖遣豢赡芑虿徽鎸嵉那闆r時,，要用從句用虛擬語氣,。從句的動詞形式和wish或if引導(dǎo)的從句中的動詞形式變化相同。 Even though he were here, he would not help us. 盡管他在這里,，他也不會幫助我們,。(與現(xiàn)在事實相反) I would have married her even if she had been penniless. 即使她那時一文不名，我也要娶她的,。 （與過去事實相反） Even if it did not rain tomorrow, I would not go to movies with you. 即使明天不下雨,，我也不會跟你一起去看電影。（與將來事實相反） Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦,。 （與現(xiàn)在事實相反） b,、 在whatever，whichever,，whenever,，whoever, wherever,，however, no matter wh-等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為： ① may +動詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,。 We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管發(fā)生什么事,，我們都要按時完成。 We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里,，我們都要找到他,。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會等他,。 ② may +完成式(指過去) ,，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。 You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步,，你也不能驕傲 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯過什么錯誤,，我們必須尊敬他。 三． 說話時,，為了表示客氣,、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌,，言語常使用虛擬語氣,， 其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)形式常為：would / could / might / should + 原形動詞。 如： Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把門關(guān)起來你介意嗎,？ You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把這個教訓(xùn)牢記于心,。 四． 表示“祝愿”時，常用“may + 主語+ 動詞原形+ 其他”,。 如： May you have a good journey! 祝你一路順風(fēng),。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永駐。 五．表示強(qiáng)烈的“愿望”,、“祝愿”時,，常用動詞原形。 如： Long live the Communist Party of China. 中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲,。 God bless us. 上帝保佑,。 六．習(xí)慣表達(dá)中常用的虛擬語氣。 (1) 提出請求或邀請,。 如： Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？ Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的單車嗎,？ (2) 陳述自己的觀點或看法,。 如： I should glad to meet you. 見到你我會很高興。 I would try my best to help you. 我會盡力幫助你,。 (3) 提出勸告或建議,。 如： You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先問一問你的父親。 You should make a full investigation of it first. 你應(yīng)該先全面調(diào)查一番。 (4) 提出問題,。 如： Do you think he could get here on time? 你認(rèn)為他能按時來嗎,？ Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他會告訴我們真相嗎？ (5) 表示對過去情況的責(zé)備時,，常用虛擬語氣,。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：“情態(tài)動詞 + have + 過去分詞”。 如： You should have got here earlier. 你應(yīng)該早就到這里了,。 You should have returned it to him. 你應(yīng)該把他還給他了,。 (6). Long live the People’s Republic of China! 中國萬歲！ God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你,！ God damn you! 該死的! Heaven forbid! 天理難容,！ |
|
|
