第一章 語(yǔ)言寫(xiě)作技巧
一,、詞匯變化
衡量一個(gè)人寫(xiě)作能力的高低,，很大程度上可以從其對(duì)同一意思有多少種表達(dá)方式上來(lái)判斷,。同一意思掌握的表達(dá)方工越多,，文章就越引人入勝。

例1：如果表示“使”,，不要僅靠make:
a. This society still makes women unable to enjoy equal rights.
b. Women are still denied equal right.

a. The photo made me recall my childhood.
b. The photo reminded me of my childhood.

a. The incident always makes me feel painful.
b. The incident is a source of pain to me.

例2：如要表達(dá)“越來(lái)越……”,，不要只使用more and more:
a. More and more students find learning English has become more and more important.
b. Students in growing numbers find learning English has become increasingly important.

a. People consume more and more vegetables nowadays.
b. Vegetable consumption is on the rise nowadays.

a. More and more service people are demanded with the development of economy.
b. There is an increasing demand for service people with the development of economy.

a. More and more evidence suggests that the second style of management is more productive than the first style of management.
b. The evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first style of management.

a. He noticed there were more and more women contracting the virus and more and more transmissions through sex.
b. He noticed a higher number of women contracting the virus and a larger proportion of transmissions through sex.

例3：如果表達(dá)“大多數(shù)”，不要一昧用most:
a. Most people prefer to watch TV at home rather than go out to see the film.
b. The vast majority of people prefer to watch TV at home rather than go out to see the film.

a. Most people take part in sports of different kinds.
b. A sizable percentage of people take part in sports of different kinds.

a. Most people in developed countries appreciate a high standard of living.
b. A considerable proportion of people in developed countries enjoy high standard of living.

例4：如果要表達(dá)“不僅……,，而且……”,，不要只用not only...but also:
a. Mankind is of a piece not only biologically but also physiologically.
b. Mankind is of a piece biologically as well as physiologically.

a. Taking a part-time job can not only earn a little money, but also an opportunity to contact with society.
b. Taking a part-time job means more than a little money you can earn. It also means an opportunity to contact with society.

a. Many people read books not only for enjoyment but also for companionship.
b. Many people read books as much for enjoyment as for companionship.

例5：表達(dá)“很重要”，還可能用不及物動(dòng)詞count:
a. Her opinion is important because of her experience.
b. Her opinion counts because of her experience.

接下來(lái)的作業(yè)：
2002年12月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
It Pays to Be Honest
Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.
1.當(dāng)前社會(huì)上存在許多不誠(chéng)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象,。
2.誠(chéng)實(shí)利人利已,，做人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)。

（二）主語(yǔ)變化
主語(yǔ)必須要符合英美等西方人的思維習(xí)慣。中國(guó)自古以來(lái)就有“天人合一”的觀點(diǎn),，強(qiáng)調(diào)人和自然的渾然一體,，因此中文習(xí)慣以人作主語(yǔ)。而英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀,，主語(yǔ)以物或抽象概念居多,。因此，當(dāng)我們要講述一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的事實(shí)或者常理時(shí),，不要過(guò)多使用“I think that",， 議論文中過(guò)多使用“I”容易影響文章的客觀性。使用非人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)就可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,。非人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ),，即沒(méi)有生命的東西充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),。下面是四種常用的主語(yǔ)變換形式及其典型例句和句型：

（1）物稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)
1. The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.
在歷史上,，由于長(zhǎng)江不斷改道在武漢地區(qū)形成了眾多的湖泊。
2. An idea suddenly stuck her.
她突然想到了一個(gè)主意,。
3. From the moment we entered the house, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
一進(jìn)這個(gè)房子,，我們就隨時(shí)隨地承受到關(guān)懷與照顧,。
4. The truth finally dawned on the girl.
這個(gè)女孩最終明白了真相。

（2）it 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)
1. It's raining cats and dogs.
正在下傾盆下雨,。
2. It never occurred to me that he was a man who put personal gain above all else.
我從來(lái)沒(méi)想到他是一個(gè)把個(gè)人利益看得比什么都重要的人,。
3. It is hoped/anticipated that we can communicate with each other well and establish friendship soon.
希望我們能好好交流并迅速建立友誼。

