A

ABAB設(shè)計(jì)（逆向設(shè)計(jì)）ABAB (reversal) design 

type of experimental design in which an intervention is introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated, and the behavior of a participant is examined on and off the treatment

破堤效應(yīng) abstinence violation effect 

what happens when a person attempting to abstain from alcohol use ingests alcohol and then endures conflict and guilt by making an internal attribution to explain why he or she drank, thereby making him or her more likely to continue drinking in order to cope with the self-blame and guilt

急性應(yīng)激障礙 acute stress disorder 

disorder similar to post-traumatic stress disorder but occurs within 1 month of exposure to the stressor and does not last more than 4 weeks; often involves dissociative symptoms

適應(yīng)障礙 adjustment disorder 

stress-related disorder that involves emotional and behavioral symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and/or antisocial behaviors) that arise within 3 months of the onset of a stressor

青少年期起病品行障礙 adolescent-onset conduct disorder 

a conduct disorder characterized by aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness, and rules violation beginning after age 10

領(lǐng)養(yǎng)研究 adoption study 

study of the heritability of a disorder by finding adopted people with a disorder and then determining the prevalence of the disorder among their biological and adoptive relatives, in order to separate out contributing genetic and environmental factors

失認(rèn)癥 agnosia

impaired ability to recognize objects or people

廣場(chǎng)恐怖癥 agoraphobia anxiety disorder 

characterized by fear of places and situations in which it would be difficult to escape, such as enclosed places, open spaces, and crowds

匿名戒酒者協(xié)會(huì) Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 

an organization created by and for people with alcoholism involving a 12-step treatment program

美國法律學(xué)會(huì)規(guī)則 ALI rule 

legal principle stating that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if he or she lacks the capacity to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of the act or to conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law as a result of mental disease

非穩(wěn)態(tài)負(fù)荷 allostatic load 

physiological condition resulting from chronic arousal of the fight-or-flight response to stress

利他型自殺 altruistic suicide

 suicide committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society

阿爾茨海默病 Alzheimer’s disease 

progressive neurological disease that is the most common cause of dementia

閉經(jīng) amenorrhea 

cessation of the menses

美國精神病學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)的精神病定義American Psychiatric Association definition of insanity 

definition of insanity stating that people cannot be held responsible for their conduct if, at the time they commit crimes, as the result of mental disease or mental retardation they are unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of their conduct

遺忘癥 amnesia 

impairment in the ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information or past events

苯丙胺類 amphetamines 

stimulant drugs that can produce symptoms of euphoria, self-confidence, alertness, agitation, paranoia, perceptual illusions, and depression

杏仁核 amygdala 

structure of the limbic system critical in emotions such as fear

動(dòng)物研究animal studies

studies that attempt to test theories of psychopathology using animals

動(dòng)物型恐怖癥animal-type phobias 

extreme fears of specific animals that may induce immediate and intense panic attacks and cause the individual to go to great lengths to avoid the animals

失范型自殺 anomic suicide 

suicide committed by people who experience a severe disorientation and role confusion because of a large change in their relationship to society

神經(jīng)性厭食癥 anorexia nervosa

eating disorder in which people fail to maintain body weights that are normal for their age and height and have fears of becoming fat, distorted body images, and amenorrhea

對(duì)抗antagonism 

hostility toward others

拮抗劑 antagonist drugs 

drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug, reducing desire for the drug

順行性遺忘 anterograde amnesia 

deficit in the ability to learn new information

抗焦慮藥antianxiety drugs 

drugs used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other psychological symptoms

抗驚厥藥anticonvulsants drugs 

used to treat mania and depression

抗抑郁藥antidepressant drugs 

drugs used to treat the symptoms of depression, such as sad mood, negative thinking, and disturbances of sleep and appetite; common types are tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

抗精神病藥 antipsychotic drugs 

drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking

反社會(huì)型人格障礙antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) 

pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, and/or ruthless behavior, predicated on disregard for the rights of others and an absence of respect for social norms

焦慮 anxiety 

state of apprehension, tension, and worry

焦慮敏感性 anxiety sensitivity 

belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences

失語癥 aphasia 

impaired ability to produce and comprehend language

應(yīng)用緊張技術(shù)applied tension technique

technique used to treat blood-injection-injury type phobias in which the therapist teaches the client to increase his or her blood pressure and heart rate, thus preventing the client from fainting

