英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多,，要普遍,，許多課本乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。一般說(shuō)來(lái),，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,，不必說(shuō)出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，多用被動(dòng)式,。須注意的是,，許多地方與漢語(yǔ)不同。注意那些漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有"被……"的意思,，英語(yǔ)卻應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)態(tài),。還要注意，英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往由"by"引出,，而有用介詞"by"的短語(yǔ)往往又不是被動(dòng)態(tài),，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。還有些特殊現(xiàn)象，如：known to man(人類(lèi)......所知),，on foot步行(美國(guó)人有時(shí)用by foot),，in carraige(乘四輪馬車(chē))等等。還有假主動(dòng),，真被動(dòng)的十幾個(gè)常用詞的用法,，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等習(xí)慣用法。有關(guān)這類(lèi)情況,，做到心中有數(shù)對(duì)全面掌握被動(dòng)態(tài),，準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵，被動(dòng)態(tài)必須涉及的是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化的問(wèn)題,。英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)本來(lái)很復(fù)雜,，怎樣記住各自的被動(dòng)形式呢? 首先要明確"將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行 

同",。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)被動(dòng)形式,。 

另外，不及物動(dòng)詞帶有同源賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,，反身代詞的動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞都無(wú)被動(dòng)形式,。即便如此，還有不定式,，動(dòng)名詞,，分詞，以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))的被動(dòng)態(tài),，再加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,，助動(dòng)詞以及它們的疑問(wèn)式和否定式從中摻雜，真是令人頭痛,，眼花繚亂,。下面口訣就以動(dòng)詞do為例，即do did過(guò)去式done過(guò)去分詞,，以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài),，一定對(duì)你有所啟示。 

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)） 

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的主語(yǔ),，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的主語(yǔ)成為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。 

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的口訣 

一般現(xiàn),、過(guò)用be +PP（過(guò)去分詞）,，be有人稱(chēng)、時(shí),、數(shù)變,。 

完成時(shí)態(tài)have(has) done，被動(dòng)將been加中間。 

一般將來(lái)shall (will) do,，被動(dòng)變do為be done,。 

將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng)，shall (will) be doing, 

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行同,，have (has) been doing,。 

現(xiàn)、過(guò)進(jìn)行be doing, 被動(dòng)be加being done,。 

情,、助、有,、是妥安排,，一律隨新主語(yǔ)變。 

否定助后加not,，疑問(wèn)一助置主前,。 

主語(yǔ)恰是疑問(wèn)詞，直陳語(yǔ)序主在前,。 

一般情助加be done,，雙賓多將間賓變,。 

復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)賓變主,，賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)相應(yīng)變,。 

第二句"be有人稱(chēng),、時(shí)、數(shù)變"即be有人稱(chēng),、時(shí)態(tài)和單,、復(fù)數(shù)的變化。"情助"是指情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞must,，may,，can，shall,，will等一律隨新主語(yǔ)(多是主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ))來(lái)變化,。"疑問(wèn)一助置主前"是說(shuō)有兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的話(huà)，應(yīng)把主語(yǔ)放在第一助動(dòng)詞之后或把第一助動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前,。下面詳細(xì)舉例說(shuō)明之,。 

一般現(xiàn)、過(guò)用be done, be有人稱(chēng),、時(shí),、數(shù)變 

例：1、主動(dòng)：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome. 

被動(dòng)：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 

孩子們熱烈地歡迎外賓。 

2,、主動(dòng)：People regard him as brilliant. 

被動(dòng)：He is regarded as brilliant by people. 

人們認(rèn)為他很有才華,。 

以上兩例都是一般時(shí)態(tài)用be done的例子，be有人稱(chēng),、時(shí),、數(shù)變，第三人稱(chēng)foreign friends是復(fù)數(shù),，時(shí)態(tài)一般過(guò)去時(shí),，所以"be done"就是were given，而People regard him as brilliant一句,，被動(dòng)后的"be done"就變成單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)is regarded的形式了,。 

被動(dòng)： 

This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered即一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)) 

這篇講演是王的發(fā)言。 

There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured. 

