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大學英語四級語法精要
1. 時態(tài) 1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn) 在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作 I’d been working for some time when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時會業(yè)已發(fā)生的事. I shall have finished this on They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 2. 語態(tài) 1) 可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有 assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制) 2) 雙賓語及賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài) a) 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài): 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z, 另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations. b) 賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài): She was called Big Sister by everybody. Then he was made a squad leader. He was considered quite qualified for the job. The room was always kept clean and tidy. 3. 短語動詞 1) Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late. 2) Vi + prep They looked round the Cathedral. 3) Vi + prep (有被動語態(tài)) She’s looking after her sister’s children. The children were always well looked after. 4) Vi + adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits. 5) Vt + O + adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children. The children were brought up by their mother. They took him on. 6) Vt + adv + O (無被動語態(tài)) I am trying to give up smoking. 7) Vt + O + prep We talked Donald into agreement. 4. 省略 1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含 有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常常可以把從句中的主語和謂語的一 部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉. a) Look out for cars when crossing the street. When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects. While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project. Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support. If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful. Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity. This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong. Enemies, on She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry. She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health. Fill in the application as instructed. Whenever known, such facts should be reported. The documents will be returned as soon as signed. He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young. On b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated. Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary. If possible, I should like to have two copies of it. As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy. 2） 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略. a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary. We should think more of the collective than of ourselves. b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did). He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before. Their training is free, as is all education. We will, as always, stand on your side. 3） 錯誤的省略 His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know. While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her. 5. 一致 1) 如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式. Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team. 2) 代詞作主語時的一致 a) each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待. Each of us has something to say. Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone. Neither of us has gone through regular training. Has either of them told you? b) some, few, both, many 等作復數(shù) c) some 可后接復數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一. none作復數(shù)看待時較多,但也有時作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復數(shù)還是單數(shù)概 念, 但none 在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù): None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it. None (= not a single on None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did. None of this worries me. all 和most 可后接復數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞 (all of the…, most of the …), 動詞用單數(shù). 3) 由and 或 both… and 連接名詞詞組時, 后用復數(shù); 由not on neither…nor或 or 連接的并列主語, 謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致. Not on My sister or my brother is likely to be at home. Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work. Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind. 如果一個句子是由there 或here引導, 而主語又不止一個, 謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一 致. There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix. Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 4) people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作復數(shù). Cattle are grazing on the pasture. The police are looking for him. 有些集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待, 有時作復數(shù)看待, 主要根據(jù)意思來決定. His family isn’t very large. His family are all music lovers. The committee meets twice a month. The committee are divided in opinion. The audience was enormous. The audience were greatly moved at the words. 有些名詞單復數(shù)同形, 可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動詞的數(shù): This new series is beginning next month. These new series are beginning next month. This species is now extinct. These species are now extinct. 