失用癥apraxia

 impaired ability to initiate common voluntary behaviors

喚起期 arousal phase 

in the sexual response cycle, psychological experience of arousal and pleasure as well as physiological changes, such as the tensing of muscles and enlargement of blood vessels and tissues (also called the excitement phase)

主動(dòng)性社區(qū)治療計(jì)劃 assertive community treatment programs 

system of treatment that provides comprehensive services to people with schizophrenia, employing the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients’ needs 24 hours a day

評(píng)估 assessment 

process of gathering information about a person’s symptoms and their possible causes

關(guān)聯(lián)研究 association studies 

genetic studies in which researchers identify physical disorders associated with a target psychological disorder for which genetic abnormalities or markers are known; the DNA of individuals with the psychological disorder and their first-degree relatives is then examined to determine if they also have this genetic marker (one form of molecular genetic studies)

注意缺陷／多動(dòng)障礙 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 

syndrome marked by deficits in controlling attention, inhibiting impulses, and organizing behavior to accomplish long-term goals

非典型抗精神病藥 atypical antipsychotics 

drugs that seem to be even more effective in treating schizophrenia than phenothiazines without the same neurological side effects; they bind to a different type of dopamine receptor than other neuroleptic drugs

幻聽 auditory hallucinations 

auditory perceptions of a phenomenon that is not real, such as hearing a voice when one is alone

孤獨(dú)癥 autism 

childhood disorder marked by deficits in social interaction (such as a lack of interest in one’s family or other children), communication (such as failing to modulate one’s voice to signify emotional expression), and activities and interests (such as engaging in bizarre, repetitive behaviors)

孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙 autism spectrum disorder 

a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by disrupted social and language development (formerly referred to as autism)

厭惡療法 aversion therapy 

treatment that involves the pairing of unpleasant stimuli with deviant or maladaptive sources of pleasure in order to induce an aversive reaction to the formerly pleasurable stimulus

回避型人格障礙avoidant personality disorder 

pervasive anxiety, sense of inadequacy, and fear of being criticized that lead to the avoidance of most social interactions with others and to restraint and nervousness in social interactions

意志減退 avolition 

inability to persist at common goal-directed activities

B

巴比妥類

barbiturates drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia that work by suppressing the central nervous system and decreasing the activity level of certain neurons

行為取向

behavioral approaches approaches to psychopathology that focus on the influence of reinforcements and punishments in producing behavior; the two core principles or processes of learning according to behaviorism are classical conditioning and operant conditioning

行為抑制

behavioral inhibition set of behavioral traits including shyness, fearfulness, irritability, cautiousness, and introversion; behaviorally inhibited children tend to avoid or withdraw from novel situations, are clingy with parents, and become excessively aroused when exposed to unfamiliar situations

行為觀察

behavioral observation method for assessing the frequency of a client’s behaviors and the specific situations in which they occur

抑郁的行為理論

behavioral theories of depression theories that view depression as resulting from negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement; sympathetic responses to depressive behavior then serve as positive reinforcement for the depression itself

行為治療

behavioral therapies psychotherapeutic approaches that focus on identifying the reinforcements and punishments contributing to a person’s maladaptive behaviors and on changing specific behaviors

行為療法

behavioral therapy therapy that focuses on changing a person’s specific behaviors by replacing unwanted behaviors with desired behaviors

行為遺傳學(xué)

behavior genetics study of the processes by which genes affect behavior and the extent to which personality and abnormality are genetically inherited

行為主義

behaviorism study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior

苯二氮卓類

benzodiazepines drugs that reduce anxiety and insomnia

β-淀粉樣蛋白

beta-amyloid class of proteins that accumulates in the spaces between neurons in the brain, contributing to Alzheimer’s disease

暴食障礙

binge-eating disorder eating disorder in which people compulsively overeat either continuously or on discrete binges but do not behave in ways to compensate for the overeating

暴食

bingeing eating a large amount of food in one sitting

暴食/ 清除型神經(jīng)性厭食癥

binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa type of anorexia nervosa in which periodic bingeing or purging behaviors occur along with behaviors that meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa

生物學(xué)取向

biological approach view that biological factors cause and should be used to treat abnormality

生物學(xué)理論

biological theories theories of abnormality that focus on biological causes of abnormal behaviors