邊境發(fā)生嚴(yán)重列車(chē)事故,，兩人死亡,，十二人受傷。 

A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不諱的人才是真正誠(chéng)實(shí)的人,。 

A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人給講演者遞上來(lái)一張紙條,。 

John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 喬治被選為班長(zhǎng)而代替了亨利。 

Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述為活的,，沉睡著的,，或者死的。 

The soldier was killed, but the train was saved. 這位戰(zhàn)士犧牲了,，然而列車(chē)得救了,。 

He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被認(rèn)為很聰明但不誠(chéng)實(shí)。（別人認(rèn)為他很聰明但不誠(chéng)實(shí)） 

The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美國(guó)的第一個(gè)動(dòng)物園是1874年建立的,。 

Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents. 

家庭被拆散,，妻兒被奪走。 

The information is urgently needed. 急需這個(gè)資料,。 

Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past. 多數(shù)環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題的存在,，是因?yàn)檫^(guò)去沒(méi)有采取適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)措施。 

完成時(shí)態(tài)have done,，被動(dòng)將been加中間,。 

(過(guò)去完成時(shí)had done也包括在內(nèi))。 

例：1,、主動(dòng)：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school. 

被動(dòng)：English has been studied for 3 by us years off and on at the spare-time school. (have隨新主語(yǔ)變?yōu)閔as) 

我們已經(jīng)在夜校里斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地學(xué)了三年英語(yǔ)了,。 

2、主動(dòng): They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year. 

被動(dòng): 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year. 

到去年年底我們已生產(chǎn)出一百臺(tái)拖拉機(jī),。 

3,、主動(dòng)：They have set up a power station in their home town. 

被動(dòng)：A power station has been set up in their home town. 

他們的家鄉(xiāng)建立了一座發(fā)電站,。 

4、主動(dòng)：They have warned us to be careful of rats. 

被動(dòng)：We have been warned to be careful of rats. 

他們已提醒我們要注意老鼠,。 

5,、主動(dòng)：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets. 

被動(dòng): Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets. 

人們把裝滿(mǎn)垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。 

6,、主動(dòng)：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity. 

被動(dòng)：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity. 

核能已用來(lái)發(fā)電,。 

7、主動(dòng)：No one has ever beaten him at tennis. 

被動(dòng)：He has never been beaten at tennis. 

就網(wǎng)球來(lái)說(shuō)還沒(méi)有人是他的對(duì)手,。 

(No one涉及到全否定和部分否定問(wèn)題,，見(jiàn)否定一講) 

The person who owns the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired. 

有槍的人會(huì)極力否認(rèn)他開(kāi)了槍。但是任何看到槍煙(槍冒的煙)的人都會(huì)知道剛才開(kāi)了槍,。 

Today is Cilia's wedding day, she has just been married to Danel. 

今天是西麗亞的新婚日,，她剛剛和丹尼爾結(jié)婚。 

The subjects of these lectures have been announced by the lecture committee. 

演講委員會(huì)已宣布了這些講演的題目,。 

過(guò)去完成時(shí)也是一樣： 

主動(dòng): Somebody had cleaned my shoes. 

被動(dòng): My shoes had been cleaned by somebody. 

有人早已把我的鞋子擦了,。 

When I returned I found that they had towed (toud) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that id was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign". 

被動(dòng)：my car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that ... it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign". 

當(dāng)我回來(lái)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車(chē)被弄走了,。我問(wèn)他們?yōu)樯哆@么于,。他們告訴我說(shuō)因?yàn)槲野衍?chē)于停在"禁止停車(chē)"的禁區(qū)。 

主動(dòng)：They had build three ships by last December. 

被動(dòng)： By last December three ships had been built by them. 

到去年年底他們已建造了三艘船,。 

Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created. 

合成材料造出之前,，研究工作集中在改進(jìn)天然建筑材料上。 

He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined. 

他并沒(méi)有說(shuō)那些鋼管都檢驗(yàn)過(guò)沒(méi)有,。 

After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials. 

塑料發(fā)明之后,，工程師們?cè)诓牧线x擇上有了更廣闊的途徑。 

一般將來(lái)shall (will) do,，被動(dòng)變do為be done 

即由shall do或will do變?yōu)閟hall done或will be done。 

例：主動(dòng): We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year. 

被動(dòng)：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year. 

過(guò)年我市將建立幾座大型現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)電廠,。 

(shall do中的shall要隨新主語(yǔ)變?yōu)閣ill, do為be done.) 

