十三,、并列復合句

1,、基本概念：

并列復合句是由兩個或兩個以上并列而又獨立的簡單句構成。兩個簡單句常由并列連接詞連在一起,；但有時不用連接詞,只在兩個簡單句之間用一逗號或分號,。

2、常見的并列句：

(1) 用來連接兩個并列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前后分句往往表示先后關系,、遞進關系,。前后分句的時態(tài)往往保持一致關系,若第一個分句是祈使句,那么第二個分句用將來時。

(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個, 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的時態(tài)往往保持一致關系,若第一個分句是祈使句,那么第二個分句用將來時,。

(3) 表明兩個概念彼此有矛盾,、相反或者轉折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句時態(tài)一致。

(4) 說明原因, 用連接詞for ,前后分句時態(tài)一致,。

(5) 表示結果,用連接詞so, 前后分句時態(tài)一致,。

十四、主從復合句

1,、概念：

主從復合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成,。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個次要成分,不能獨立成為一個句子,。從句通常由關聯(lián)詞引導,并由關聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛孩子,同時對他們也嚴格要求,。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來會議沒完沒了,。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點, 要不然就來不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃,。)

2,、分類：

從句按其在復合句中的作用,分為主語從句,、表語從句,、賓語從句,、定語從句和狀語從句等。（參見以下各條）

3,、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法：

(1) 表語從句：在句子中作連系動詞的表語的從句,它位于主句中的系動詞之后,。

   例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.

(2) 賓語從句：在句子中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。

①基本形式：（主句＋）連詞+從句主語+從句謂語+... 

② 關于賓語從句連詞的選擇：

若從句來源于一個陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;

    若從句來源于一個一般疑問句,連詞則用if 或whether;

    若從句來源于一個特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)

例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計算機終將代替人類,。) (從句本來就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長跟前說點什么,。) (從句來源于一般問句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來源于特殊問句Where can he get such medicine? )

③ 賓語從句的時態(tài)問題：如果主句是現(xiàn)在時,從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時態(tài),甚至可以用過去時,；

如主句是過去時,從句則相應地使用過去某一時態(tài),遇到客觀真理時仍然用現(xiàn)在時,。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學期我的英語會學得好點。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問那個男孩地球是不是圓的,。)

④ 下列結構后面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待：

   be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (對不起,我遲到了,。) /  I’m afraid he  isn’t  in  at  the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)

(3) 狀語從句：在復合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后,。狀語從句可以分為時間,、地點、原因,、目的,、結果、比較,、讓步,、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導,。

時間狀語從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導,。時間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現(xiàn)在時替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了,。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來了我才會走,。)

地點狀語從句通常由 where, wherever等引導。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里來還滾到哪里去,！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠也不會忘記去抓住那個偷我項鏈的賊,無論他會在哪里,。)

原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國了,因為他父親給他找了一所好大學,。)

目的狀語從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導,往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動詞,。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車。)

結果狀語從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導,放在句尾,。結果狀語從句一般表示已經發(fā)生的事情,故多為過去時態(tài),。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了。)

比較狀語從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導,一般省略從句的謂語部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可),。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了,。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書沒有你多)

讓步狀語從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導。如：Even if you pay the debt(債務) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會感謝你,因為它與我毫無關系,。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷,。)

條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導,條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現(xiàn)在時替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功,。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行,。)

[注意] 1、because與so,；(al)though與but,；if與so不可以同在一個句子中成對出現(xiàn)。

   2,、時間,、條件、原因,讓步狀語從句放在句首時需要用逗號與主句隔開,。

(4) 定語從句：在復合句中作定語用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句,。

① 定語從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔,。)

② 語法術語的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞,；引導定語從句的連接詞稱為關系詞,其中that、which,、who稱為關系代詞,where,、when、how稱為關系副詞,。

③ 關系代詞或關系副詞的作用：

關系代詞who,、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語,。which指物that多指物, 有時也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語,。定語從句中關系代詞作從句賓語時可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個就是我們近日一直在找的小偷,。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請找一間足夠大能住下我們全體的房間,。)

關系副詞when或where引導定語從句時,它們在從句中分別作時間狀語和地點狀語,。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠不會忘記第一次見到你的日子,。)  