生物心理社會(huì)取向

biopsychosocial approach approach to psychopathology that seeks to integrate biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating psychopathology

雙相障礙

bipolar disorder disorder marked by cycles between manic episodes and depressive episodes; also called manic-depression

雙相I型障礙

bipolar I disorder form of bipolar disorder in which the full symptoms of mania are experienced; depressive aspects may be more infrequent or mild

雙相Ⅱ型障礙

bipolar II disorder form of bipolar disorder in which only hypomanic episodes are experienced and the depressive component is more pronounced

血液-注射-損傷型恐怖癥

blood-injection-injury type phobias extreme fears of seeing blood or an injury or of receiving an injection or another invasive medical procedure, which cause a drop in heart rate and blood pressure and fainting

軀體變形障礙

body dysmorphic disorder syndrome involving obsessive concern over a part of the body the individual believes is defective

邊緣型人格障礙

borderline personality disorder syndrome characterized by rapidly shifting and unstable mood, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships, as well as impulsive behavior and transient dissociative states

與呼吸相關(guān)的睡眠障礙

breathing-related sleep disorder group of sleep disorders characterized by numerous brief sleep disturbances due to problems breathing

短暫精神病性障礙

brief psychotic disorder disorder characterized by the sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavior that lasts only between 1 day and 1 month, after which the symptoms vanish completely

神經(jīng)性貪食癥

bulimia nervosa eating disorder in which people engage in bingeing and behave in ways to prevent weight gain from the binges, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, and abuse of purging drugs (such as laxatives)

C

咖啡因

caffeine chemical compound with stimulant effects

大麻

cannabis substance that causes feelings of well-being, perceptual distortions, and paranoid thinking

個(gè)案研究（也譯作案例研究）

case studies in-depth analyses of individuals

猝倒

cataplexy episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone lasting under 2 minutes, triggered by laughter or joking in people who have had narcolepsy for a long time

緊張癥

catatonia group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world

宣泄

catharsis expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts, which, according to Freud, leads to the release of energy used to keep these memories in the unconscious

因果歸因

causal attribution explanation for why an event occurred

中樞性睡眠呼吸暫停

central sleep apnea sleep disorder characterized by complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time (20 seconds or more); sufferers do not have frequent awakenings and do not tend to feel tired during the day; occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system

大腦皮層

cerebral cortex part of the brain that regulates complex activities, such as speech and analytical thinking

腦血管疾病

cerebrovascular disease disease that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked, causing tissue damage to the brain

兒童期起病品行障礙

childhood-onset conduct disorder a conduct disorder characterized by aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness, and rules violation beginning before age 10 that tends to worsen with age

氯丙嗪

chlorpromazine antipsychotic drug

長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)動(dòng)或發(fā)聲抽動(dòng)障礙

chronic motor or vocal tic disorder (CMVTD) a motor disorder characterized by persistent motor or vocal tics

晝夜節(jié)律睡眠-覺醒障礙

circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder sleep disorder characterized by insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or both due to disruptions in circadian rhythms

民事收容

civil commitment forcing of a person into a mental health facility against his or her will

經(jīng)典條件作用

classical conditioning form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, thereby making the neutral stimulus itself sufficient to elicit the same response

分類系統(tǒng)

classification system set of syndromes and the rules for determining whether an individual’s symptoms are part of one of these syndromes

來訪者中心療法

client-centered therapy (CCT) Carl Rogers’s form of psychotherapy, which consists of an equal relationship between therapist and client as the client searches for his or her inner self, receiving unconditional positive regard and an empathic understanding from the therapist

可卡因

cocaine central nervous system stimulant that causes a rush of positive feelings initially but that can lead to impulsiveness, agitation, and anxiety and can cause withdrawal symptoms of exhaustion and depression

認(rèn)知

cognitions thoughts or beliefs

認(rèn)知行為治療（也譯作認(rèn)知行為療法）

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment focused on changing negative patterns of thinking and solving concrete problems through brief sessions in which a therapist helps a client challenge negative thoughts, consider alternative perspectives, and take effective actions

認(rèn)知理論

cognitive theories theories that focus on belief systems and ways of thinking as the causes of abnormal behavior

認(rèn)知治療

cognitive therapies therapeutic approaches that focus on changing people’s maladaptive thought patterns