主動(dòng)：I shall send my second boy to school next September. 

被動(dòng)：My second boy will be sent to school next September. 

過(guò)年九月我將送我次子去讀書(shū),。 

主動(dòng)：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold. 

被動(dòng)：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold by cheaps and swindlers. 

"鉛磚"外面被設(shè)法騙錢(qián)的商人和騙子們鍍上一層金來(lái)做這樣的"金磚"。 

主動(dòng)：They will ask you a lot of strange questions. 

被動(dòng): You will be asked a lot of strange questions. 

他們將問(wèn)你許多怪題,。 

被動(dòng)句中的by引出的賓語(yǔ),，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，如果是人稱(chēng)代詞你,、我,、他等，均可省略,，someone no one不由by來(lái)引出,。如果是名詞不能省略,，但當(dāng)今英語(yǔ)也都可省略了。 

主動(dòng)：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future. 

被動(dòng)：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people. 

中國(guó)人民在將來(lái)將進(jìn)行更多的空間探索,。 

同樣 

After a period of use, the batteries should be changed. 電池使用一段時(shí)間后,，應(yīng)該更換。 

Usually, the electricity is on for 24 hours. But tomorrow it will be cut off in the day time. 通常是晝夜供電,，明天白天將停電,。 

More peaceful uses will be found for nuclear explosives in the future. 在將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的和平利用核爆炸的途徑。 

More hard work will be needed to make this wonder come true in a short time from now. 從現(xiàn)在起要使這些奇跡在短時(shí)間內(nèi)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)還需要做更多的艱苦工作,。 

make...come true 使……成為事實(shí); come true做賓補(bǔ)(見(jiàn)感使動(dòng)詞口訣),。 

The machine will not be used again. 這機(jī)器不能再用了。 

Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤氣嗎? 

但如果是一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)如何處理呢,？請(qǐng)記下面口訣： 

一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),，過(guò)去某時(shí)將發(fā)生。 

主動(dòng)should (would) do,，被動(dòng)be done代原形,。 

將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行同,。 

主動(dòng)：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time. 

被動(dòng)：...whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time. 

幾天前,，我們還不能肯定能否提前執(zhí)行新的計(jì)劃。 

主動(dòng)：I did not say that we would change the equipment. 

被動(dòng)：I did not say that the equipment would be changed. 

我并沒(méi)說(shuō)過(guò),，我們將換掉那臺(tái)設(shè)備,。 

主動(dòng)：My supervisor told me that he would give me a special tutorial a few days ago. 

被動(dòng)：My supervisor told me that a special tutorial would be given to me a few days ago. 

幾天前，我的導(dǎo)師說(shuō)他將對(duì)我進(jìn)行個(gè)別輔導(dǎo),。 

主動(dòng): I never thought that be would bring me the information so early. 

被動(dòng)：I never thought that the information would be brought to me so early. 

我決沒(méi)想到他那么早就會(huì)把資料帶給我,。 

將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng)，shall (will) be doing, 

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行同．have (has) been doing, 

即將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某個(gè)階段正在進(jìn)行'現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某-行為發(fā)生在過(guò)去．延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,，可能還要延續(xù)下去,。兩種時(shí)態(tài)則不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主要用法 

■當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),，這時(shí)往往不用by短語(yǔ)。

The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,，教室的前窗被打破了,。(不知誰(shuí)打破的) 

They have been poorly paid. 他們的工資太低。(沒(méi)必要指出工資是誰(shuí)付的) 

■突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,，用by短語(yǔ)。

The time-table has been changed. 時(shí)間表已變動(dòng)了,。(要突出的是“時(shí)間”) 

These books are written especially for children. 這些書(shū)是專(zhuān)門(mén)為孩子們寫(xiě)的,。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“”這些書(shū)) 

■為了使語(yǔ)言得體或圓滑等不愿意說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,。如：

You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 請(qǐng)您在下次會(huì)議上作個(gè)發(fā)言。

It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據(jù)說(shuō)她要嫁給一個(gè)外國(guó)人,。

■出于修辭的原因,，或是說(shuō)為了更好地安排句子。如：

It is generally considered impolite to ask one’s age, salary, marriage, etc. . 問(wèn)別人的年齡,、工資,、婚姻狀況等通常被認(rèn)為是不禮貌的。