（3）there + 系動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
1. There seems to be no doubt about it.
此事似乎確定無(wú)疑,。
2. There once lived a poor farmer who had four sons.
從前有一個(gè)窮苦的農(nóng)夫,，他有4個(gè)兒子。
3. There comes a time when dying seem preferable to staying alive.
有的時(shí)候覺(jué)得死了似乎比活著好,。
4. There is broad consensus ( of opinion ) in the country on this issue.
對(duì)這一問(wèn)題舉國(guó)上下（輿論）一致,。
5. In the past decade there has been a marked decrease in the number of young married couples who want to have children.
過(guò)去幾十年里，婚后不要小孩的夫婦明顯增多,。

（4）時(shí)間,、地點(diǎn)名詞作主語(yǔ)
時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)名詞作主語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的用法,，是地道的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式,，常用see, witness, find 等詞作謂語(yǔ)。
1. Shanghai first saw the rise of the movement.
這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)首先在上海興起,。
2. The little town has witnessed many great changes.
這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生了許多重大的變化,。

( 例文 )
It Pays to Be Honest

As is known to all, "It pays to be honest". Dishonesty can result in guilty feelings, cause distrust among people and even ruin your reputation although being honesty may get you into trouble or hurt someone in some cases.

    However, dishonesty is rampant in our society. In the first place, many merchants coax the customers to buy fake commodities. Take my neighbor Xiao Wang as an example. He bought a TV set with 2,000 yuan a week ago, but now it doesn't work at all. In the second place, some students cheat on exams in order to pass the exams or achieve scholarships. Last but not least, many renowned people cheat the government by evading taxes.

    On the contrary, honesty not only brings us honor and friendship, but also material gains. To begin with, if we are honest, we can earn others' trust, which in turn gives us self-respect as well as social companionship. So to sum up, it does pay to be honest.

寫(xiě)作套路分析

黃金模板一
    Although ... , ...is still prevalent in our society. For example, ...
    Those who ... . As a result, ... .On the other hand, ...
    By contrast, ... . Besides, ... . So we can say that... .
    All mentioned above tells us that it is high time that we took action to ... . But one thing we have to notice is that... . In short, ... .

黃金模板二
    As is know to all, ... . ... can result in ... , cause ... and even ... although ... in some cases.
    However, ... . In the first place, ... . Take ... as an example. In the second place, ... . Last but not least, ... . ... is a good case in point.
    On the contrary, ... not only ... , but also ... . To begin with, ... . So to sum up, ... .

黃金模板三
    Nowadays every one of us has been confronted with too many instance of ... . We can't help asking ourselves: ... ?
    ..., should and would never go out of style. On the other hand, ... . On the other hand, ... .
    All threat has been discussed above points to an undeniable fact that ... .


今天作業(yè)：
2000年6月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120-150 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
1.很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試，理由是……
2.也有人持不同意見(jiàn),，……
3.我的看法和打算是……
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test ( CET ).

例文:
    A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of College English Test. Many people believe it's very necessary to take such a test. To begin with, as a basic part of the language, spoken English is getting more and more important in this information age. One won't achieve much in the intercultural communication unless one can express oneself well. In other words, fluent English is an indication of one's mastery of the language. Therefore, a test ought to be designed to assess one's level of spoken English.

    However, some people don't think it necessary to take such a test. They hold that written exam is enough to indicate one's comprehensive English level. So long as one doesn't want to study abroad or cooperate with foreigners in foreign enterprises or companies, one needn't worry about taking such a test. Because written English enables students not only to read reference books but also work on Internet. Therefore, in their opinion, a test of spoken English will only add to the students' burden of sudy and thus it's vital for students to take it.

    I believe it's very necessary for students to take it. On the one hand, such a test will stimulate students to improve their oral English. On the other hand, it will help make students more competent in the fierce competition, and push their English to a higher level. To sum up, with China's entry into the WTO and the arrival of knowledge economy age, it's more and more important for students to improve their oral English. Therefore, a test of spoken English is not only necessary but also vitally important.