5) 表示時間, 重量, 長度, 價值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復數(shù)形式, 如果作整體看待, 動詞也可用單 數(shù)形式 (當然用復數(shù)動詞也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. On 6) 其他問題 a) 書名, 國家名用單數(shù): Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb. b) 學科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數(shù). c) many a 或more than on Many a person has had that kind of experience. More than on a number of 后接復數(shù), the number of后接單數(shù): A number of books have been published on the subject. The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing. d) on 的單復數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式,，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復數(shù)形式： Joan is on 當on He is the on 一：時態(tài)：所謂的"時態(tài)",，就是時間+狀態(tài)。謂語動詞的時態(tài)見下表： 1．主動形式 2．被動形式 cet-4 ?？嫉娜N時態(tài)：過去完成時,；將來完成時；（現(xiàn)在/過去）完成進行時,。 時間狀語從句當中的時態(tài)： 一般過去時 所有的過去 用 一般現(xiàn)在時 表示 現(xiàn)在和將來 現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成和將來完成 一．非謂語動詞 一．不定式： 一）不定式的?？夹问剑?/p> 一般形式：he decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被動形式: he preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 語法功能： 表示與謂語動詞同步發(fā)生 完成形式：he pretended not to have seen me. 被動形式：the book is said to have been translated into many languages. 語法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前 二）不定式常考的考點： 1）不定式做定語----將要發(fā)生 2）不定式做狀語----目的 3）不定式充當名詞功能---to see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動作的完整性,，真實性,； + doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性 i saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見他在花園里干活了,。(強調(diào)"我看見了"這個事實) i saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我見他正在花園里干活,。（強調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個動作） 感官動詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：the cake tastes good; it feels comfortable. 2) 使役動詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動以后要還原to i ‘d like to have john do it. i have my package weighed. paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些動詞后只跟不定式如： want， wish,，hope,，manage，promise,，refuse,，pretend，plan,， offer,，decide，agree,，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的時候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (on 三,、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動的意思。其中，want不太常用,。 he needs (a lot of) encouraging. 二. 動名詞： 具有動作性特征的名詞 1)是名詞 seeing is believing 2)具有動詞性特征可以帶賓語 starving troops is necessary. 一)動名詞的形式: 一般形式：i don't like you smoking. 完成形式：i regret not having taken your advice. 被動形式：this question is far from being settled. 二) 動名詞?？嫉狞c 1)動名詞做主語謂語動詞為單數(shù) 2)在動名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動名詞 3)動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語. i would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． a．you to call b．you call c．you calling d．you're calling（key：c your calling 也對） i regret not having taken your advice. 4)有些詞后只能接動名詞 admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法： it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... 5有些詞后加不定式和動名詞均可 remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容,。 i remembered to post the letters. (指未來/過去未來的動作) i remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個動作) forgot與remember的用法類似,。 i regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你… i regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。 try to 努力 you really must try to overcome your shyness. try –ing 試驗 try practicing five hours a day. i mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算,、想]我想去,，但我父親不讓我去。 to raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈加工資意味著增加購買力,。 prefer的用法： 我寧愿在這里等,。 i prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話,，我就等下去,。） i prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等,，我就喜歡這么做,。） i prefer swimming to cycling. （這個句子里面就不能用不定式了。） 3 分詞： 現(xiàn)在分詞主動進行,過去分詞被動狀態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式: 1)一般式: do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語動詞同步發(fā)生) 2)完成形式：not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語動詞之前) 3)完成被動形式：having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語動詞之前且表示被動) 過去分詞 過去分詞表示被動：fight no battle unprepared. 2)過去分詞的進行形式：you'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強調(diào)正在被做) 這三種非謂語動詞,，都可以構(gòu)成復合結(jié)構(gòu),，非謂語動詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動詞的邏輯主語。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動還是被動,，往往就是考點,。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語之間的主動被動的關(guān)系,。 二：虛擬三：虛擬語氣 情態(tài)動詞所表達的可能性程度：must/can't should/shouldn't might/may (not) 另外兩個"類情態(tài)詞的形式："need/needn't; have to/don't have to 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時態(tài)（不含時間只含狀態(tài)） 本質(zhì)上是過去將來時：即,，時間固定在過去將來，狀態(tài)不同：一般,、進行,、完成、完成進行,。 這時"虛擬語氣"的產(chǎn)生往往是因為我們要表達"本來應該……"（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有……） （本來可以……,，本來能……） i should go! (… but i'm still here!) (一般) i should be working now! (進行) i should have practiced more (than i did)! (完成) 我應該多多練習！（言下之意,，現(xiàn)在我練習得不多,。） i shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定) (actually i did dream away my time too much!) it shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進行) i may/might/could have finished! (完成) 一些常見的句型中，就會出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語氣,，而處于從句之中,，should 常常被省略掉 suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan; demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide; require, request; think, expect, believe, insist, suspect. 