01 · 分析方法

1. 首先確定句子是簡(jiǎn)單句,、復(fù)合句或并列句,。

2. 如果是簡(jiǎn)單句，首先確定主謂結(jié)構(gòu),；接著確定賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（如有的話）,；然后確定定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等次要成分,，即找出主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)各自的修飾語(yǔ),。按照所確定的各個(gè)成分,，給出全句大意（可用翻譯法）。譯文意思應(yīng)當(dāng)通順,，并和上下文意義基本吻合,。如意義出入較大，文理不通,，則分析可能有誤,，這時(shí)應(yīng)考慮重新進(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。

3. 如果是并列句,，首先應(yīng)找出并列連詞并把全句分解為若干個(gè)分句,；接著按照簡(jiǎn)單句的分析方法再細(xì)分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意；然后將全句綜合考慮,。

4. 如果是復(fù)合句,，首先找出從屬連詞并確定出主句，這時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意連詞省略現(xiàn)象和多義連詞在句中的確切含義,；接著按照簡(jiǎn)單句的分析方法再細(xì)分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意,；然后確定從句的性質(zhì)，即該從句在句中修飾什么詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu),；最后整體考慮全句大意,，尤其要注意對(duì)修飾語(yǔ)的判斷是否準(zhǔn)確。

02 · 注意事項(xiàng)

1. 是否有同位語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ),。

2. 是否有省略,、倒裝和分隔等現(xiàn)象。

3. 替代詞的所指對(duì)象,。

4. 判斷并列成分的層次,。

5. 句首的并列連詞and、or,、but,、for通常起承上啟下的作用，不要將他們歸入后文的句法分析,。

6. 在從句多的句子中,，從句中又包含從句的現(xiàn)象。

7. 非限定動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)在句中作次要成分（定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)）時(shí)又帶著較長(zhǎng)的從屬成分,，尤其是狀語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析,。

8. 在有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句和并列句中，狀語(yǔ)（單個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)或從句）究竟是全句的修飾語(yǔ)還是某個(gè)從句或詞語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ),。

03 · 分析實(shí)例

1. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome,，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.

這些任務(wù)的結(jié)果通常都很重要,，這為做好工作增加了壓力,，然而這些任務(wù)的復(fù)雜性使人很難知道該從何處開(kāi)始和怎樣開(kāi)始。

這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句,。在第一個(gè)并列分句中,，有一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，但它不修飾outcome,，而是修飾前面的整個(gè)分句,。后一并列分句中有一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，用it作形式賓語(yǔ),，實(shí)際賓語(yǔ)為帶有連接副詞的不定式短語(yǔ),。

2. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer,，to have $5,000 in loans(貸款) after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.

一個(gè)學(xué)生即使在上課期間做兼職工作,，在暑假期間做全職工作，四年下來(lái)他仍會(huì)欠下5,000美元學(xué)費(fèi)貸款,，而這筆錢(qián)必須在畢業(yè)后一年內(nèi)開(kāi)始償還,。這樣的事現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是很平常了。

分析本句應(yīng)抓住其關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years,。it是形式主語(yǔ),，實(shí)際主語(yǔ)為由for引出邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。這里應(yīng)注意not unusual是雙重否定,，實(shí)際表示肯定含義,。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中。破折號(hào)引出帶形容詞從句的同位語(yǔ),。由于for到句末是一個(gè)完整的內(nèi)容,，因此翻譯中將他們連在一起，而把it is not unusual分譯,。

3. What emerges(浮現(xiàn)) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs,，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.

這就勾畫(huà)出了這樣一種工作環(huán)境，在這種環(huán)境中,，只重視科技手段對(duì)員工工作的監(jiān)視作用,，而不考慮提高客戶服務(wù)質(zhì)量和提高公平的工作場(chǎng)所。

本句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是What emerges is a picture,，主語(yǔ)What emerges本身即為一個(gè)從句,。在說(shuō)明picture的介詞短語(yǔ)中還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾environment,，在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句修飾managing，介詞on后有三個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)作其賓語(yǔ),，分別為：managing，promoting和providing,。

4. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.

