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虛擬語氣講與練
虛擬語氣表示與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)或者不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。還可以用來表示建議,、命令,、要求、希望或者驚奇的語氣,。
一． 表示與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
1. if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)虛擬條件句
【高考鏈接】（2010陜西卷15）If we ___ the other road ,we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken
【答案與解析】選B. 由主句謂語動(dòng)詞might have arrived可知,，此句是表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，因此從句用had taken.
(2010天津卷15) —John went to the hospital alone.
—If he ________ me about it, I would have gone with him.
A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told
【答案與解析】選D. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,。
（2010湖南卷29）If he _______ my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.
A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow
【答案與解析】選C. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,。
2. 含蓄虛擬條件句：用without(沒有), but for（要不是有）, otherwise/or（否則）等短語表示的,，相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)虛擬條件句。
Without H1N1 flu, our life would be happier.(=If there were no H1N1 flu,...)
But for the heavy rain this morning, I wouldn’t have been late for class.(=If it hadn’t been for the heavy rain this morning, ...)
More and more students had a fever last week, or/otherwise we wouldn’t have had a long holiday.(=If more and more students hadn’t had a fever last week, we wouldn’t have had a long holiday.)
【高考鏈接】（2009福建卷35）But for the help of my English teacher, I _____ the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won
【答案與解析】選B. 此處But for…, 相當(dāng)于If my English teacher hadn’t helped me.
【高考鏈接】（2010安徽卷26）Bob would have helped us yesterday ,but he_____. .
A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy D. will be busy
【答案與解析】選A. 此處并列連詞but后的簡單句是真實(shí)語氣,，因?yàn)槭莥esterday, 所以用was busy, 它相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的與過去事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句,，即if he hadn’t been busy.
3. 混合虛擬條件句（也稱錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句）：主從句假設(shè)的時(shí)間不同,。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.(從句是與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),，主句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),。)
注意：當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)虛擬條件句中含有助動(dòng)詞had, were, should時(shí),，可以省略if并將助動(dòng)詞提到主語前面,。
Were I President Hu, I would change the educational system.
Had we not had a holiday last week, we would have seen the film 2012.
Were the world to come to an end tomorrow, what would you do?
Should the world come to an end tomorrow, what would you do?
4. as if/as though引導(dǎo)的從句表示的內(nèi)容不屬實(shí)時(shí),，常用虛擬語氣,。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,；與過去事實(shí)相反,，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成式；與將來事實(shí)相反,，謂語動(dòng)詞用would+V.
Our English teacher treats us as if she were our mother.
He talked as if he had seen the savage(野人).
I felt so dizzy(頭昏眼花的) as if an earthquake would happen.
若從句表示的內(nèi)容為事實(shí)或可能為事實(shí),，常用陳述語氣,。
The fish tastes as if it has gone bad.
5. would rather...意為“寧愿”,，后接從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成式,。
I’d rather (that) you hadn’t told me the truth yesterday.
二． 表示不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
I wish/If only...后接從句表示“要是......就好了”,，是不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，通常用虛擬語氣,。表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,，用過去式,；表示與過去事實(shí)相反,，用過去完成式,；表示與將來事實(shí)相反,，用would/could+V.
I wish/If only I were a millionaire.
I wish/If only I had seen the film 2012.
I wish/If only I could travel all around the world.
三． 表示建議、命令,、要求,、希望、驚奇的語氣
1.表示建議的語氣
1)suggest, advise, propose, recommend等表示建議的動(dòng)詞后接賓語從句時(shí),，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+V.
I suggest we (should) see the film on Saturday.
這些動(dòng)詞的名詞形式后接表語從句,，同位語從句時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞也用(should)+V.
My suggestion is that we (should) see the film on Saturday.
I made a suggestion that we (should) see the film on Saturday.
【高考鏈接】（2010福建卷29）Teachers recommend parents _________ their children under 12to ride bicycles to school for safety.
A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow
【答案與解析】選A. 因主句謂語動(dòng)詞為recommend, 故賓語從句謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為should not allow, 其中should可以省略。
2)would rather 后接從句表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼慕ㄗh時(shí),，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,。
I’d rather (that) we had only 3 classes every afternoon.
I’d rather (that) we saw the film tonight.
【高考鏈接】（2010江蘇卷34） George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture.
A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused
【答案與解析】選B. 此處表示對(duì)將來動(dòng)作的建議，注意謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,，不要誤選C.
3)It’s (high) time (that)...意為“是該做什么事情的時(shí)候了”,，后接從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,，有時(shí)也可以用should+V., 此時(shí)should不可以省略,。
It’s time (that) our school held/should hold the sports meeting.
4) 在主語從句It’s important/necessary/natural/desirable（令人想要的） that...中,，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+V.
It’s desirable that we should have more free time.
2.表示命令的語氣
Our head teacher ordered/commanded that we (should) leave the doors and windows open.
3.表示要求的語氣
動(dòng)詞require(要求), request（請(qǐng)求）, demand（強(qiáng)烈要求）, insist（堅(jiān)決要求）后接從句時(shí),，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+V.
We demand (that) we have less homework every day.