The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 這個(gè)提議特別遭到了那些在本地區(qū)投資很大的人的反對(duì),。(因those的定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)了,，若用它作主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)就相距太遠(yuǎn)而顯得句子松散,。)英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾個(gè)重要考點(diǎn)

■將語(yǔ)態(tài)與主謂一致結(jié)合起來(lái)命題

1. All the employees except the manager ______to work online at home. 

A. encourages          B. encourage         C. is encouraged     D. are encouraged 

解析：主語(yǔ)是all the employees(復(fù)數(shù)) ,，而不是the manager，排除答案A和C,；又因all the employees與encourage是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，排除B,，故選D,。

2. A library with five thousand books _______to the nation as a gift. 

A. is offered            B. has offered          C. are offered        D. have offered

解析：a library是offer的承受者，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),，排除B和D,；又因主語(yǔ)(library) 是單數(shù)，排除C,；故選A,。注意：with five thousand books是a library是定語(yǔ)。

■將語(yǔ)態(tài)與虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)合起來(lái)命題

—Don’t you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York? 

— I agree, but the problem is ______ he has refused to. 

A. will not be sent; that                          B. not be sent; that

C. should not be sent; what                    D. should not send; what

解析：因he與send是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，排除D；又因it (is) necessary后的that從句的謂語(yǔ)要用“(should+) 動(dòng)詞原形”,，排除選項(xiàng)A,；答句中的表語(yǔ)從句不缺任何句子成分，用that,；故選B。

■將語(yǔ)態(tài)與倒裝結(jié)合起來(lái)命題

Only after my friend came ______. 

A. did the computer repaired                  B. be repaired the computer

C. was the computer repaired                 D. the computer was repaired

解析：因the computer與repair是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除A；又因only加狀語(yǔ)置于句首,，要用部分倒裝,，排除選項(xiàng)D和B；故選C,。

■將固定短語(yǔ)中的名詞作主語(yǔ)來(lái)增加句子理解難度

Good care must ______babies, particularly while they are ill. 

A. take                  B. take of               C. be taken             D. be taken of

解析：由固定短語(yǔ)take good care of(好好照看) 是可知,，good care與take是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，排除A和B,；選項(xiàng)C中又漏掉了of,；故選D。

■在語(yǔ)境中將語(yǔ)態(tài)與時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)合起來(lái)命題

1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______to eat more fruit and vegetables. 

A. persuade              B. will persuade      C. be persuaded      D. are persuaded

解析：因people與persuade是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，排除A和B,。又因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，條件句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),，所以選D,。

2. Hundreds of jobs ______if the factory closes. 

A. lose                     B. will be lost          C. are lost             D. will lost

解析：因lose與jobs是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除A和D,；又因條件狀語(yǔ)從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，故選B,。

3. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ______each year. 

A. were washed away                            B. is being washed away

C. are washing away                              D. are being washed away

解析：因good earth(沃土) 與wash away(沖走) 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，排除C；又因quantities of…作主語(yǔ),，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),，排除B；指近階段(近些年) 正在發(fā)生的事,，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),，排除A；故選D,。

4. —The window is dirty. —I know. It ______ for weeks 

A. hasn’t cleaned        B. didn’t clean       C. wasn’t cleaned       D. hasn’t been cleaned

解析：由is和for weeks可知,，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，排除B和C,；又因It (The window) 與clean是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，所以選D,。

5. —George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to the wedding? 

—No, I ______. Did they have a big wedding? 

A. was not invited                                 B. have not been invited     

C. hadn’t been invited                            D. didn’t invite

解析：因?yàn)镮與invite是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，又因?yàn)檠?qǐng)應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)生在結(jié)婚之前，got married是過(guò)去,，invite就該是過(guò)去的過(guò)去,，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只有C正確,。

6. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _____ by 2006. 

A. has been completed                         B. has completed

C. will have been completed                 D. will have completed 

解析：因“by+將來(lái)時(shí)間”通常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)連用,，所以由by 2006可排除A和B；又因?yàn)閣ork與complete是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，所以要被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),，只有C正確,。

7. Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may ______run over by a car. 