作業(yè)

2000年1月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
How I Finance My College Education
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition ( given in Chinese ) below:
1.上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用( tuition and fees )可能通過(guò)多種途徑解決.
2.哪種途徑適合我?(說(shuō)明理由)

How I Finance My College Education
    Previously in China, a university education was funded by the government. Nowadays, things have changed and students must now finance their own education. As a result, students are now faced with the problem how they can pay for the college education.
    There are several possible ways to raise the money to pay fees and tuition. First, parents are a source for college funding, as is the case with most students. Second, scholarships are also available for students with outstanding academic performance. Third, banks can provide loans to students who need them without collateral. And many students can take part-time jobs to help finance their education. In cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, there are many part-time job opportunities for students both on and off campus.
    Personally, I believe a scholarship is the best way to fund my education as it not only pays fees and tuition, but also encourages me to study hard. All in all, we should choose a suitable way to finance our college education, but we must bear in mind that study is our major task.

How I Finance My College Education
解題思路
        （1）審題
          本文標(biāo)題是通過(guò)什么樣的途徑來(lái)解決上大學(xué)費(fèi)用的問(wèn)題,，很顯然這是篇問(wèn)題解決型的議論文,。
        （2）構(gòu)思
          全文可以分三個(gè)自然段。第一自然段可以引出中心議題,，即中國(guó)的高等教育面臨改革,，大學(xué)生必須解決自己的上學(xué)費(fèi)用問(wèn)題。第二段可以說(shuō)明有很多途徑可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,。譬如說(shuō),，依靠父母是最普遍的現(xiàn)象。而優(yōu)秀的大學(xué)生可以申請(qǐng)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金,，窮困的學(xué)生則可申請(qǐng)貸款,。兼職也是大學(xué)生賺取學(xué)費(fèi)的途徑之一。第三段則著重說(shuō)明作者自己的情況,。父母雙雙下崗,，無(wú)力替作者交納學(xué)費(fèi)，因此作者必須自力更生解決這一問(wèn)題,。由于作者的所在地并非特困區(qū),，不能申請(qǐng)貸款，因此他選擇了當(dāng)家庭教師,，不僅走出了困境,，還在學(xué)業(yè)上取得了不小的進(jìn)步。提綱如下：
Para.1. TS: Nowadays college students must pay tuition.
Para.2. TS: There are many ways for a student to finance his college education.
            DS: depend on parents
            DS: apply for scholarships
            DS: take loans
            DS: take part-time jobs
Para.3. DS: laid-off parents
            DS:no loan
           TS: I prefer a part-time job.
            DS: better off financially
            DS: make progress academically
            DS: win scholarship

附：四六級(jí)作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
（1）閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分6等,，各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣卷一至兩份,。
（2）閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照參照卷評(píng)分,，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)相似,，即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)；若認(rèn)為稍?xún)?yōu)或稍劣于該分?jǐn)?shù),，則可加一分或減一分,，但不得加或減半分,。
（3）具體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：
第1級(jí)——切題,。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順,，連貫性較好,。基本上無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,。
第2級(jí)——切題,。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫,，但有少量語(yǔ)主錯(cuò)誤,。
第3級(jí)——基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫,；語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多,，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。
第4級(jí)——基本切題,。表達(dá)思想不清楚,，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,。
第5級(jí)——條理不清,，思路紊亂，語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤,，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤,。
第6級(jí)——白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān),，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想,。
（4）字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分。


本期作業(yè)：
2001年1月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
How to Succeed in a Job Interview?
(省略經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)那幾句）
1. 面試在求職過(guò)程中的作用,。
2. 取得面試成功的因素：儀表,、舉止談吐、能力,、專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),、自信、實(shí)事求是……

How to Succeed in a Job Interview?