世代效應(yīng)

cohort effect effect that occurs when people born in one historical period are at different risk for a disorder than are people born in another historical period

集體無意識(shí)

collective unconscious according to Carl Jung, the wisdom accumulated by a society over hundreds of years of human existence and stored in the memories of individuals

交流障礙

communication disorders disorders characterized by persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language and other means of communicating

社區(qū)精神衛(wèi)生中心

community mental health centers institutions for the treatment of people with mental health problems in the community; may include teams of social workers, therapists, and physicians who coordinate care

社區(qū)精神衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)

community mental health movement movement launched in 1963 that attempted to provide coordinated mental health services to people in community-based treatment centers

共病

comorbidity meeting the criteria for two or more diagnostic categories simultaneously

強(qiáng)迫行為

compulsions repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform

計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描

computerized tomography (CT) method of analyzing brain structure by passing narrow X-ray beams through a person’s head from several angles to produce measurements from which a computer can construct an image of the brain

同病率

concordance rate probability that both twins will develop a disorder if one twin has the disorder

條件化回避反應(yīng)

conditioned avoidance response behavior that is reinforced because it allows individuals to avoid situations that cause anxiety

條件反應(yīng)

conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning, response that first followed a natural stimulus but that now follows a conditioned stimulus

條件刺激

conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning, previously neutral stimulus that, through pairing with a natural stimulus, becomes sufficient to elicit a response

品行障礙

conduct disorder syndrome marked by chronic disregard for the rights of others, including specific behaviors such as stealing, lying, and engaging in acts of violence

意識(shí)

conscious refers to mental contents and processes of which we are actively aware

連續(xù)變量

continuous variable factor that is measured along a continuum (such as 0–100) rather than falling into a discrete category (such as “diagnosed with depression”)

異常的連續(xù)譜模型（也譯作異常的連續(xù)體模型）

continuum model of abnormality model of abnormality that views mental disorders not as categorically different from “normal” experiences but as lying somewhere along a continuum from healthy, functional behaviors, thoughts, and feelings to unhealthy, dysfunctional behaviors, thoughts, and feelings

控制組（也譯作對(duì)照組）

control group in an experimental study, group of subjects whose experience resembles that of the experimental group in all ways except that they do not receive the key manipulation

轉(zhuǎn)換障礙（功能性神經(jīng)癥狀障礙）

conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) syndrome marked by a sudden loss of functioning in a part of the body, usually following an extreme psychological stressor

冠心病

coronary heart disease (CHD) chronic illness that is a leading cause of death in the United States, occurring when the blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed or closed by plaque, resulting in a myocardial infarction (heart attack) when closed completely

相關(guān)研究

correlational studies method in which researchers assess only the relationship between two variables and do not manipulate one variable to determine its effects on another variable

相關(guān)系數(shù)

correlation coefficient statistic used to indicate the degree of relationship between two variables

皮質(zhì)醇

cortisol hormone that helps the body respond to stressors, inducing the fight-or-flight response

橫斷

cross-sectional type of research examining people at one point in time but not following them over time

文化相對(duì)論

cultural relativism view that norms among cultures set the standard for what counts as normal behavior, which implies that abnormal behavior can only be defined relative to these norms and that no universal definition of abnormality is therefore possible; only definitions of abnormality relative to a specific culture are possible

環(huán)性心境障礙

cyclothymic disorder milder but more chronic form of bipolar disorder that consists of alternation between hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over a period of at least 2 years

D

對(duì)他人的危險(xiǎn)性

dangerousness to others legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person would pose a threat or danger to other people if not incarcerated

對(duì)本人的危險(xiǎn)性

dangerousness to self legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person is imminently suicidal or a danger to him- or herself as judged by a mental health professional

日間護(hù)理中心

day treatment centers mental health facilities that allow people to obtain treatment, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies, during the day but to live at home at night

深部腦刺激

deep brain stimulation procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain areas

防御機(jī)制

defense mechanisms strategies the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes

降解

degradation process in which a receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse, breaking down neurotransmitters into other biochemicals

去機(jī)構(gòu)化運(yùn)動(dòng)

deinstitutionalization movement in which thousands of mental patients were released from mental institutions; a result of the patients’ rights movement, which was aimed at stopping the dehumanization of mental patients and at restoring their basic legal rights

延遲射精

delayed ejaculation marked delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual encounters