正義確定要求嚴(yán)懲兇手,。常識(shí)也要求社會(huì)受到保護(hù)不被（惡人）侵犯。但是無(wú)論正義還是自我保護(hù)都沒(méi)有要求我們處死已被監(jiān)禁的囚犯,。

第二,、三兩句中的第一個(gè)詞均為并列連詞，他們起承上啟下的作用,。三個(gè)句子中各有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,，最后一句中還有一個(gè)由whom引導(dǎo)的、修飾men的定語(yǔ)從句

04 · 真題閱讀長(zhǎng)難句

1. It was believed that this dish would benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate sweating, and warm the body. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）

語(yǔ)法：

整句話屬于it is done…的主語(yǔ)從句句型,，其中it為形式主語(yǔ),。

拓展：

It+ be +過(guò)去分詞+從句

It is said that... 據(jù)說(shuō)……

It is known to all that... 眾所周知……

It is reported that... 據(jù)報(bào)道……

It is believed that... 據(jù)信……;人們相信……

It is suggested that... 有人建議……

It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……

It has been proved that... 已證明…….

例如:

It is believed that at least a score of buildings were damaged or destroyed.

據(jù)信, 至少有二十座樓房遭到破壞或徹底毀掉.

It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.

有人建議會(huì)議延期召開(kāi).

It's reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly.

據(jù)報(bào)道,事故中三人喪生,五人重傷.

It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.

眾所周知,臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分.

詞匯：

(1) muscle n. 肌肉

(2) circulation n. 循環(huán)

(3) sweat v.出汗 n. 汗水

(4) warm v.使暖和 adj. 溫暖的

翻譯：

人們相信這道菜有益于肌肉，減輕疼痛,，改善循環(huán),，刺激出汗，溫暖身體,。

2. Some foods, such as goat meat and spinach(菠菜), are seen as “hot”,，while others, such as Chinese cabbage and radishes(小蘿卜), are seen as “cold”. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）

語(yǔ)法：

整句話是while“然而”并列的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，此處while為連詞,。而such as結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)前面的food進(jìn)行的修飾,，表示列舉。

詞匯：

be seen as 被當(dāng)做…

翻譯：

一些食物,，如羊肉和菠菜, 被視為“熱”,，而其他，如大白菜和蘿卜,被視為“冷”,。

3. However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) …h(huán)ow much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, 此處how much引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句,。

(2) …h(huán)ow the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, 此處how和what引導(dǎo)的是depend on后的賓語(yǔ)從句，屬于and并列了兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,。

詞匯：

(1) depend on v. 依賴,；取決于

(2) individual adj.個(gè)人的

翻譯：

然而，一個(gè)人應(yīng)該吃多少“熱”或“冷”的食物取決于一年中的時(shí)間,、食物的準(zhǔn)備方式和準(zhǔn)備材料,，以及個(gè)人的健康狀況。

4. Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wolfberry(枸杞子), can be found on many a restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）

語(yǔ)法：

這句話的難點(diǎn)在后面的either…or…結(jié)構(gòu),這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可以整體看做后置定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾wolfberry,。

詞匯：

(1) herbal medicine 草藥

(2) addition n. 添加 add v. 把…加入…

翻譯：

中草藥,，如枸杞, 在許多餐館的菜單上都可以找到，或者加入水果茶，或者作為一道菜的有益補(bǔ)充,。

5. So, whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, you may find that this ancient Chinese custom could be just the tonic you were looking for. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, 此處的whether引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,，表示“無(wú)論…還是…”。

(2) … you may find that this ancient Chinese…此處that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,。

(3) …the tonic you were looking for. 此處you were looking for為省略引導(dǎo)詞that/which的定語(yǔ)從句,，修飾tonic。

詞匯：

(1) boost your strength 增強(qiáng)體力

(2) mental power 腦力

(3) a serving of 一份

翻譯：

所以,，無(wú)論你是需要用一大口雞湯來(lái)增強(qiáng)體力,，還是用一份豬腦湯來(lái)增強(qiáng)腦力，你可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),，這一古老的中國(guó)習(xí)俗可能正是你想要的養(yǎng)生補(bǔ)品,。

6. But a recent discovery of traces of a gas in the clouds of Venus has excited astronomers, as it may serve as a potential sign of life.（2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）

語(yǔ)法：

此句中as引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，只不過(guò)as引導(dǎo)原因相較because,，since來(lái)說(shuō),，語(yǔ)氣更弱。

詞匯：

(1) discovery n. 發(fā)現(xiàn) v. discover

(2) excite adj. 使激動(dòng)

