虛擬語氣
一,、考點(diǎn)聚焦 1,、虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句中 （1）表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“過去式（be動(dòng)詞的過去式用were）”,，而主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would / should/ could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形”,。如： If I were a boy, I would join the army. If she had time, she should go with you. （2）表示與過去的事實(shí)相反，條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí),，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞則用“would / should / might / could + have +過去分詞”,。如： If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition. (3)表示與將來事實(shí)相反，條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般過去時(shí)或should(were to) + 動(dòng)詞原形,，而主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞則用would / should/could might + 動(dòng)詞原形,。如: If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. （4）當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作相應(yīng)調(diào)整,。如： If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(從句說的是過去,，主句指的是現(xiàn)在) 以下表格是虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句中時(shí)，主句和從句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式：
有時(shí)侯在使用時(shí)可省略if,句子則可換成下列形式,，即“were / had / should +主語”,。如： Were I a boy, I would join the army. Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded. Were it not for the expense, I would go to 2、虛擬語氣用于名詞性從句 （1）虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用,。 ①“wish + 賓語從句”表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,，譯為“要是……就好了”等。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),；表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would/could + 動(dòng)詞原形”；表示過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“had + 過去分詞”或“could(should) + have + 過去分詞”,。如： I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. ②在表示建議、要求,、命令等的動(dòng)詞suggest,、advise、propose,、demand,、require、insist request,、command,、order等后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用should + 動(dòng)詞原形或是動(dòng)詞原形,。如： She suggested we (should)leave here at once. The doctor ordered she should be operated. （2）虛擬語氣在同位語從句和表語從句中的運(yùn)用,。 作表示建議、要求,、命令等的名詞advise,、idea、order,、demand、plan,、proposal,、suggestion、request等的表語從句和同位語從句,，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“（should） + 動(dòng)詞原形”,。如： His suggestion that we (should)go to My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars. （3）虛擬語氣在主語從句中的運(yùn)用,。 在主語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇,、不相信、理應(yīng)如此等,。如： It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless. It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 注意：這種從句表示的是事實(shí),。如果說人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語氣,。反之,，如果不表示驚奇等情感，that從句也可用陳述句語氣。如： It is pity that you can’t swim. 3,、虛擬語氣在其他場(chǎng)合的運(yùn)用 （1）虛擬語氣在as if/as though,、even if/even though等引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中，如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,，用過去完成時(shí),；指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用一般過去時(shí),；指將來狀況則用過去將來時(shí),。如： He did it as if he were an expert. Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem. （2）虛擬語氣用于定語從句中。 這種從句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中,，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用were)或should + 動(dòng)詞原形,，意思是“(現(xiàn)在)該……”。如： It’s time that I picked up my daughter. It’s high time we were going. （3）虛擬語氣用在if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,。如： If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice. （4）虛擬語氣在一些簡單句中的運(yùn)用,。 ①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說話人謙虛,、客氣,、有禮貌或語氣委婉，常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話中,。如： It would be better for you not to stay up too late. Would you be kind enough to close the door? ②用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中,。如： Would you like a cup of tea? I would rather not tell you. 二、精典名題導(dǎo)解 選擇填空 1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. (NMET 95) A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 解析：答案為C,。本題考查的是as if 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的語氣問題,，as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句如果與事實(shí)一致，不用虛擬語氣,，如果與事實(shí)相反,，應(yīng)用虛擬語氣。題中“當(dāng)鉛筆的一部分浸在水中,，鉛筆看上去好像斷了”,。而實(shí)際上鉛筆并未斷，與事實(shí)相反,，前半部分陳述是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),，因而本句是對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的虛擬，用were broken,。 2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94) A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come 解析：答案為D,。本題考查的是if條件句中的虛擬語氣。題意是：我在會(huì)議上沒看到你姐姐,，故你姐姐沒來,。因此如果“她來了”與事實(shí)相反，前面一句交代了虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)的虛擬，所以if從句中用had+過去分詞,。 3. —If he ___________, he ________that food. —Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93) A.was warned; would not take B.had been warned; would not have taken C.would be warned; had not taken D.would have been warned; had not taken 解析：答案為B,。本題考查的是條件狀語從句與主 虛擬語氣語法附帶練習(xí)題