譫妄

delirium cognitive disorder including disorientation and memory loss that is acute and usually transient

震顫性譫妄

delirium tremens (DTs) symptoms that result during severe alcohol withdrawal, including hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and disorientation

妄想障礙

delusional disorder disorder characterized by delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that occur in real life, such as being followed, poisoned, or deceived by a spouse or having a disease; people with this disorder do not show any other symptoms of schizophrenia

關(guān)系妄想

delusion of reference false belief that external events, such as other people’s actions or natural disasters, relate somehow to oneself

妄想

delusions fixed beliefs with no basis in reality

思維插入妄想

delusions of thought insertion beliefs that one’s thoughts are being controlled by outside forces

需求特征

demand characteristics factors in an experiment that suggest to participants how the experimenter would like them to behave

癡呆癥

dementia cognitive disorder in which a gradual and usually permanent decline of intellectual functioning occurs; can be caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication, or withdrawal

因變量

dependent variable factor that an experimenter seeks to predict

人格解體/現(xiàn)實(shí)解體障礙

depersonalization/derealization disorder syndrome marked by frequent episodes of feeling detached from one’s own body and mental processes, as if one were an outside observer of oneself; symptoms must cause significant distress or interference with one’s ability to function

抑制劑

depressants drugs that slow the nervous system

抑郁

depression state marked by either a sad mood or a loss of interest in one’s usual activities, as well as feelings of hopelessness, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and trouble concentrating

抑郁障礙

depressive disorders a set of disorders characterized by depressed mood and/or anhedonia (and not mania)

脫敏

desensitization treatment used to reduce anxiety by rendering a previously threatening stimulus innocuous by repeated and guided exposure to the stimulus under nonthreatening circumstances

分離

detachment the inability to connect with others

發(fā)育性協(xié)調(diào)障礙

developmental coordination disorder disorder involving deficits in the ability to walk, run, or hold on to objects

診斷

diagnosis label given to a set of symptoms that tend to occur together

《精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) official manual for diagnosing mental disorders in the United States, containing a list of specific criteria for each disorder, how long a person’s symptoms must be present to qualify for a diagnosis, and requirements that the symptoms interfere with daily functioning in order to be called disorders

辯證行為療法

dialectical behavior therapy cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and skill at managing negative emotions

素質(zhì)–應(yīng)激模型

diathesis-stress model model that asserts that only when a diathesis or vulnerability interacts with a stress or trigger will a disorder emerge

脫抑制

disinhibition lack of restraint

喚醒障礙

disorders of arousal sleep disorders that involve recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that seem to mix elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep

破壞性心境失調(diào)障礙

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder a disorder in children characterized by immature and inappropriate temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to a situation in intensity and duration

分離

dissociation process whereby different facets of an individual’s sense of self, memories, or consciousness become split off from one another

分離性遺忘癥

dissociative amnesia loss of memory for important facts about a person’s own life and personal identity, usually including the awareness of this memory loss

分離性漫游

dissociative fugue disorder in which a person moves away and assumes a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity

分離性身份障礙

dissociative identity disorder (DID) syndrome in which a person develops more than one distinct identity or personality, each of which can have distinct facial and verbal expressions, gestures, interpersonal styles, attitudes, and even physiological responses

異卵雙生子

dizygotic (DZ) twins twins who average only 50 percent of their genes in common because they developed from two separate fertilized eggs

多巴胺

dopamine neurotransmitter in the brain, excess amounts of which have been thought to cause schizophrenia

雙盲實(shí)驗(yàn)

double-blind experiment study in which both the researchers and the participants are unaware of which experimental condition the participants are in, in order to prevent demand effects

德赫姆規(guī)則

Durham rule legal principle stating that the presence of a mental disorder is sufficient to absolve an individual of responsibility for a crime

惡劣心境障礙

dysthymic disorder type of depression that is less acute than major depression but more chronic; diagnosis requires the presence of a sad mood or anhedonia, plus two other symptoms of depression, for at least 2 years, during which symptoms do not remit for 2 months or longer

E

早泄

early ejaculation recurrent ejaculation within 1 minute of initiation of partnered sexual activity when not desired

未特定的進(jìn)食障礙

eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)

diagnosis for individuals who have some symptoms of anorexia or bulimia nervosa but do not meet the full criteria

