談談虛擬語氣
如果你看到下列的句子,，你會認為它們是正確的還是錯的呢,？
1.I wish I were a bird.
2.We request that you be here tomorrow.
也許你會說:"哈哈，第一句的 I were 錯了,，應該是 I was,；而第二句中的 you be是什么東東呀？不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!"其實上面的句子都是一種稱為 Subjunctive 類型的句子,。Subjunctive Mood 有的書譯為"假設語氣",，雖不很貼切；但在相當大的程度上,，告訴我們這種句子的特點,。Subjunctive Mood中文譯作"虛擬語氣"，似乎不及"假設語氣"那么容易明白,。它是一種動詞形式,，表示說話人的某種假設、愿望,、懷疑,、猜測、建議等含義,?；旧希摂M語氣可分為虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present)和虛擬過去(Subjunctive Past)兩種,；但它們和時態(tài)(Tenses)上所指的現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Present Tense)和過去時態(tài)(Past Tense)是有所不同的,。
一、虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present):
虛擬現(xiàn)在的句子,，在任何時候都要用動詞的原形(root form),，就算是第三人稱(he,she, it)也是如此。如：
1.1 現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present): (右邊為虛擬語氣)
　I work ---- I work
　you work ---- you work
　he works ---- he work (注意到了嗎，是 work,，不是 works)
　she works ---- she work (不是 she works 喔）
　it works ---- it work　(同樣不是 it works 喔)
　we work ---- we work
　they work ---- they work 
1.2　現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)(Present Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語氣）
I am working ---- I be working (注意用的是 be,，怪怪的!)
　you are working ---- you be working
　he is working ---- he be working
　she is working ---- she be working
　it is working ---- it be working
　we are working ---- we be working
　they are woring ---- they be working
1.3　現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(Present Perfect):(右邊為虛擬語氣)
I have worked ---- I have worked
　you have worked ---- you have worked
　he has worked ----- he have worked (用的還是have喔)
　she has worked ---- she have worked
　it has worked ---- it have worked
　we have worked ---- we have worked
　they have worked ---- they have worked
1.4　現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)(Present Perfect Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語氣)
　I have been working ---- I have been working
　you have been working ---- you have been working 
　he has been working ---- he have been working　(是 he have, 不是 he has )
　she has been working ---- she have been working
　it has been working --- it have been working
　we have been working ---- we have been working
　they have been working ---- they have been working
談談虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)（二）
二、虛擬過去(Subjunctive Past)
虛擬過去的動詞無論在什么情況之下都要用過去復數(shù)形式,。如：動詞 be,，在虛擬過去中要用 were。
2.1　過去時態(tài)(Simple Past):(右邊為虛擬語氣)
　I worked ---- I worked
　you worked ---- you worked
　he worked ---- he worked
　she worked ---- she worked
　it worked ---- it worked
　we worked ---- we worked
　they worked ---- they worked
2.2　過去進行時態(tài)(Past Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語氣)
　I was working ---- I were working （注意是 I were）
　you were working ---- you were working 
　he was working ---- he were working (是 he were 喔)
　she was working ---- she were working
　it was working ---- it were working
　we were working ---- we were working
　they were working ---- they were working
2.3　過去完成時態(tài)(Past Perfect):(右邊為虛擬語氣)
　I had worked ---- I had worked
　you had worked ---- you had worked
　he had worked ---- he had worked
　she had worked ---- she had worked
　it had worked ---- it had worked
　we had worked ---- we had worked
　they had worked ---- they had worked
　(耶,，全部都用 had ! )
2.4　過去完成進行時態(tài)(Past Perfect Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語氣)
　I had been working ---- I had been working
　you had been working ---- you had been working
　he had been working ---- he had been working
　she had been working ---- she had been working 
　it had been working ---- it had been working
　we had been working ---- we had been working
　they had been working ---- they had been working
談談虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)（三）
三,、簡單的祝愿和命令：
3.1　祝愿
　1.May you be happy. (注意那個be)祝你幸福。
　2.May you have a good time.
　3.May the friendship between us last long,
　4.Have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快,！
3.2　命令
　注意：
1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you),，而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。
　2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號：,！
　3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present),，如：work, be , go
　4.否定形式的命令語氣，可用助動詞 do,，加上 not,。
　1.Work !
　2.Work harder !
　3.Be more alert ! (虛擬語氣動詞 Be) 
　4.You go out !
