高二人教新課標選修6 unit 1 Art課文翻譯

　　Reading 1

　　A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING

　　Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.

　　The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD)

　　During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic waywww.2abc8.com.

　　The Renaissance (15th to 16th century)

　　During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions, as well as their activities and achievements.

　　One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in the wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famouswww.2abc8.com.

　　Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)

　　In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal, from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.

　　The impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculouswww.2abc8.com.

　　Modern art (20th century to today)

　　At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modern art". This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. They styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?

　　西方繪畫藝術(shù)簡史

　　藝術(shù)是受著人民生活習俗和信仰的影響的,。西方的藝術(shù)風格經(jīng)歷了多次變革,。由于西方的藝術(shù)風格多 種多樣,在短短的一篇課文里不可能進行全面的描述。因此,本文只談及從公元6世紀以來最主要的幾種藝術(shù)風格www.2abc8.com,。

　　中世紀(公元5世紀到15世紀)

　　在中世紀,畫家的主要任務是把宗教的主題表現(xiàn)出來,。一個傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)家無意于如實地展現(xiàn)自然和人物。那個時期的典型的繪畫充滿了宗教的(象)特征,體現(xiàn)出了對土帝的愛戴與敬重,。但是,很顯然到了13世紀時,觀念發(fā)生變化,像喬托這樣的畫家開始以一種比較現(xiàn)實的風格來畫宗教場景www.2abc8.com,。

　　文藝復興時期( 15世紀到16世紀)

　　在文藝復興時期,新的思想和價值觀逐漸取代了中世紀的思想和價值觀。人們開始較少關(guān)注宗教主題 而采取一種更人性化的生活態(tài)度,。同時畫家們回到了羅馬,、希臘的古典藝術(shù)理念上。他們力爭如實地畫出 人物和自然,。富人們想擁有自己的藝術(shù)品并用來裝飾自己的高級宮殿和豪宅,他們出價聘請著名藝術(shù)家來 為自己畫像,畫自己的房屋和其他財物,以及他們的活動和成就,。

　　在此期間,最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一就是如何用透視法來畫出事物。這一手法是1428年由馬薩喬第一次使 用的,。當人們第一次看到他的畫時,還以為是透過墻上的小洞來觀看真實的場景,并對此深信不疑,。如果 沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。巧合的是這一時期油畫顏料也得到了發(fā)展,它使得繪 畫的色彩看上去更豐富,、更深沉,。沒有新的顏料和新的(繪畫)手法,我們就不能看到很多使這一時代著名的杰作,。

　　印象派時期( 19世紀后期到20世紀初期)www.2abc8.com

　　19世紀后期,歐洲發(fā)生了巨大的變化,從以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的社會變成了以工業(yè)為主的社會。許多人從農(nóng)村 遷入到新城市,。有著許多新發(fā)明,還有許多社會變革,。這些變革也自然而然地促成了新的繪畫風格。在那 些突破傳統(tǒng)畫法的畫家中有生活和工作在法國巴黎的印象派畫家www.2abc8.com,。

　　印象派畫家是第一批室外寫景的畫家,。他們急切地想把一天中不同時間投射到物體上的光線和陰影呈 現(xiàn)出來。然而由于自然光的變化很快,印象派畫家們必須很快地作畫,因此,他們的畫就不像以前那些畫 家們的畫那樣細致了,。起初,許多人都不喜歡這種畫法,甚至還怒不可遏,。他們說這些畫家作畫時漫不經(jīng) 心、粗枝大葉,而他們的作品更是荒謬可笑,。

　　現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)(20世紀至今)