A. have                  B. get                  C. become                 D. turn

解析：you與run over是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)中只有g(shù)et才可與過(guò)去分詞run構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),，故選B,。

英語(yǔ)不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況歸納

■不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie, disappear, last等,。如：

After the fire, nothing remained. 那場(chǎng)大火之后,，什么也沒(méi)留下來(lái)了。

誤：After the fire, nothing was remained. 

■不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),，如：take place, break out, belong to等,。如： 

Great changes have taken place here since 1990. 自1990年以來(lái)這里發(fā)生了巨大的變化. 

誤：Great changes have been taken place here since 1990. 

■有的及物動(dòng)詞也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, have, wish, hold, own, lack, fit, resemble, jump, mind等,。如：

She entered the room just now. 他剛才進(jìn)過(guò)房間,。

誤：The room was entered by her just now. 

Tom jumped the queue. 湯姆插隊(duì)。

誤：The queue was jumped by Tom. 

■有些及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),，如agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, walk into, belong to等,。如：

I don’t agree with him. 我不同意他的看法。

誤：He isn’t agreed with by me. 

■賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞,、相互代詞,、同源賓語(yǔ)、不定式,、v-ing形式及抽象名詞等,，都不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句子的主語(yǔ)，如： 

I taught myself French. 我自學(xué)法語(yǔ),。

誤：Myself was taught French. 

They love each other. 他們相愛(ài),。

誤：Each other is loved.

We live a happy life. 我們過(guò)著幸福的生活。

誤：A happy is lived by us. 

She likes to swim. 她喜歡游泳,。

誤：To swim is liked by her. 

英語(yǔ)中什么情況下使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

我們?cè)谄匠５挠⒄Z(yǔ)交流中,，盡量使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但在下列情況下,，則通常使用使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

1. 不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí),，或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。如：

The glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了,。

Letters are collected at eight every morning. 信件每天早晨八點(diǎn)收取,。

2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。如：

The desk was made by Master Wang. 這張課桌是王師傅做的,。

The bag was taken away by his sister. 那個(gè)口袋是她姐姐提走的,。

3. 在上下文中，為了使句子間連接緊密時(shí),。如：

I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有輛新摩托車(chē),。它是父親送給我作為生日禮物的。

4. 在新聞報(bào)道中,，為了表明報(bào)道的客觀性而避免主觀性的透露時(shí),。如：

A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event. 今天早晨高速公路上發(fā)生了一起車(chē)禍，三人喪生,，傷員馬上被送往了醫(yī)院,，并馬上派了警察去處理這一事件。

5. 在科技論文中,，常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí),。如：

When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice. 當(dāng)天氣足夠冷時(shí)，水就會(huì)變成冰,。

So far, the moon has been visited by earthmen several times. 到目前為止,，地球人已經(jīng)幾次拜訪了月亮。

英語(yǔ)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況歸納 

一,、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的五種情形

(1) 某些連系動(dòng)詞(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng),，因?yàn)檫B系動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，它們沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式：

That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起來(lái)很危險(xiǎn),。

Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法聽(tīng)起來(lái)很好,。

My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意見(jiàn)證實(shí)是錯(cuò)的。

(2) 當(dāng)open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性時(shí),，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

The door won’t shut. 這門(mén)關(guān)不上,。

The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的門(mén)是自動(dòng)關(guān)的。

【注】該用法的不及物動(dòng)詞通常與can’t, won’t 等連用,，注意它與用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)含義不同：

The window won’t shut. 這窗戶(hù)關(guān)不上,。(說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的屬性——窗戶(hù)有問(wèn)題了)

The window won’t be shut. 這窗戶(hù)將不用關(guān)上。(窗戶(hù)本身沒(méi)問(wèn)題,，只是不用關(guān))

有時(shí)可能用主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)形式均可,，只是強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)稍有不同：

Suddenly the door opened. 突然門(mén)開(kāi)了。(不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)

The door was suddenly opened. 門(mén)突然被打開(kāi)了,。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)

(3) 當(dāng)read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性時(shí),，通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

The cloth washes well. 這種布料好洗。

The book sells quickly. 這書(shū)銷(xiāo)售得快,。

This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft. 這乳酪不容易切,，太軟了。

This shirt will wear very long. 這襯衫可以穿很久,。

【注】該用法通常與well, easily, slowly, quickly等副詞連用,，并且在用于以上意思時(shí)通常不宜直接使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。不過(guò)在某些特殊情況下也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只是含義稍有不同(用主動(dòng)形式表示主語(yǔ)的屬性,，用被動(dòng)形式表示動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者所執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作)：

The sentences read clearly. 這些句子讀起來(lái)很清楚,。(即這句子沒(méi)有歧義)

The sentences are read clearly. 這些句子被讀得很清楚。(指讀的人讀得好)

另外,，以上用法有時(shí)也可能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：

The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮著,。

Is the book selling well? 這書(shū)銷(xiāo)售情況如何?