虛擬語氣表示用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個(gè)條件,，不一定是事實(shí),，或與事實(shí)相反。 虛擬語氣的重點(diǎn)是：虛擬語氣的特殊形式,，即用來表示要求,、建議、命令,、提議,、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句,、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式,，含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣和表示愿望的虛擬形式等。 (一)虛擬語氣的常見句型 (1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣： A用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望時(shí),，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：過去式(be動(dòng)詞用were),。 B用wish表示對(duì)將來的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：would,could,might+動(dòng)詞原形,。 Cwish用于對(duì)過去的事實(shí)表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),，賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞形式為： had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞或could,would+have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。 (2)had hoped引起的賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：would+動(dòng)詞原形,，表示一種過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事,。 (3)would(had)rather,would as soon,would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時(shí)表示過去的情況,，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備,。例如： I'd rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒呆得太久,。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了,。 (4)It's (high,about) time that句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式,，即動(dòng)詞要用過去式,。 例如：It's very late.It's time we had to go.天太晚了，我們得走了,。 (二)特殊形式的虛擬語氣 (1)should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)中的that從句中,。 A用于表示意愿、建議,、命令,、提議、請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的that賓語從句中，例如： He ordered that parking be prohibited on 他下令在(交通)高峰期間禁止在大街上停車,。 Tom insisted that his Leadership be recognized by all the boys. 湯姆堅(jiān)持讓所有男孩接受他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),。 這類動(dòng)詞還有： ask要求advise建議arrange安排beg請(qǐng)求command命令decide決定demand要求desire渴望 determine決定insist堅(jiān)持intend打算maintain堅(jiān)持，主張move建議,，動(dòng)員propose提議object反對(duì)order命令prefer建議require需要request要求resolve下決心recommend推薦suggest建議stipulate約定,，規(guī)定urge強(qiáng)調(diào)，促進(jìn)vote公認(rèn),，提議decree頒布(法令) pray請(qǐng)求 B用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中,，例如： It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission. 拿出時(shí)間對(duì)阿波羅登月計(jì)劃的結(jié)果做詳細(xì)研究是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/SPAN> This is their resolution that extracurriculum activities be made part of their school life. 這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動(dòng)成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。 這類形容詞或分詞有： advisable合理的decided決定的crucial關(guān)鍵的appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?/SPAN>determined決定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential緊要的,，基本的complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的desirable合意的better較好的,，更好insistent堅(jiān)持的desired想要asked請(qǐng)求keen渴望的incredible難以置信的adamant堅(jiān)定不移的natural自然的insisted堅(jiān)持necessary必要的suggested建議urgent緊迫的ordered命令shocked震驚的vital極其重要的possible可能的strange奇怪的preferable好一點(diǎn)proposed提議requested要求的required要求的recommended推薦resolved決定的probable可能的pity可惜，憾事shame遺憾 C表示建議,、要求,、命令、請(qǐng)求等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)表語從句和同位語從句,，例如： The motion is that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record. 該提議要求把最后一個(gè)發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉,。 這類名詞常見的有： advice忠告decision決定demand要求desire要求、愿望insistence堅(jiān)持motion提議necessity必要性order命令preference偏愛,，選擇proposal提議pray懇求recommendation推薦request要求requirement要求resolution決心suggestion勸告,，忠告 (2)虛擬語氣用于as if(though)引起的方式狀語從句和表語 從句中，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同,。 例如：She often laughs spontaneously,and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑,，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣，常常流露出來,。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著,，就好像他們是多年的老朋友一樣。She looks as if she would cry.她看起來好像要哭了,。 (3)由連接詞in case,so that,unless,lost,for fear that引起的狀語從句中,，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might,would)+動(dòng)詞原形,， 例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.她在那個(gè)嬰兒的身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼,。 (三)含蓄虛擬條件句 含蓄虛擬條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件,。常用來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有： (1)介詞或介詞短語,，如but for,but that,without,in case of,under,under more favourable condition等。 (2)連詞,，如：so that,unless, in case,supposing,lest,provided(倘若……),，for fear that(惟恐),insgroupsthat,on condition that,if only(要是……就好了)等,。