言語模仿癥

echolalia communication abnormality in which an individual simply repeats back what he or she hears rather than generating his or her own speech

有效性

effectiveness in therapy outcome research, how well a therapy works in real-world settings

效力

efficacy in therapy outcome research, how well a therapy works in highly controlled settings with a narrowly defined group of people

自我

ego part of the psyche that channels libido to be acceptable to the superego and within the constraints of reality

利己型自殺

egoistic suicide suicide committed by people who feel alienated from others and who lack social support

自我心理學(xué)

ego psychology branch of psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the individual’s ability to regulate defenses in ways that allow healthy functioning within the realities of society

電休克治療（也譯作電痙攣治療,、電抽搐治療）

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment for depression that involves the induction of a brain seizure by passing electrical current through the patient’s brain while he or she is anesthetized

腦電圖

electroencephalogram (EEG) procedure in which multiple electrodes are placed on the scalp to detect low-voltage electrical current produced by the firing of specific neurons in the brain

排泄障礙

elimination disorders disorders in which a child shows frequent, uncontrolled urination or defecation far beyond the age at which children usually develop control over these functions

內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)

endocrine system system of glands that produces many different hormones

流行病學(xué)

epidemiology study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population

表觀遺傳學(xué)

epigenetics study of how environmental conditions can change the expression of genes without changing the gene sequence

勃起障礙

erectile disorder in men, recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity

尋求反復(fù)確認(rèn)

excessive reassurance seeking constantly looking for assurances from others that one is accepted and loved

執(zhí)行功能

executive functions functions of the brain that involve the ability to sustain concentration; use abstract reasoning and concept formation; anticipate, plan, and program; initiate purposeful behavior; self-monitor; and shift from maladaptive patterns of behavior to more adaptive ones

露陰障礙

exhibitionist disorder obtainment of sexual gratification by exposing one’s genitals to involuntary observers

實(shí)驗(yàn)組

experimental group in an experimental study, group of participants that receive the key manipulation

實(shí)驗(yàn)研究

experimental studies studies in which the independent variables are directly manipulated and the effects on the dependent variable are examined

暴露與反應(yīng)阻止療法

exposure and response prevention type of therapy in which individuals with anxiety symptoms are exposed repeatedly to the focus of their anxiety but prevented from avoiding it or engaging in compulsive responses to the anxiety

情緒表達(dá)

expressed emotion family interaction style in which families are over-involved with each other, are overprotective of the disturbed family member, voice self-sacrificing attitudes to the disturbed family member, and simultaneously are critical, hostile, and resentful of this member

外部效度

external validity extent to which a study’s results can be generalized to phenomena in real life

F

做作性障礙

factitious disorder disorder marked by deliberately faking physical or mental illness to gain medical attention

對(duì)他人的做作性障礙

factitious disorder imposed on another disorder in which the individual creates an illness in another individual in order to gain attention

家庭焦點(diǎn)療法

family-focused therapy treatment for people with

bipolar disorder in which patients and their families are given education about bipolar disorder and

training in communication and problem-solving skills

家族史研究

family history study study of the heritability of a disorder involving identifying people with the disorder and people without the disorder and then determining the disorder’s frequency within each person’s family

家庭系統(tǒng)理論

family systems theories theories that see the family as a complex system that works to maintain the status quo

家庭系統(tǒng)治療

family systems therapy psychotherapy that focuses on the family, rather than the individual, as the source of problems; family therapists challenge communication styles, disrupt pathological family dynamics, and challenge defensive conceptions in order to harmonize relationships among all members and within each member

女性性高潮障礙

female orgasmic disorder in women, recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm after having reached the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle (also called anorgasmia)

女性性興趣/喚起障礙

female sexual interest/arousal disorder in women, recurrent inability to attain or maintain the swelling-lubrication response of sexual excitement

胎兒酒精綜合征

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) syndrome that occurs when a mother abuses alcohol during pregnancy, causing the baby to have lowered IQ, increased risk for mental retardation, distractibility, and difficulties with learning from experience

戀物障礙

fetishistic disorder paraphilic disorder in which a person uses inanimate objects as the preferred or exclusive source of sexual arousal

戰(zhàn)斗或逃跑反應(yīng)

fight-or-flight response physiological changes in the human body that occur in response to a perceived threat, including the secretion of glucose, endorphins, and hormones as well as the elevation of heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure, breathing, and muscle tension

滿灌

flooding behavioral technique in which a client is intensively exposed to a feared object until the anxiety diminishes (also called implosive therapy)

民間疾病

folk illnesses problems held by a particular culture to be caused by natural forces, supernatural forces, and strong emotions, etc.