④ 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,。限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句是一種附加說明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思,。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個晚上都在談論她最近的書,我們一個人都沒有聽說過那本書,。)

[注解]

1、關系代詞只能用that的情況：當先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級,或含有序數(shù)詞時,不能用其他的關系代詞,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實,。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點里面沒有糖的東西,？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運行于我市的雙層公交車。) 

2,、關系代詞在從句中作主語時一般用who(指人),、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認識那個在角落里哭泣的女人嗎,？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無關的話,請一個字也不要說,。)

3、關系代詞作從句的賓語時,常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關系代詞常常省略,。如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個談話的人,。)

4、當關系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時,必須用which或whom,而當介詞移到句尾時,則又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room  Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經居住過的房間,。)

(5) 主語從句：在句子中充當句子主語的從句叫主語從句,。位于謂語動詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問連詞引導,。一般情況下,常用it替代主語從句,而將主語從句移到句尾,。如：When we should start is still a question. (我們該在什么時候開始還是個問題呢。)

賓語從句

△        基　本　型

1. He won’t come. I think. (變?yōu)閺秃暇?span lang="EN-US">)　　　(1996甘肅)

　I ______ think he ______ come.

2. Miss Gao: Lucy, do you come from the USA? (改為含有賓語從句的句子)

A.    Miss Gao asked Lucy that she came from the USA.

B.    Miss Gao asked Lucy do you come from the USA.  (1999武漢)

C.    Miss Gao asked Lucy if she came from the USA.

3. “Do you wash your clothes yourself?” Tom asked the girl next to him.

(改為復合句)                                    (1999山東)

  Tom asked the girl next to him ______ ______ ______ her clothes herself.

4. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know.

(改為含賓語從句的復合句)                        (1999福州)

  Li Lei wants to know ______ Peter ______ here yesterday.

5. Is the earth round? The little boy asked.  (改為賓語從句)  (1999哈爾濱)

  The little boy asked ______ the earth ______ round.

6. “Where does he live?” Mr Hu asked.    (改為復合句)      (1999遼寧)

　Mr Hu asked where _______ _______.

7. Tom’s father saw him sitting on some eggs.  (改為復合句)   (1999遼寧)

  Tom’s father saw ______ ______ ______ sitting on some eggs.

8. Mrs White told Tom not to throw paper on the ground.  (改為復合句) (1999上海)

  Mrs white told Tom ______ ______ ______ throw paper on the ground.

9. Please tell me where we show our tickets.   (改為簡單句,，保持原意) (1998廣西)

  Please tell me ______ ______ show our tickets.

10. Can you tell me how I can get to the post office? (改為簡單句,，保持原意)

   Can you tell me the ______ _____ the post office?             (1998甘肅)

11. Rose doesn’t know when they are going to repair the watch. (改為簡單句)

   Rose doesn’t know ______ ______ repair the watch.

12. The teacher told the boys what they should do and how they should do it.     (改為簡單句)

   The teacher told the boys ______ ______ do and ______ _____ do it.

13. The earth moves around the sun. The teacher said.  (改為賓語從句)

　 The teacher said ______ the earth ______ around the sun.

14. Are you hungry? My mother asked me.  (改為賓語從句)

   My mother asked me ______ ______ ______ hungry.

15. Why hasn’t she come yet? Nobody knows.  (改為賓語從句)

   Nobody knows ______ ______ _______ come yet.