(注：lest,for fear that和in case引起的從句中謂語動(dòng)詞多用should+動(dòng)詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語氣,，而用動(dòng)詞的陳述語氣形式,。) 例如：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.這位外籍教師說得很慢以免我們聽不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur. 在使用此法時(shí)要小心謹(jǐn)慎,，以免會(huì)發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象,。 練習(xí)題，自測(cè)一下： 1. It's time that you _____ home and I'd rather you _______ again tomorrow. A. would go ; would come B. went ; came C. go ; are coming D. are going ; will come 2. He insisted that he ________ no help. A. would need B. needed C. need D. Needs 3. I really wish such a noise ________ soon. A. had stopped B. would stop C. stopped D. will stop 4. I ____ you a more valuable present for your birthday, but I was short of money at that time. A. much have bought B. had bought C. would have bought D. would buy 5. If she could sew, she _______ herself a shirt. A. had made B. will make C. would have made D. Made 6. _______ he come, the problem would be settled. A. Would B. Should C. Shall D. If 7. I _______ to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind. A. would have hoped B. was hoping C. had hoped D. Hoped 8. It's necessary that each child _________ the rules. A. must obey B. still obey C. obeys D. Obey 9. The officer gave the order that soldiers ______ to go out at night A. mustn't be allowed B. not be allowed C. be not allowed D. shouldn't allow 10. His silence at the meeting suggested that he ______ to your plan. A. shouldn't agree B. wouldn't agree C. hadn't agreed D. didn't agree 11. You ______ to the meeting yesterday . What was the reason for your absence? A. had come B. came C. would have come D. should have come 12. He ______ the job well, but he _________ so careless. A. hadn't done ; had been B. could have done ; was C. could do ; was D. had done ; had been 13. There was plenty of time, she _______ have hurried. A. wouldn't B. needn't C. couldn't D. mustn't 14. He didn't come yesterday, or you ________ him. A. had seen B. might have seen C. were to see D. would see 15. Li Ning acted that way as though he _________ a foreigner. A. were B. had been C. should be D. Is 16. "Have you visited the A. had B. did C. have D. Will 17. ______ he would have succeeded in the examinations. A. If he has worked hard B. If he works hard C. If he worked hard D. Had he worked hard 18. What would you do if the war ____________. A. would break out B. were to break out C. will break out D. is broken out 19. Our former maths teacher died of cancer last term, otherwise he _________ now. A. would still be working B. would still have worked C. should still work D. will still work 20. If it _______ so hard, we'd go to town. A. isn't going to rain B. doesn't C. weren't raining D. isn't raining 21. Without your help, I _______ the exam last term. A. failed in B. would have failed C. wouldn't pass D. would fail 22. But for the Party, he ______ of hunger 30 years ago. A. died B. would die C. must have died D. would have died 23. The doctor did everything he could so that he _________ save the soldier's life. A. might B. must C. had to D. was able to 參考答案 1-5 B B B C C 6-10 B A D B D 11-15 D B B B A 16-20 A D B A C 21-23 B D A 虛擬語氣練習(xí)題及解答
1. Mr Li required the computer equipment referred ________ used in every classroom. A. should be B. have to be C. to be D. to being 2. —Yang Liwei has won great honour for our country. —Who is Yang Liwei? —What a question! It is surprising ________ the first spaceman in A. you didn’t know our national hero B. to you not to know him C. you should know nothing about D. you knew nothing about him 3. —What courses are you going to do next term? —I don’t know. But it’s about time ________ on something. A. I’d decide B. I decided C. I decide D. I’m deciding 4. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ________ to its burning temperature. A. is heated B. will be heated C. would be heater D. be heated 5. Robert wishes that he ________ business instead of history when he was in university. A. studies B. studied C. has studied D. had studied 6. My demand is that the information referred to in my report ________ to Mr. Brown without delay. A. to be e-mailed B. e-mailed C. be e-mailed D. being e-mailed 7. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ________ to the meeting. A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come 8. Without electricity human life ________ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 9. If he had not gone out in the storm, he ________ alive now. A will be B. would be C. would have been D. is 10. If only I ________ how to operate an electronic computer as you do. A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew 11. But for the party, he ________ of hunger fifteen years ago. A. would have died B. would die C. must have died D. must die 12. I would have come earlier, but I ________ that you were waiting for me. A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know C. would have known D. haven’t known 13. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ________ two weeks to prepare for the exam. A. give B. should give C. be given D. would be given 14. Wang Ling, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he ________ an Englishman. A. were B. would be C. have been D. had been 15. We ________ our lives had it not been for the policeman. A. would have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. had lost 16. _______ more careful, his ship would not have sunk. A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been 17. Were it not for the snowy weather, we ________ all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be 18. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 19. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ________ a goal. A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored 20. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden! A. has B. had C. will have D. had had ◎答案解析◎ 1. C. 因?yàn)樵诒硎?/SPAN>“要求”的require, request, ask, demand等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句的謂語要用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”,，句中referred to是過去分詞短語,，作the computer equipment的定語，所以選C(from www.hxen.com),。 2. C. 因?yàn)樵?/SPAN>it is surprising后的that從句中,，謂語要用“should +動(dòng)詞原形”，其中should含“竟然”之意,，不可省略,。 3. B. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>It’s (high /about) time后面的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞通常用過去時(shí)態(tài)。 4. D. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>requirement后的表語從句的謂語要用“(should +)動(dòng)詞原形”,；material(材料)與heat(加熱)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，所以是be heated,。 5. D. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>wish后的賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式,，此題的study business是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，所以用had studied business(from www.hxen.com),。 6. C. 因?yàn)橹髡Z是demand時(shí),，其后的表語從句的謂語要用“(should +)動(dòng)詞原形”。 7. C. 因?yàn)榫渲?/SPAN>otherwise (否則)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況,，所以用would have done,。 8. D. 因?yàn)榻樵~短語without…表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況，所以用would be,。 9. B. 由had not gone可知,，條件句是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，而now提示我們,，主句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況,，所以用would be。 10. D. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>if only (要是…就要了) 其后的句子要用過去式表示虛擬語氣,，由as you do可知,，是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,，所以選knew,。 11. A. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>but for (要不是因?yàn)?、如果沒有) 通常要與虛擬語氣連用，由fifteen years ago可知,，這是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況,，所以選would have died(from www.hxen.com)。 12. A. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>would come earlier是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,，而后面分句表示的是事實(shí)：當(dāng)時(shí)我的確不知道…所以用一般過去時(shí),，選A。 13. C. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>that從句是suggestion的同位語,，應(yīng)當(dāng)用“(should+) 動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語氣,，又因the students與give是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選be given,。 14. A. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>Wang Ling是中國人的名字,，顯然不是英國人，所以as if從句的謂語要用與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況,，所以用were,。 15. A. 因?yàn)?/SPAN>had it not been for the policeman = if it had not been for the policeman (如果沒有警察) ，顯然是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況,，主句中的謂語應(yīng)是would have lost,。 16. B. 因?yàn)橛芍骶渲^語可判斷，表示的是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況,，所以虛擬條件句中的謂語應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí),，Had the captain been = If the captain had been。 17. A. 由于從句謂語為一般過去時(shí),，表示的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,，故主句謂語用過去將來時(shí)，表示,。Were it not for the snowy weather=If it were not for the snowy weather. 18. B,。這是個(gè)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句：主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，條件句與過去事實(shí)相反,。句意為“如果我不是在七歲時(shí)就迷上了Melinda Cox 圖書館,，我真不能想象我如今會(huì)在做什么”。 19. D,。本題考查目標(biāo)與1996上海同,。由otherwise和hesitated可知，這是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,，謂語動(dòng)詞用 would+ have+ 過去分詞構(gòu)成(from www.hxen.com),。 20. B。wish 后面賓語從句的謂語總是用過去時(shí)態(tài),。此題是表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望,，從句謂語用一般過去時(shí),。句意為“我多么希望每個(gè)家庭都有座有一個(gè)漂亮花園的大房子啊,！” |
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