　5.Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語氣)
　6.Don't be afraid. (口語中常用don't 代替 do not)
談談虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)(四)
四、在現(xiàn)在時態(tài)句里,，用情態(tài)動詞(Modal Verb)的過去時態(tài)(could,might,should,would)表示說話人的謙虛,、客氣、有禮,、委婉等：
1. Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office.(情態(tài)動詞 would,表示客氣有禮)
2. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉)
五,、虛擬語氣在賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法：
5.1 在wish后的虛擬語氣賓語從句(可省略它的that)：
　　表示：
a.和現(xiàn)在的事實相反；
　　b.和過去的事實相反,；
　　c.對將來的主觀愿望,。
5.1.1 現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，從句用過去式或過去進行式(時間上是同時的)：
　1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動詞過去式 knew)
　　 我希望知道這個答案,。(事實上是不知道)
　2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)
　　 但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春,。(事實上不可能)
　3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)
　　 但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能,難道是鳥人,？呵呵) 
　4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.
　　 (wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)
　5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)
　　 現(xiàn)在他在中國,，他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)
　6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.
　　 (will wish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不和我們在一起)
5.1.2 過去情況的虛擬,，從句動詞用"had + 過去分詞"（時間上較前):
　1. I wish (that可省略,，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
　　 我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)
　2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
　　 他真希望沒有失去機會,。(其實已失去)
　3. We wished he had spoken to us.
　　 (wished,，had + spoken)(事實上他并沒同我們講)
　4. I wish you had called earlier.
　　 (wish, had + called)(事實上已遲了)
　5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
　　 (will wish,had + listened)(事實上并不如此) 
5.1.3 將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望),，從句動詞用"would/should/could/might + 動詞原形"(時間上較后):
　1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)
　　 我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)
　2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
　　 我希望你安靜一些,。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)
　3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
　　 你希望她第二天會到,。(事實上她還沒到)
　4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
　　 我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵,，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)
　5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
　　 (只是希望我們和他在一起,，實際上還沒在一起)
談談虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)(五)
5.2　除了wish之外，下列各動詞(如 suggest)的后面的虛擬語氣賓語從句,，其謂語用："should + 動詞原形"表示建議(suggest),、堅持(insist)等虛擬語氣：
* suggest (建議), recommend (推薦), advise (勸告), propose (建議)
* insist (堅持), consent (允諾)
* decide (決定), order (命令) 
* request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)
* maintain (主張), urge (催促)
1.I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.
　(suggest, should + start) (表示建議立即開會)
2.The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight.
　(suggested, should + try) (表示建議你應該減肥喔)
3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.
　(insisted, should + be) (表示堅持,無論如何都要準時到那兒,。你再講也沒用哩,！)
4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.
　(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告訴他不可)
5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves.
　(ordered, should + wash) (表示命令學生們每周自己洗衣服)
六、虛擬語氣在表語從句,、同位語從句中的用法：
下列名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句,，也用"should + 動詞原形" 表示虛擬語氣：
* demand (要求), desire (請求),requirment (要求)
* advice (勸告), recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)
* order (命令)
* necessity (必要地), preference (優(yōu)先) 
* proposal (計劃), plan (計劃),　idea (辦法)
1.The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.
　(名詞advice,，should + leave) (表示加以勸告)
2. My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
3. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
　(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出計劃)
談談虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)(六)
七,、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法
　　句型：It is (或was) + 形容詞(或過去分詞) + that …… +should + 動詞原形……
　　句子：It is natural that she should do so. (形容詞natural, should+動詞原形do)
常用的形容詞：
* natural (自然的), appropriate (適當?shù)?,advisable (合適的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)
* necessary (必須的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本質的), vital (必不可少的)
* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)
* desirable (極好的)
常用的過去分詞(Past Participle):
* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請求的), desired (要求)
* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦) 
* orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.
　(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
　(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好準備)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.
　(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽煙)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.
　(important, should + be) (表示重要的是學生都能了解校規(guī))
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.
　(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顧好病人)
談談虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)(七)
八、虛擬語氣在條件從句(Protasis)中的用法：
條件從句有兩類：（1）真實條件句,；（2）虛擬條件句,。如果假設情況有可能發(fā)生的，就是"真實條件句",。如：
1. If time permits, we'll go fishing together.
　(如果有時間的話,，我們就一起去釣魚。）
如果假設的情況與事實相反,，則為"虛擬條件句",。如：
1. If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
　（如果昨天下雨的話,，我們就會留在家里,。） 
這回我們要談的就是關于"虛擬條件句"的一些句型。
* 這種句子一般由"從句"（Subordinate Clause)和"主句"(Main Clause)組成,。如上
例：
　If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
　"If it had rained yesterday" 就是"從句",；"we would have stayed at home" 則為"主句。
* 無論"從句"或"主句"的謂語都要用虛擬語氣,。它們所用的動詞有三種時態(tài)(Tenses),，就是：現(xiàn)在時態(tài)、過去時態(tài),、將來時態(tài),。
* 句型：
8.1　與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(事情的發(fā)生都在同一時間內(nèi)):
　從句：if + 主語 + 動詞的過去式(be 用 were) + ……
　主句：主語 + would (should, could , might) + 動詞原形 + ……
1.If I were you, I would go with him.