思維形式障礙

formal thought disorder state of highly disorganized thinking (also known as loosening of associations)

自由聯(lián)想

free association method of uncovering unconscious conflicts in which the client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind, without censoring any thoughts

摩擦障礙

frotteuristic disorder disorder characterized by obtainment of sexual gratification by rubbing one’s genitals against or fondling the body parts of a nonconsenting person

G

賭博障礙

gambling disorder a disorder, similar to substance abuse, characterized by the inability to resist the impulse to gamble

性別煩躁

gender dysphoria condition in which a person believes that he or she was born with the wrong sex’s genitals and is fundamentally a person of the opposite sex

性別認(rèn)同

gender identity one’s perception of oneself as male or female

可推廣性（也譯作普遍性）

generalizability extent to which the results of a study generalize to, or inform us about, people other than those who were studied

生殖器-盆腔痛/插入障礙

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder marked difficulty having vaginal penetration; pain or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during penetration

廣泛性焦慮障礙

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) anxiety disorder characterized by chronic anxiety in daily life

麻痹性癡呆

general paresis disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; discovery of this disease helped establish a connection between biological diseases and mental disorders

整體性假定

global assumptions fundamental beliefs that encompass all types of situations

夸大妄想

grandiose delusions false, persistent beliefs that one has superior talents and traits

嚴(yán)重失能

grave disability legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person is so incapacitated by a mental disorder that he or she cannot provide his or her own basic needs, such as food, clothing, or shelter, and his or her survival is threatened as a result

對(duì)照組研究

group comparison study study that compares two or more distinct groups on a variable of interest

指導(dǎo)掌握技術(shù)

guided mastery techniques interventions designed to increase health-promoting behaviors by providing explicit information about how to engage in these behaviors, as well as opportunities to engage in the behaviors in increasingly challenging situations

有罪但患有精神病

guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) verdict that requires a convicted criminal to serve the full sentence designated for his or her crime, with the expectation that he or she will also receive treatment for mental illness

H

拔毛障礙

hair-pulling disorder disorder characterized by recurrent pulling out of the hair resulting in noticeable hair loss; these individuals report tension immediately before or while attempting to resist the impulse, and pleasure or relief when they are pulling out their hair (also known as trichotillomania)

中途之家

halfway houses living facilities that offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment while they are trying to reestablish employment and ties to family and friends

幻覺

hallucinations perceptual experiences that are not real

致幻劑

hallucinogens substances, including LSD and MDMA (ecstasy), that produce perceptual illusions and distortions even in small doses

傷害減少模型

harm reduction model approach to treating substance use disorders that views alcohol use as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol (such as alcohol-related accidents) and on the payoffs of moderation (such as avoidance of hangovers)

海馬

hippocampus structure of the brain involved in memory and in the stress response

囤積障礙

hoarding a compulsive disorder characterized by the inability to throw away unneeded possessions (such as trash)

無望感

hopelessness sense that the future is bleak and there is no way to make it more positive

激素

hormone chemical that carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person’s mood, level of energy, and reaction to stress

人本主義理論

humanistic theories views that people strive to develop their innate potential for goodness and self-actualization; abnormality arises as a result of societal pressures to conform to unchosen dictates that clash with a person’s self-actualization needs and from an inability to satisfy more basic needs, such as hunger

人本主義治療

humanistic therapy type of therapy in which the goal is to help the client discover his or her place in the world and to accomplish self-actualization through self-exploration; based on the assumption that the natural tendency for humans is toward growth (also called person-centered therapy)

人類實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究

human laboratory study experimental study involving human participants

嗜睡障礙

hypersomnolence disorders disorders characterized by excessive sleepiness, which can be expressed as either an excessive quantity of sleep (also referred to as hypersomnia) or a low quality of wakefulness

高血壓

hypertension condition in which the blood supply through the blood vessels is excessive and can lead to deterioration of the cell tissue and hardening of the arterial walls

輕躁狂

hypomania state in which an individual shows mild symptoms of mania

下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸（HPA軸）

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) three key components of the neuroendocrine system that work together in a feedback system interconnected with the limbic system and the cerebral cortex