　　在印象派作品的創(chuàng)建初期,它們是存在著爭議的,但是如今己被人們接受而成為現(xiàn)在我們所說的"現(xiàn) 代藝術(shù)"的始祖了,。這是因為印象派鼓勵畫家用一種嶄新的視角看待他們的環(huán)境。如今,現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)風格有 好幾十種,然而如果沒有印象派,那么這許多不同的風格就不可能存在,。一方面,有些現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)是抽象的, 也就是說,畫家并不打算把我們眼睛看到的東西如實地畫出來,而是集中展現(xiàn)物體的某些品質(zhì)特性,用色 彩,、線條和形狀把它們呈現(xiàn)出來。而另一方面,有些現(xiàn)代派的藝術(shù)作品卻是那么寫實,看上去就像是照片,。 這些風格如此不同,。誰能預言將來會有什么樣的繪畫藝術(shù)風格?

Reading 2

THE BEST OF MANHATTAN'S ART GALLERIESwww.2abc8.com

The Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E.70th Street)

      Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Frick's beautiful home and garden which are well worth a visit.

 Guggenheim Museum (5th Avenue and 88th Street)

      This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always changing. It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. When you walk into the gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs, just a circular path. The museum also has an excellent restaurant.

Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)www.2abc8.com

      The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers more than 5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.www.2abc8.com

Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues)

      It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. A few words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.

Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)

      The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture. There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists.

曼哈頓藝術(shù)畫廊薈萃www.2abc8.com

弗里克收藏館(第5大道和第70街大道之間)

在紐約,比起其他藝術(shù)館許多藝術(shù)愛好者都更樂意參觀這家小型藝術(shù)陳列館。亨利·克萊·弗里克是紐約的一位富豪,于1919年去世,把他的房子,、家具和藝術(shù)收藏品全部留給了美國入民,。弗里克對20世紀以前的西方繪畫有偏愛,而在這個陳列館的珍藏品里這些繪畫得以很好展出。你還可以好好考察一下弗里克美麗的故居和花園,它們是很值得一看的,。  

古根海姆博物館(第5大道和第88街交匯處)www.2abc8.com

這家博物館擁有5000幅非常好的現(xiàn)代油畫,、雕塑和素描。這些藝術(shù)品并不是同時展出的,展品總是在不斷地更換,。展覽將吸引印象派和后印象派作品的愛好者,。古根海姆博物館的大樓也是世界聞名的。當你走進畫廊的時候,你會覺得你進入了一個易碎的白色貝殼之中,?？串嬚棺詈檬菑捻攲涌雌?/span>, 一直往下看到底層。展廳里沒有樓梯,只有一條環(huán)形的小道,。博物館里還有一家極好的餐館,。

 大都會藝術(shù)博物館(第5大道與第82街交匯處) www.2abc8.com

這家博物館以收藏藝術(shù)品種類繁多而享有盛名。它的藝術(shù)品收藏涵蓋了5000多年來世界上眾多國家的文明史,其中包括美洲,、歐洲,、中國、埃及、其他非洲國家和南美洲,。這家博物館展出的不只是可以看得見的藝術(shù)之美,它還向你介紹了古代的生活方式,。你可以看到埃及的寺廟,馥郁的明朝花園, 18世紀法國住宅中的典型房間,以及許多其他特殊展品。

現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館(第53街,位于第5和第6大道之間)

令人驚奇的是,在同一家博物館里竟能容納下19世紀后期到21世紀的如此眾多的名家巨作,。西方藝術(shù)的收藏包括有莫奈,、凡高、畢加索和馬蒂斯等著名藝術(shù)家的作品,。有幾句話需要提醒你注意:博物館票價不菲,而且常常十分擁擠,。www.2abc8.com   

惠特尼美國藝術(shù)博物館(麥迪遜大道945號,靠近第75街) www.2abc8.com

惠特尼博物館藏有極好的當代美國繪畫和雕塑品,。館內(nèi)沒有永久性的展出,展品都是隨時更換的,。惠特尼博物館每兩年有一次特殊的展覽,展品是仍然在世的藝術(shù)家們的新作,。這家博物館還展出當代影視藝術(shù)家的錄像和電影作品,。