(4) 某些表示開(kāi)始和結(jié)束的動(dòng)詞(begin, start, finish, end等)，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為事物且不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

When does the concert begin? 音樂(lè)會(huì)什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始,？ 

The play ended at ten o’clock. 戲10點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束。

(5) 有的動(dòng)詞本身含有被動(dòng)意味,，通常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義：

Where is the new film showing? 這部新電影在哪里放映?

My skirt caught on a nail. 我的裙子被釘子鉤住了,。

Soon the house filled with people. 很快房子就擠滿(mǎn)了人。

二,、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的八種情形

(1) 不定式to blame, to let用作表語(yǔ)時(shí),，通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

Who is to blame? 該怪誰(shuí)呢？

The house is to let. 此屋出租,。

(2) 某些“be+形容詞+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

The question is difficult to answer. 這問(wèn)題很難回答,。

Your writing is impossible to read. 你的書(shū)寫(xiě)沒(méi)法認(rèn)。

Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你認(rèn)為這水喝起來(lái)安全嗎? 

【注】①這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是句子主語(yǔ)就是其后不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ),，按理說(shuō)其中的不定式要用被動(dòng)形式,，但習(xí)慣上卻要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。這類(lèi)形容詞常見(jiàn)的有awkward, convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等,。

② 有時(shí)形容詞后跟有名詞,，在名詞后用作定語(yǔ)的不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

It’s a difficult book to read. 那是一本難讀的書(shū)。

It is a pleasant thing to remember. 這是一件值得記住的愉快的事,。

③ 有少數(shù)用于類(lèi)似結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞(如fit, ready, free等),，其中的不定式用主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式均可：

The water is not fit to drink [to be drunk]. 這水不適合飲用。

The letters are ready to post [to be posted]. 這信已準(zhǔn)備好可以寄了,。

(3) 不定式用于某些動(dòng)詞(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的賓語(yǔ)后作定語(yǔ)時(shí),，如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，則要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

I have some letters to write. 我有一些信要寫(xiě),。

I want something to drink. 我想喝點(diǎn)什么,。

I want to get something to read. 我想找點(diǎn)東西閱讀。

【注】如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ),，則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式,，比較：

I have something to type. 我有些東西要打(字)。(指自己打字)

I have something to be typed. 我有些東西要打(字),。(指請(qǐng)人打字)

(4) 不定式用于某些雙賓動(dòng)詞(如give, show, buy, lend, get等)的直接賓語(yǔ)后作定語(yǔ)時(shí),，如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是直接賓語(yǔ)前的間接賓語(yǔ),，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：

Give me some magazines to read. 給我?guī)妆倦s志看。

He lent me some magazines to read. 他借給我一些雜志看,。

【注】如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是直接賓語(yǔ)前的間接賓語(yǔ),，則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式，比較：

He will show you the path to take. 他將告訴你走什么道路,。

He will show you the room to be used as the meeting-room. 他將帶你去看看用作會(huì)議室的房間,。

但有時(shí)兩者區(qū)別不大：

Give me a list of the people to invite [to be invited]. 把需要邀請(qǐng)的人員名單給我。

(5) 不定式用于修飾“there be+名詞”中的名詞時(shí),，可用主動(dòng)式，也可用被動(dòng)式,，有時(shí)含義差不多：

There is too much work to do [to be done]. 要做的工作太多了,。

但有時(shí)含義有差別(不定式用主動(dòng)式可視為其前省略了for sb，用被動(dòng)式可視為其后省略了by sb)：

There is nothing to do. 無(wú)事可做,。(含有無(wú)聊之意)

There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了,。(指沒(méi)有辦法了)

There is nothing to see. 沒(méi)什么可看的。(即不值一看)