△        提　高　型

1. I don’t know _____ he will come tomorrow. _____ he comes, I’ll tell you.

A. if; Whether    B. whether; Whether    C. if; That    D. if; if  (1999遼寧)

2. Could you tell me ____ the radio without any help?             (1999山西)

A. how did he mend               B. what did he mend

C. how he mended                D. what he mended

3. Could you tell me ____ do with the money?                    (1999重慶)

A. how to     B. what should I     C. how I should    D. what I should

4. Can you tell me how many English words ____ since 1996?       (1999蘭州)

A. have you learned  B. did you learn  C. you have learned  D. you learned

5. Miss Li wants to know _____ next week.                       (1999上海)

A. when my uncle leaves             B. when will my uncle

C. where my uncle will stay           D. where does my uncle stay

6. Can you tell me when ____?                                 (1999濟南)

A. does the ship leave               B. the ship will leave 

C. the ship leave                   D. will the ship leave

7. Alice wanted to know ____ her grandmother liked the bag.         (1998天津)

A. that         B. if        C. which       D. what

8. I don’t know ____ Jane was late for school this morning.           (1998湖南)

A. who        B. what      C. whom       D. why

9. They don’t know ____ their presents are.                       (1997武漢)

A. when             B. why             C. what

10. Mike asked the girl in the shop ____ the watch ____ cheap enough.  (1998云南)

A. that; is     B. if; was      C. that; was      D. whether; is

11. I think he ____ back next week.                              (1997貴陽)

A. come      B. will come    C. came         D. has come

12. Xiao Mao told me he ____ a film with his mother the next day.     (1998昆明)

A. would see   B. will watch   C. would look    D. will see

13. Could you tell me if it ____ tomorrow?                        (1997遼寧)

A. rain        B. will rain      C. raining      D. rains

14. He said that he ____ speak a little English when he was five.       (1997遼寧)

A. might      B. would        C. could        D. can

15. I want to know if they ____ the spring sports meeting next month. If they ____ it, I must get ready for it.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(1998河南)

A. hold; will hold   B. will hold; hold  C. hold; hold  D. will hold; will hold

△        綜　合　型

1. –Do you remember ____ he came?

  -Yes, I do, he came by car.

A. how       B. when       C. that      D. if

2. That woman wanted to know _____ her daughter liked the sweater.

A. whether    B. what       C. that       D. which

3. Have you decided when _____ for London?

A. will you leave  B. you will leave  C. are you going  D. you are going

4. –Excuse me. Could you tell me ____?

  -Certainly.

A. when can I get to the station       B. I can get to which station

C. which station can I get to          D. how I can get to the station

5. –What did your mother say, Tom?

  -She asked me why ____.

A. my sister crying                B. my sister was crying 

C. is my sister crying              D. was my sister crying

6. I wonder what time _____ arrive.

A. does the train     B. will the train      C. the train    D. the train will

7. I wondered _____ our teacher did that for.

A. that           B. if         C. what       D. why

8. Did you hear _____?

A. what did I say   B. what I said     C. that I said     D. I said which

9. Can you tell me which room _____?

A. does he live in   B. does he lives   C. he lives in     D. he lives

10. The little boy often asks me what ______?

A. will our life of tomorrow          B. will our life tomorrow be like

C. our life of tomorrow like          D. our life of tomorrow will be like

11. Do you really know _____ used?

A. how widely English is            B. how wide is English

C. English is how widely            D. how is English wide

12. Would you please tell me ______ with Peter? He looks unhappy.

A. what’s the matter  B. what wrong is   C. the wrong is what  D. what wrong it was

13. –Excuse me, where _____? Do you know?

   -Yes. I know where _____?

A. Jim lives; he lives               B. does Jim live; do he live

C. Jim lives; does he live            D. does Jim live; he lives

14. I didn’t know _____ and _____.

A. what’s his name; how old he is     B. what his name was; how old he was

C. what his name is; how is he old     D. that was his name; he was how old

15. My friend hasn’t decided _____ on a trip to Wuxi on holiday.

A. if he goes       B. when will he go    C. if he’ll go   D. where he go

16. Did you ask her what ______ outside?

A. was happened to him              B. he had happened 

C. he happened                     D. had happened to him

17. The man in the shop asked the woman _____.　　　　　　(2000西安)

A. which kind does she like           B. which kind she is

C. which kind is she likes             D. which kind she likes

18. No one told us _____, so we need your help.　　　　　　(2000南京)

A. how should we do                   B. what should we do

C. how to do it                        D. what to do it

19. I don’t know ______ the day after tomorrow.            (2000福州)

A. when does he come  B. how will he come  C. if he comes  D. whether he’ll come

   -Yes, they _____ to the library.

A. where are the twins; have been         B. where the twins are; have gone

C. where were the twins; have been       D. where the twins were; have gone