【高考鏈接】（2010湖北卷76）Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention ________(討論)at the meeting.(discuss)
【答案與解析】（should）be discussed. 根據(jù)句意,，此處insist含義為“堅(jiān)決要求”,，因此謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+V.
注意：insist若表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”,，從句則用實(shí)際的時(shí)態(tài),。如:
He insisted that he was not guilty. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己無罪。
4.表示希望的語氣
動(dòng)詞prefer,，desire后接從句時(shí)，意為“希望...”,，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+V.
Our teachers prefer/desire (that) we (should) go to good universities.
6. 表示驚奇的語氣, should意為“竟然,，居然”,。若動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在，用should + V.; 若動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,，常用should+ have done.
It’s strange/surprising that she should be so happy today.
It’s strange/surprising that she should have left without saying goodbye.
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】
1. You are late. If you ________________ (來了)a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.(come)
2. We _______________________________(可能失敗) if you hadn’t given us a hand.(fail)
3. If _________________(沒有) subjunctive mood, English would be much easier. (there)
4. This printer is of good quality. If it ____________________(萬一壞了) within the first year, we would repair it at our expense. (break)
5. But for the help of my Chinese teacher, I ____________________(就不會(huì)獲得) the first prize in the composition competition. (win)
6. Thank you for all the hard work last week. I don’t think we _________________________（能夠應(yīng)付好）it without you. (manage)
7. I supported him in time, or he __________________________(就會(huì)摔下來) off the bike.(fall)
8. You didn’t let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you ____________________________(就不會(huì)這么累) now. (tired)
9. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________________________(斷了). (break)
10. She looks so frightened as if she _____________________(看見了)a ghost. (see)
11. H1N1 flu is spreading so fast as if it ___________________________(不會(huì)離開) （go）
12. I regret having said such words to you. I’d rather _________________________________(沒有說) that. (say)
13. I’d rather ___________________________ (我們?nèi)ヒ按? next weekend. (picnic)
14. I’d rather _________________________(我們學(xué)習(xí))in a more relaxed way. (study)
15. If only ______________________(我們注射了) H1N1 flu vaccine yesterday. (inject)
16. If only ___________________________(我們能看電影)once a week. (see)
17. If only H1N1 flu ____________________________(消失) tomorrow.(disappear)
18. I wish ______________________(我知道) everything in the world.(know)
19. The doctor recommended that you ________________________(你不應(yīng)該游泳)after eating a large meal.(swim)
20. His proposal is __________________________________(我們應(yīng)該多閱讀)。（reading）
21. It’s high time that _________________________________(我們做出決定)。（decision）
22. It’s important that _________________________________(我們不放棄)any subject.(give)
23. After circling around the earth for three days, Shenzhou Spaceship received the command from the ground that _______________________（它著陸）as scheduled the next day. (land)
24. Our parents desire that __________________________________(我們努力學(xué)習(xí)),。(study)
25. It’s strange that he ________________________________(竟然獲得了)the first prize.(win)
【答案與解析】
1. had come 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,。
2. might have failed 與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，表示“可能”,，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用might.
3. there were no 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,。
4. should break down/were to break down/broke down 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。
5. wouldn’t have won 含蓄虛擬條件句,。But for the help of my Chinese teacher=If my Chinese teacher hadn’t helped me.
6. could have managed 含蓄虛擬條件句。=We couldn’t have managed it if you hadn’t worked hard to help us.
7. would have fallen 含蓄虛擬條件句,。Or=if I hadn’t supported him in time
8. wouldn’t be so tired 混合虛擬條件句。從句與過去事實(shí)相反,，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。
9. were broken 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,。In fact it is not broken.
10. had seen 從句與過去事實(shí)相反。In fact he didn’t see a ghost.
11. would not go away 從句與將來事實(shí)相反,。 In fact it will go away some day.
12. not have said/I hadn’t said 從句與過去事實(shí)相反，因此可用I hadn’t said. 另外,，would rather后面可以直接用動(dòng)詞原形表示寧愿做某事,，否定式在動(dòng)詞原形前用not. 當(dāng)would rather后接完成式時(shí),，可以表示 “寧愿過去做了某事”，而實(shí)際上沒有做,。
13. we went for a picnic 表示對(duì)將來的建議用過去式,。
14. we studied 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的建議用過去式,。
15. we had been injected with 與過去事實(shí)相反,。In fact, we were not injected with the vaccine yesterday.
16. we could see 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,。In fact, we can’t see a film once a week.
17. would disappear 與將來事實(shí)相反。In fact it will not disappear tomorrow.
18. I knew 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,。In fact I don’t know everything in the world.
19. (should) not swim 表示建議的語氣
20. that we (should) do more reading 表示建議的語氣
21. we made a decision/we should make a decision It’s time表示建議的語氣，從句謂語動(dòng)詞可用兩種形式,。
22. we (should) not give up It’s important/necessary/desirable/natural that sb. (should) do sth. 表示建議的語氣
23. it (should) land 表示命令的語氣
24. we (should) work hard 動(dòng)詞desire, prefer表示希望的語氣
25. should have won 表示驚奇的語氣,。Win這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,，因此用should+have done.
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