There is nothing to be seen. 沒(méi)看見(jiàn)什么,。(指沒(méi)東西看)

(6) 涉及副詞enough和too的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng),。在 too…to do sth 和…enough to do sth這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，若句子主語(yǔ)與其后不定式為to do sth被動(dòng)關(guān)系,，則該不定式通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義(但也可直接用被動(dòng)式)：

The writing is too faint to read [to be read]. 這筆跡太模糊,，看不清。

These boxes are not strong enough to use [to be used] as a platform. 這些箱子不夠牢,，不能用作站臺(tái),。

但在某些特別強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)意義的語(yǔ)境中，可能用被動(dòng)式更恰當(dāng)：

He spoke in a voice too low to be heard. 他說(shuō)話(huà)的聲音太低,，聽(tīng)不見(jiàn),。

He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他太年輕，不能送到美國(guó)去深造,。

(7) be worth后的動(dòng)名詞要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：

In all, the book is worth reading. 總之,，這本書(shū)值得一讀。

This might be worth thinking about. 這可能值得考慮,。

【注】與worth相似的worthy卻不一樣,，其后不接動(dòng)名詞而接不定式(若接動(dòng)名詞則其前應(yīng)有介詞of)，且要用被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義：

This book is worthy to be read [of being read]. 這本書(shū)值得一讀,。

(8) 在need, want, require等少數(shù)表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義：

The plants want watering every day. 這些花草得天天澆水,。

This wall requires repairing. 這面墻需要修理了。

【注】① 以上結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)名詞改用不定式則要用被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義：

This sentence needs explaining [to be explained]. 這個(gè)句子需要解釋,。

② 它們后接名詞時(shí)也可表示被動(dòng)意義：

It needs no explanation. 它無(wú)需解釋,。

This plan requires careful consideration. 這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃需要仔細(xì)考慮。

三、介詞短語(yǔ)用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的六種情形

(1) “beyond+名詞”：

The rumor is beyond belief. 這謠言難以置信,。

The children were beyond control. 這些孩子不聽(tīng)管教,。

【注】這類(lèi)表達(dá)中的名詞前通常沒(méi)有冠詞，且該名詞一般都具有動(dòng)作意義,，類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有beyond compare(無(wú)可比擬),，beyond description(難以形容)，beyond (all) doubt(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)),，beyond expression(無(wú)法形容),，beyond suspicion(無(wú)可懷疑)，等,。

(2) “in+名詞”短語(yǔ)：

When was paper money in use in China? 中國(guó)什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始使用紙幣,？

Please do not enter the classroom while a lesson is in progress. 上課時(shí)請(qǐng)勿進(jìn)教室。

【注】這類(lèi)表達(dá)中的名詞前通常沒(méi)有冠詞,，且該名詞一般都具有動(dòng)作意義,，類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有 in action(在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn))，in sight(看得見(jiàn)),，in (good) repair(維修良好的),，in store(貯藏著)等。

(3) “in course of+名詞”短語(yǔ)：

The new railway is in course of construction. 新鐵路正在興建當(dāng)中,。

The goods ordered are now in course of shipment. 定的貨正在運(yùn)輸途中,。

【注】有些類(lèi)似的短語(yǔ)有the表被動(dòng)，無(wú)the表主動(dòng)：

in charge of 負(fù)責(zé)                        in the charge of 由…負(fù)責(zé)

in possession of 擁有                        in the possession of 被…擁有

(4) “on+名詞”短語(yǔ)：

The building is on fire. 那幢房子正在燃燒,。

Every article on view will be on sale. 每件展品都將出售,。

【注】這類(lèi)表達(dá)中的名詞前通常沒(méi)有冠詞，且該名詞一般都具有動(dòng)作意義,，類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有on trial(在試用),，on display(在展出)，on show(在展出),，on exhibition(在展出)等,。

(5)“under+名詞”短語(yǔ)：

The new music hall is under construction. 新的音樂(lè)大廳正在修建中。

Your proposal is under consideration. 你的提議正在考慮中,。

【注】這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)的名詞前不用冠詞,，類(lèi)似的還有under arrest(被逮捕)，under attack(受到襲擊),，under discussion(在討論中),， under examination(在檢查或調(diào)查中)，under medical treatment(在治療中),，under repair(在修繕中),，under review(在檢查中),，under study(在研究中)。