　(從句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.)
2.If I were you, I should buy it.
　(從句用過去式動詞were,，主句用動詞原形 buy)
3.If I had time, I would study French. (如果有時間，我會學習法文,。）
?。◤木溆眠^去式動詞had，主句用動詞原形 study）
4. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文,，她就不必要我?guī)土恕?
　(從句用過去式動詞knew, 主句用動詞原形ask)
　注意：如果動作在進行中,，主句要用："主語 + would be + 進行式動詞 + ……"
5. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now. 
　(從句用過去式動詞were, 主句用 would be speaking)
8.2　與過去事實相反的假設(假設從句的事實為過去的事)：
　從句：If + 主語 + had +過去完成式動詞 + ……
　主句：主語 + would (should, could, might) + have +過去完成式動詞 +……
1. If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.
　(從句動詞用had studied, 主句動詞用have passed)
　如果你在上個學期用功一些，你就會在考試中過關了,。
2. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.
　(從句動詞用had taken, 主句動詞用have failed)
　如果你當時聽從我的勸告的話,，你就不會在考試中失敗了。
3. If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
　(從句動詞用had got up, 主句動詞用 have caught)
　如果你起身得早一點,，你就會趕得上火車了,。
4. If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.
　(從句動詞用had snowed, 主句動詞用 have skied)
　如果下雪的話，我就可在公園里滑雪了,。
　注意：如果動作在進行中,，主句要用："I主語 + would + have + 完成進行式動詞+……
5.If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.
　(從句動詞用had been, 主句動詞用 have been speaking) 
8.3　與將來的事實可能相反(對將來的事實實現(xiàn)的可能性不大)：
　　從句：If + 主語 + should (或were) + 動詞原形 +……
　　主句：主語 + would (could, should, might) + 動詞原形 +……
1. If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
　(從句動詞用should rain，主句動詞用 be)
　如果天下雨,，莊稼可能就收獲了,。
2. If he　were to go　fomorrow, he might tell you.
　(從句動詞用were to, 主句動詞用 tell)
　如果明天他走的話，他可能會告訴你,。
3.If he were here, I would give him the books.
　(從句動詞用 were, 主句動詞用 give)
　如果他在這兒,，我可能會把書給他。
　注意：如果動作在進行中,，從句(不是主句喔)要用："If + 主語 + 過去進行式動詞+……"
4.If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.
　(從句動詞用 were staying, 主句動詞用 let)
　如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒,，我可能會讓她騎我的馬。
8.4 從句的 If 有時可省略,，那么從句中的動詞(were, had, should)就得移到主語前面：
1.原句：If she were younger, she would do it.
　去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把動詞were移到主語she的前面)
2.原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it. 
　去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語he的前面)
8.5　有時虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個：
1. I could help you.(只有主句）
2. If I had time. (只有從句）
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)
4. If he had much more money. (只有從句)
8.6 有時虛擬條件句的從句和主句地動詞動作時態(tài)會不一致：
8.6.1 從句表示過去,，主句表示將來：
If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
8.6.2　從句表示將來，主句表示過去：
If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
8.6.3 從句表示過去,，主句表示將來：
If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.
8.6.4　從句表示將來,，主句表示現(xiàn)在：
If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
談談虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)(八)
九、其他虛擬語氣在句子中的應用：
9.1 用as if (或 as though 好象) 的狀語從句,，表示與事實相反：
1. He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.
?。ㄓ眠^去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設） 
　他假裝好象完全不懂那事，其實他對那事非常了解,。
2. The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.
　(用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實)
　那老人看著照片,，他覺得仿佛回到20年前的時光。
3. They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.
　(would + 原形動詞meet,，表示與將來事實相反)
　他們談了又談,，仿佛他們不會再相見的樣子,。
9.2　用 had hoped 表示原來希望做到而實際上未能實現(xiàn)的事情。其賓語從句的謂語要用"would + 動詞原形"：
　1. I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美國去念書,，但她說她喜歡留在中國,。
9.3　用 without / but for / in the absence of 表示"要不是"、"如果沒有",，表示條件虛擬句：
1.Without air, nothing could live.
　要是沒有空氣,，什么也不能生存。
2.But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.
　要不是你的幫忙,，我們是難有成就的,。
3.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.
　如果沒有水和空氣，什么也不能生存,。