(3) serve as 當(dāng)做

(4) potential adj. 潛在的 n. 潛能

翻譯：

但是最近在金星云中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種氣體讓天文學(xué)家們興奮不已,，因?yàn)樗赡苁巧臐撛谯E象,。

7. Though it contains poison, it is viewed as a possible sign of life because on Earth the gas is made by microorganisms(微生物) that live in oxygen-free environments. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) Though it contains poison, 此處though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

(2) …because on Earth the gas is made by microorganisms…此處because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,。

(3) …microorganisms(微生物) that live in oxygen-free environments. 此處that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾microorganisms,。

詞匯：

(1) contain v. 包含

(2) be viewed as 被當(dāng)作

(3) microorganism n. 微生物

(4) oxygen-free adj. 無(wú)氧的

翻譯：

雖然它含有毒素，但它被視為可能有生命跡象存在,，因?yàn)樵诘厍蛏?，這種氣體是由微生物產(chǎn)生的，它們生活在無(wú)氧環(huán)境中,。

8. Scientists have assumed that if life exists on Venus, this cloud deck(云蓋) is likely the only place where it would survive. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) 此句話整體結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,，而從句也是由復(fù)合句組成，即條件狀語(yǔ)從句+主句,。

(2) …the only place where it would survive. 此處where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾place,。

詞匯：

(1) assume v. 假設(shè)

(2) likely adj. 可能的

(3) survive v. 存活

翻譯：

科學(xué)家們假設(shè),，如果金星上存在生命,，那么這個(gè)云層可能是它唯一能生存的地方,。

9. Scientists went through every possibility that could have led to the formation of phosphine gas in Venus clouds, including volcanoes, lightning strikes, small meteorites(隕石) falling into the atmosphere. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) …every possibility that could have led to the formation…此處that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾possibility。

(2) …including volcanoes, lightning strikes, small meteorites(隕石) falling into the atmosphere. 此處including…屬于介詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾possibility,。

(3) … small meteorites(隕石) falling into the atmosphere. 此處的falling…為doing做后置定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾meteorite,。

詞匯：

(1) formation n. 形成

(2) volcano n. 火山

(3) meteorite n. 隕石

(4) atmosphere n. 大氣層；氛圍

翻譯：

科學(xué)家們研究了所有可能導(dǎo)致金星云中磷化氫氣體形成的可能性,，包括火山,、閃電,、小隕石墜入大氣層。

10. It was concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in Venus clouds, other than the presence of life, USA Today reported. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) 整句話是it is +done 的主語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu),。翻譯為“結(jié)論是…”,。

(2)整體結(jié)構(gòu)屬于倒裝，正常結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該為USA Today reported it was concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in Venus clouds, other than the presence of life,。這屬于直接引語(yǔ)放句首的情況,。

詞匯：

(1) conclude v. 總結(jié) conclusion n. 結(jié)論

(2) explanation n. 解釋 explain v. 解釋

(3) existence n. 存在 exist v. 存在

(4) presence n. 存在 present adj. 出現(xiàn)的；在場(chǎng)的 present v. 呈現(xiàn)

翻譯：

據(jù)《今日美國(guó)》報(bào)道,，結(jié)論是除了生命的存在外，金星云中這種氣體的存在沒(méi)有任何道理,。

11. Although the detection of phosphine is not strong evidence for life, this finding is great enough to change scientists' view on Venus, which is thought to be a completely inhospitable(不適合居住的) planet. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) Although the detection of phosphine is not strong evidence for life, 此處although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,，表示“盡管”。

(2) … which is thought to be a completely inhospitable planet.此處which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,，修飾Venus,。

詞匯：

(1) detection n. 偵測(cè) detect v. 偵測(cè)

(2) evidence n. 證據(jù)

(3) is thought to be… 被認(rèn)為是…

(4) completely adv. 完全地

(5) planet n. 星球

翻譯：

盡管磷化氫的發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是生命存在的有力證據(jù)，但這一發(fā)現(xiàn)足以改變科學(xué)家對(duì)金星的看法,，盡管金星完全不適宜居住行星,。

12. He died later in the hospital, despite attempts by two passengers to revive him by using cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR.（2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）

語(yǔ)法：

此句重要在despite表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意思為“盡管”,，但是despite屬于介詞,，后面只可以加短語(yǔ)或者詞匯。

詞匯：

(1) attempt v&n. 嘗試

(2) revive v. 使…復(fù)蘇

翻譯：

盡管有兩名乘客試圖用心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)（CPR）將他救活,，但他后來(lái)還是死在了醫(yī)院里,。

13. However, if an automated external defibrillator, or AED, had been available at the scene, the man’s chances of survival would have been greatly improved. （2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）

語(yǔ)法：

整句話復(fù)雜在出現(xiàn)了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，且表示非真實(shí)的情況,，即涉及到了虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,。

拓展：

<if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句>

在含有非真實(shí)條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,，其構(gòu)成有三種形式：

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：

if條件句的謂語(yǔ)：were\did

主句的謂：would(could\should\might) + do

I would go if they treated me like a slave.