    Besides written documents like resume and recommendation letters, and employer needs some first-hand information about the applicant, such as his appearance and response. So a job interview often comes after one's application has been accepted. As the employer will base his final decision on the performance of the candidate in the interview, job interviews are of great importance to any applicant. To some extent, to succeed in a job interview is to succeed in acquiring the job.
    If you are going to have a job interview, please pay attention to the following things. First of all, be sure to arrive on time. If you are late, even if only one minute, your chance of getting the job will become gloomy. Secondly, be careful about your appearance. Your dress should be neat, formal and proper for the occasion. Thirdly, be polite to your interviewer but confident of yourself. Your good manners and confidence will leave a pleasant impression on your future boss.
    A job interview is both a challenge and an opportunity for you. Bear the above points in mind, and I believe you can make good use of the chance. Wish you good luck.

一,、問(wèn)題解決型
A：[2001年1月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
How to Succeed in a Job Interview?
(省略經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)那幾句,。。）
1. 面試在求職過(guò)程中的作用,。
2. 取得面試成功的因素：儀表,、舉止談吐、能力,、專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),、自信、實(shí)事求是……]
B：[2000年1月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
How I Finance My College Education
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition ( given in Chinese ) below:
1.上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用( tuition and fees )可能通過(guò)多種途徑解決.
2.哪種途徑適合我?(說(shuō)明理由)]

C: [2004年1月六級(jí)作文
Reduce Waste on Campus
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Reduce Waste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition ( given in Chinese ) below:
1.目前有些校園內(nèi)浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,。
2.浪費(fèi)的危害,。
3.從我做起，杜絕浪費(fèi),。]

黃金模板分析

二八法則 寫(xiě)作文 CET-4/6 (2)  作業(yè)分析
2000年6月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
1.很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試,，理由是……
2.也有人持不同意見(jiàn)，……
3.我的看法和打算是……
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test ( CET ).

對(duì)比選擇型

黃金模板一
    Some people contend that it is absolutely necessary to ... because ....
    On the other hand, there are also people who maintain that ...
    I believe that ... will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to ... is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether ... or not, I shall make every effort to ...

黃金模板二
  Is it necessary to ... ?
    Many people think it necessary. As we all know, ... But at present, ... Moreover, ...
    However, there are people who have different opinions. Most of their concerns lie in ... Because ... .
    I feel ... . I have made up my mind to ... .

黃金模板三
  Many people express their support for ... . For one thing, with the deepening of reform and wider opening to the outside world, ... . For another, ... . Therefore, ... is really necessary.
    However, some people hold the opposite viewpoint. They regard ... as being unnecessary. They argue that ... . Furthermore, ... .
    I am in favor of the test because ... . So I am determined to make use of every opportunity to ... , and surely it will do me much good.

二八法則 寫(xiě)作文 CET-4/6 (3) 分析
2000年1月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
How I Finance My College Education
1.上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用( tuition and fees )可能通過(guò)多種途徑解決.
2.哪種途徑適合我?(說(shuō)明理由)

問(wèn)題解決型

黃金模板一
    With ... , ... is also undergoing great changes. One of them is ... . According to ... , ... are supposed to ... .
    There are many ways ... . ... as is the most common case in China. As to ... , they may ... . And ... . In addition, ... is also a common way ... .
    With ... . However, ... . So ... . Instead, I prefer ... . In this way, I find myself not only ... , but also ... . As a result, ... .

黃金模板二
    Nowadays, ... . ... has become a matter of concern for many.
    You can deal with it in many ways. To begin with, ... , so it is advisable that ... . Secondly, it is ... that ... . Thirdly , ... . Or ... .
    In my opinion, ... way may prove to be quite beneficial. On the other hand, ... . Therefore, ... .

其實(shí)大家可以從每個(gè)黃金模板里知道,，這篇文章,，要怎么寫(xiě),，如何下手了。
不會(huì)每次拿到一個(gè)文章,，而不知道從何下手,，該先寫(xiě)哪一句。

昨日作業(yè)：2004年1月六級(jí)作文
Reduce Waste on Campus
1.目前有些校園內(nèi)浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,。
2.浪費(fèi)的危害,。
3.從我做起，杜絕浪費(fèi),。
例文：
    Nowadays, there is too much waste on some campuses. You often see students leaving their dorm with lights on. You also find that many a student, after washing their clothes, doesn't bother to turn off the tap, leaving the water running. If you go to the cafeteria at dinnertime, you are likely to see tables covered with the remains of all kinds of food.
    Waste is very harmful. If you are extravagant with your money, you will soon be very poor. Likewise, if man recklessly exploits the natural resources, then he is sure to have a dismal future. What's more, being wasteful is a bad habit that, like a drug, gradually erodes a human being's virtues. Once a person grows wasteful, the virtue that is frugality is eroded within him.
    Perhaps it is time we attached importance to the old saying " Waste not, want not." And fighting waste is everybody's business! As college students, we should strive to reduce waste on campus. With everyone doing his bit, it will not be long before "the good old days" come back.