由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設(shè),，應該"這類的含義,，所以,，由他們引起的從句中，就會包含有should+原型時態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語氣,。 這些動詞（以及他們的名次形式,，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形： 主語從句，表語從句,，同位語從句 it's suggested that… my suggestion is that… the on the on 一些形容詞引起的表語從句中,，也會有同樣的情況 imp it's natural ; strange; incredible that a pity; a shame; no wonder 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should 表達與事實相反 1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用[過去時]： i wish i were not here! (一般現(xiàn)在一般過去) suppose we were not here. he loved me as if i were his own son. (一般現(xiàn)在一般過去) hope i weren't always losing things! (現(xiàn)在進行過去進行) if on what if i hadn't been waiting right here! (現(xiàn)在完成進行過去完成進行) 常考句型：it's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)… 這兩個從句,，只能表達對現(xiàn)在的看法,，所以，從句中只有一般過去時,。 2. 與過去相反：過去完成時,； how nice it is if i had past the test! how nice it is if i had slept a little more this morning! 3. 與將來相反？將來的事情沒有發(fā)生,，所以只能推測,。 if it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay on 不過，由于可以用be to表示將來,；所以,，虛擬語氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to；也是cet-4的?？颊Z法點,。 虛擬條件句 if 部分，做一個與事實相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過去和過去完成）,； 主句部分,，這是表示基于這個假設(shè)的推測，一般使用情態(tài)動詞would,，少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may,。 注意：兩個部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系,，而在兩部分的謂語動詞時態(tài)上,，沒有必然的聯(lián)系。 注意,，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略,，造成were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝,。 隱含的非真實條件 what would you do with 50 thousand dollar? how could i be happy without you? 除了條件狀語從句之外,，原因狀語從句也會出現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的時候,，多用shouldn't; whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的從句中,，多用may+ 情態(tài)動詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別 最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語境來考查情態(tài)動詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時學習時準確理解和掌握情態(tài)動詞的基本用法十分重要,。情態(tài)動詞的用法復雜多變,，在高考試題中，命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細微差別來考查學生對情態(tài)動詞的理解和掌握,。對于情態(tài)動詞,，除了要求考生能夠準確掌握它們的基本用法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語境來分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系,。下面就近幾年來高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動詞的考點進行歸納分析,，以便同學們復習掌握。 一,、用“情態(tài)動詞＋have ＋done”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去動作的推測,，高考試題中常用過去時態(tài)或過去的時間狀語給以暗示。情態(tài)動詞的這一用法可以用 “對立統(tǒng)一”來概括,。 1．當試題的前句和后句在動作和意義上相互補充說明,，且整個句意在動作和時間上是一個整體時，我們可用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題,。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有： must have done： 表示對過去動作的肯定推測,，常譯作“一定做了……”，只能用于肯定句中,。其否定形式為can’t／couldn’t have done 疑問式為can／could...have done﹖。 could ／might have done：表示對過去發(fā)生的動作的可能性推測,，常譯作“可能做了……”,。如： 1) my sister met him at the grand theater yesterday afternoon, so he ＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． a． couldn’t have attended b． needn’t have attended c． mustn’t have attended d． shouldn’t have attended 本題選a。 2) jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me． a． mustn’t have arrived b． shouldn’t have arrived c． can’t have arrived d． need not have arrived （c） 2．當試題的前后句在動作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時,，常借助“but, however, instead”等詞來表示過去的動作與客觀事實不符,，這時我們就可以用“對立”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有： should have done ／ ought to have done：表示過去本應該做某事而實際上沒有做,。 should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示過去本不應該做某事但事實上卻做了,。 need have done：表示過去本來有必要去做某事，但事實上沒有做,。 need not have done：表示過去本來沒有必要做某事,，但事實上卻做了。如： 3) i was really anxious about you． you ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word． (nmet2001) a． mustn’t leave b． shouldn’t have left c． couldn’t have left d． needn’t leave “本不應該離家出走卻走了”,，故本題選b,。 4) i told sally how to get here, but perhaps i ＿＿＿＿＿ for her． (nmet’94) a． had to write it out b． must have written it out c． should have written it out d． ought to write it out 由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對立關(guān)系，分析題意可知本題應選c。 二,、考查情態(tài)動詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析,。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語境來考查考生對那些最常見的情態(tài)動詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做這樣的試題時應認真分析語境中所含的實際意義,，并結(jié)合情態(tài)動詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇,。 5) —is john coming by train﹖ —he should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． he likes driving his car． a． must b． can c． need d． may mustn’t 表示“禁止、不準”,；cannot 表示“不可能”,；need not 表示“不必要”；may not 表示“可能不”,。分析語境可知本題應選d,。 6) —i hear you’ve got a set of valuable australian coins． ＿＿＿＿＿＿ i have a look﹖ —yes, certainly． a． do b． may c． shall d． should 分析語境可知這是在征求對方的許可，may表示“允許,、可以”,，語氣比較委婉 shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見和指示,，如果此空用shall,，則意為“要（我）看一下嗎？”,，不符合上下文意思,。故本題選b。 7) mr bush is on time for everything． how ＿＿＿＿ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ a． can b． should c． may d． must must be 表示肯定的猜測,，只能用于肯定句中,，由題意可知本題應選a。 8) —are you coming to jeff’s party﹖ —i’m not sure． i ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead． |
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