(6) 其他介詞短語(yǔ),。除以上提到的幾種情況外,，還有一些介詞短語(yǔ)也可表示被動(dòng)意義，如for sale(供出售),，for rent(供出租),，at one’s service(聽(tīng)?wèi){某人使用)，above reproach(無(wú)可指責(zé),，無(wú)可非議),，above suspicion(不受懷疑)，above criticism(無(wú)可指責(zé)),，within sight(看得見(jiàn))等,。

英語(yǔ)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)幾種的情形 

1. 謂語(yǔ)為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),。如：

He looked fine. 他氣色好。

The food tastes delicious. 這食物味道很好,。

2. 謂語(yǔ)為不及物動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))時(shí),，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

The war broke out in the end. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于爆發(fā)了,。

I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在哪兒見(jiàn)到了他,。

3. 賓語(yǔ)為不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式或從句,，表示主語(yǔ)的一些想法,、愛(ài)好或愿望時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),。如：

He decided to go with us. 他決定跟我們一起去,。

I want to buy a computer. 我想買(mǎi)一臺(tái)電腦。

4. 賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞,、反身代詞,、同源賓語(yǔ)等時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),。如：

We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該相互幫助,。

We live a happy life here. 我們?cè)谶@兒過(guò)著幸福的生活。

He thinks of himself too much. 他對(duì)自己想得太多,。

5. 賓語(yǔ)是處所,、地點(diǎn)時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),。如：

We will reach the station in two hours. 我們?cè)龠^(guò)兩個(gè)小時(shí)就會(huì)到站了,。

He has gone to London now. 他去倫敦了,。

6. 謂語(yǔ)部分(動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)) 是一個(gè)不可分割的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),。如：

The ship set sail this morning. 這艘輪船今天早晨起航了,。

He saw the doctor yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上看了醫(yī)生。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法

1. 基本方法

將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ),，將主動(dòng)謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)謂語(yǔ)(be+過(guò)去分詞),，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)閎y短語(yǔ)(在被動(dòng)句中用作狀語(yǔ))：

He stole our money.→Our money was stolen by him.

【注】(1)若不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的by短語(yǔ)通?？梢允÷裕?/p>

The house was built in 1978. 這座房子是1978年建的,。

(2) 在轉(zhuǎn)變語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要注意保持兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)的一致性：

The students will study the problem.

→The problem will be studied by the students.

A friend of ours is repairing the roof.

→The roof is being repaired by a friend of ours.

2. 雙賓動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

雙賓動(dòng)詞即指帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,，它們?cè)谧優(yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),，有以下兩種情形值得注意：

(1) 有些雙賓動(dòng)詞(如award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，既可把間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ),，而把直接賓語(yǔ)(指事物)保留下來(lái)(稱(chēng)為保留賓語(yǔ)),，也可把直接賓語(yǔ)(指事物)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，而把間接賓語(yǔ)改為介詞to 或for引起的狀語(yǔ)(到底用to還是for,，與所搭配的動(dòng)詞有關(guān)),。比較：

He gave her some money. 他給她一些錢(qián)。

→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.

He bought her a watch. 他給她買(mǎi)了一快表,。

→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch. 

(2) 有些雙賓動(dòng)詞(如bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接賓語(yǔ)(指事物)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ),，而將間接賓語(yǔ)用作保留賓語(yǔ)(其前根據(jù)情況用介詞to或for)：

Father made me a doll. → A doll was made for me. 

He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her. 

(3) 有些雙賓動(dòng)詞(如answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare等)通常用間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，而將直接賓語(yǔ)用作保留賓語(yǔ)：

He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.

3. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式

若主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中謂語(yǔ)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,，在相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中通常應(yīng)保留該情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be(或be的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)形式)+過(guò)去分詞”：

Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.

請(qǐng)看以下帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)句實(shí)例：

This can’t be done in a short time. 這不是短期內(nèi)可以完成的。

She may have been sent to work elsewhere. 她可能被派到別處工作去了,。

The door must have been locked by my wife. 門(mén)一定是我妻子鎖的,。

The environment should be improved. 環(huán)境應(yīng)當(dāng)改善。

The second point needn’t be discussed today. 第二點(diǎn)今天不必討論,。