要是他們把我當(dāng)奴隸對(duì)待,，我就走。

與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：

if條件句的謂語(yǔ)：had done

主句的謂：would(could\should\might)+ have done

If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.

今天早上要是沒(méi)下雨,，我就去買(mǎi)東西了,。

與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反：

if條件句的謂語(yǔ)：did\were, should do, were to do

主句的謂：would(could\should\might) + do

If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.

明天如果他在這里的話，我就和他談?wù)劇?/span>

If it should rain, the crops could be saved.

假如下雨,，莊稼可能就有救了,。

If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.

要是我做這項(xiàng)工作，我就會(huì)以不同的方式去做,。

詞匯：

(1) available adj. 可利用的,；可接觸的…

(2) at the scene 在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)

(3) chance n. 幾率

(4) survival n. 存活 survive v. 存活

翻譯：

然而,，如果現(xiàn)場(chǎng)有自動(dòng)體外除顫器（AED），該男子的存活幾率會(huì)大大提高,。

14. An emergency doctor from the hospital who attended the scene said it was highly likely the student would have died, had not a series of the correct first aid measures been applied, along with the AED. （2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) …who attended the scene… 此處有who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾doctor,。

(2) …it was highly likely the student would have died…此處屬于it is +adj+that…的主語(yǔ)從句，此處省略了that,。

(3) …h(huán)ad not a series of the correct first aid measures been applied, 此處語(yǔ)法屬于整句最難的地方,。體現(xiàn)了if虛擬語(yǔ)氣的省略句式。

拓展：

<省略if的條件句>（?？迹?/span>

在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,，非真實(shí)條件句中有were, had, should時(shí)，可以省略if,，而把were, had, should放在主語(yǔ)前,，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

Were it necessary, I might go without delay. （=If it were necessary......）

如果需要的話,，我可以立即去,。

Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. （=If you had taken my advice......）

你要是聽(tīng)了我的建議，就不會(huì)考試不及格了,。

Should I have time, I would call on her. （=If I should have time......）

要是有時(shí)間,，我就去看她。

詞匯：

(1) emergency n. 緊急 emergent adj. 緊急的

(2) a series of 一系列

(3) first aid measures 急救措施

翻譯：

一名到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)看病的醫(yī)院急診醫(yī)生說(shuō),，如果沒(méi)有采取一系列正確的急救措施以及AED,，該學(xué)生很可能已經(jīng)死亡。

15. 'It’s so good that we have these life-saving machines on campus, otherwise we would have heard tragic news,' she said. （2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）

語(yǔ)法：

(1) It’s so good that…此處為it is +adj+that…的主語(yǔ)從句,。

(2) otherwise 屬于副詞,，表示轉(zhuǎn)折。意思是“否則”,。其后也可以加虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示非真實(shí)情況,。

拓展：

otherwise和however的區(qū)別

otherwise 除了否則還有另外的意思，可以做形容詞和副詞

Make a note of the questions you want to ask. You will invariably forget some of them otherwise.

把想提的問(wèn)題記下來(lái),，否則總是會(huì)漏掉其中的一些,。

The decorations for the games have lent a splash of colour to an otherwise drab city.

為運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)所作的裝扮給原本毫無(wú)生氣的城市增添了一抹亮色。

however 一般做轉(zhuǎn)折連詞表示然而,，做副詞時(shí)表示無(wú)論如何,。

He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.

他感覺(jué)不舒服。但他仍然去上班,，并且努力集中精神工作,。

She has the window open, however cold it is outside.

不管外面多冷她都開(kāi)著窗戶。

詞匯：

(1) campus n. 校園

(2) tragic adj. 悲劇的

翻譯：

她說(shuō)：“校園里有這些救生設(shè)備真是太好了,，否則我們會(huì)聽(tīng)到悲慘的消息”,。