1. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　【精譯】 有些哲學(xué)家爭(zhēng)辯道,，權(quán)利只存在在于社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與權(quán)益相交換的一部分,。

　　【精析】 Some philosophers argue是句子的主干,，賓語是一個(gè)從句,，主語是 rights ，介詞短語as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements是rights的后置定語,，因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)而后置,。邏輯順序是Some philosophers argue that rights as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements exist only within a social contract。

 　　【釋詞】 social contract意為“社會(huì)契約”,，也可譯為“民約論”或“社會(huì)契約論”,，指社會(huì)成員之間或政府與人民之間確定和限制各自權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。

　　duty意為“義務(wù),，職責(zé)”,，與obligation和responsibility同義。obligation通常指特定原因而產(chǎn)生的具體限制,，responsibility強(qiáng)調(diào)履行義務(wù),，duty指出于道德或倫理的考慮而受到的限制。

　　entitle的基本意思是“給……題名,給……稱號(hào);給予……權(quán)利; 使……有資格(做某事)”,。

　　I think she is entitled to praise.(我看她值得贊揚(yáng),。)

　　The book is entitled Natural Cancer Treatments.(這本書的名稱是《癌癥自然療法》。)

　　The civil servants in our country are entitled to free medical care.(我們國家的公務(wù)員享受免費(fèi)醫(yī)療,。)而entitlements意為“權(quán)利”,。

　2. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.

　　【精譯】這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒,，要么完全冷漠無情,。

　　【精析】主句是It leads the discussion to extremes，at the outset作時(shí)間狀語,。冒號(hào)后面的成分是對(duì)主句進(jìn)一步說明,，其賓語是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句，而在這個(gè)從句中,，either…or…是一個(gè)介詞短語,，作方式狀語。humans extend to other humans是定語從句,，修飾先行詞consideration,，因其在定語從句中承當(dāng)entend的賓語，故而省略了引導(dǎo)詞that或者which,。

　　【講詞】consideration意為“體諒,考慮;需要考慮的事項(xiàng)”,。Your proposal is under consideration.(你的提議正在考慮之中。)Face is a big consideration for Chinese.(中國人非常重面子,。)He showed no consideration for his wife.(他從不體諒他的妻子,。)

　　extend意為“給予，延伸;延長(zhǎng);擴(kuò)大;”。extend  .....to.