觀點(diǎn)論證型：
（今日作業(yè)）
1999年1月四級(jí)及六級(jí)作文
Don't Hesitate to Say "NO"
1. 別人請(qǐng)求幫助時(shí),，在什么情況下我們會(huì)說(shuō)“不”。
2. 為什么有些人在該說(shuō)“不”的時(shí)候不會(huì)說(shuō)“不”,。
3. 該說(shuō)“不”時(shí)不說(shuō)“不”的壞處,。


今日作業(yè)可使用套路
一、
    It is true that ... . However, ... . I think that ... . The reasons can be listed as follows.
    Firstly, ... . Secondly, ... . For example, ... . Thirdly, ... . A case in point is that ... .
    It goes without saying that ... . But it is out of question that we should ... . In conclusion, ... .
二,、
    In our daily life, there are many occasions on which we ... . For one thing, ... . For another, ... .
    However, it is not the case in our real life, ... .
    In fact, it is quite ... to do so. ... . In addition, ... . In conclusion, ... .
三,、
    As a general rule, ... , but there are occasions when ... . For instance, ... . Another example is ... .
    However, we cannot ignore the fact that ... . A notable case in point is ... .
    It is important to keep in mind that ... . For example, ... . Moreover, ... . In the end, ... . Therefore, it is high time that ... .

Model essay:
    As a general rule, people like to help each other, but there are occasion when you shouldn't hesitate to say "no". For instance, it is better to refuse when a child pesters you for sweet food and drinks or for too many toys. Another example is when a relative would take advantage of your relationship for a bank loan or promotion at work.
    However, we cannot ignore the fact that many people still have a hard time saying "no", They feel that if they turn down a request from a relative or friend, they will cause ill feeling within the family or become unpopular with their acquaintances. A notable case in point is when the boss asks them to do something which they feel is unreasonable.
    It is important to keep in mind that not saying no when you should say so can sometimes have harmful consequences. For example, if children are given everything they ask for, they may grow up selfish or spoiled. Moreover, overindulgence in sweets can lead to poor health. In the end, it is better to refuse to lend money to people with problems such as gambling or drinking. Therefore, it is high time that everyone realized the necessity of saying "no" when one should.

The Two-day Weekend
參考范文1
   The advance of science and technology enables people to have more spare time. Nowadays, we have 5-workday weeks. Therefore, our university and college students can have much more leisure time. Sports fans can play in the playground. Those who are interested in social work can join many clubs. Of course, we also can get part-time jobs to gain some work experience.
    There is a growing concern over the students who don't put too much emphasis on study. Some students always idle away their time, playing cards, drinking and gambling. These problems are really serious. Taking into account all these factors, we can safely come to the conclusion that the students will waste more time if they don't make good use of it.
    As a student, busy as I am with my study, I also do many interesting things such as reading novels, writing articles at the two-day weekend. As the saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull day.

范文2
    Now almost all colleges and universities in China practice a two-day weekend. With so much spare time in hand, we can fully develop our interests to make our life more colorful. We can also do some cleaning, go shopping, and get ready for next week's study. We may also find a part-time job and have more knowledge of the world off campus.
    However, the two-day weekend may also bring some problems. Some students may not make good use of time, who tend to stay up late playing cards or chatting. As a result, they may feel exhausted during the workday. Some even break the disciplines and go traveling, which is rather unsafe.
    In my view, we should have our weekends well planned. As to me, I will listen to pop music, read some literary works and write to my best friends. In this way, I will refresh myself and get prepared for next week's study.