下丘腦

hypothalamus component of the brain that regulates eating, drinking, sex, and basic emotions; abnormal behaviors involving any of these activities may be the result of dysfunction in the hypothalamus

假設(shè)

hypothesis testable statement about two or more variables and the relationship between them

I

本我

id according to Freud, most primitive part of the unconscious; consists of drives and impulses seeking immediate gratification

疾病焦慮障礙

illness anxiety disorder a form of anxiety characterized by a preoccupation with fears of having a serious medical illness based on misinterpretations of bodily sensations (formerly called hypochondriasis)

免疫系統(tǒng)

immune system system that protects the body from disease-causing microorganisms and affects susceptibility to diseases

沖動(dòng)性

impulsivity difficulty controlling behaviors; acting without thinking first

發(fā)病率

incidence number of new cases of a specific disorder that develop during a specific period of time

無受審能力

incompetent to stand trial legal status of an individual who lacks a rational understanding of the charges against him or her, an understanding of the proceedings of his or her trial, or the ability to participate in his or her defense

自變量

independent variable factor that is manipulated by an experimenter or used to predict the dependent variable

知情同意

informed consent procedure (often legally required prior to treatment administration) in which a patient receives a full and understandable explanation of the treatment being offered and makes a decision about whether to accept or refuse the treatment

吸入劑

inhalants solvents, such as gasoline, glue, or paint thinner, that one inhales to produce a high and that can cause permanent central nervous system damage as well as liver and kidney disease

精神病

insanity legal term denoting a state of mental incapacitation during the time a crime was committed

精神病辯護(hù)（也譯作精神失常辯護(hù)）

insanity defense defense used by people accused of a crime in which they state that they cannot be held responsible for their illegal acts because they were mentally incapacitated at the time of the act

精神病辯護(hù)改革法案

Insanity Defense Reform Act 1984 law, affecting all federal courts and about half the state courts, that finds a person not guilty by reason of insanity if it is shown that, as a result of mental disease or mental retardation, the accused was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct at the time of the offense

失眠障礙

insomnia disorder a disorder characterized by chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or by sleep that does not restore energy and alertness

智力發(fā)育障礙

intellectual development disorder a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired general intellectual functioning (formerly referred to as mental retardation)

智力測(cè)驗(yàn)

intelligence tests tests that assess a person’s intellectual strengths and weaknesses

間歇性暴怒障礙

intermittent explosive disorder disorder characterized by (a) several episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property, (b) a degree of aggressiveness grossly out of proportion to the situation, and (c) symptoms not better explained by another mental disorder (such as antisocial personality disorder), the effects of substances, or a medical condition (e.g., a head trauma)

內(nèi)部效度

internal validity extent to which all factors that could extraneously affect a study’s results are controlled within a laboratory study

內(nèi)感受知覺

interoceptive awareness sensitivity to stimuli arising from within the body, such as heart rate

內(nèi)感受條件作用

interoceptive conditioning process by which symptoms of anxiety that have preceded panic attacks become the signals for new panic attacks

人際和社會(huì)節(jié)奏療法

interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT) treatment for people with bipolar disorder that helps them manage their social relationships and daily rhythms to try to prevent relapse

抑郁的人際理論

interpersonal theories of depression theories that view the causes of depression as rooted in interpersonal relationships

人際治療

interpersonal therapy (IPT) more structured, short-term version of psychodynamic therapies

不能控制規(guī)則

irresistible impulse rule legal principle stating that even a person who knowingly performs a wrongful act can be absolved of responsibility if he or she was driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act or had a diminished capacity to resist performing the act

L

語言障礙

language disorder a communication disorder characterized by difficulties with spoken and written language and other language modalities (e.g., sign language)

習(xí)得性無助理論

learned helplessness theory view that exposure to uncontrollable negative events leads to a belief in one’s inability to control important outcomes and a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and failure of action

力比多

libido according to Freud, psychical energy derived from physiological drives

終身持續(xù)性反社會(huì)行為

life-course-persistent antisocial behavior a form of conduct disorder involving aggression, destructiveness, deceitfulness, and rules violation that persists into adulthood

光療法

light therapy treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright lights during the winter months

邊緣系統(tǒng)

limbic system part of the brain that relays information from the primitive brain stem about changes in bodily functions to the cortex, where the information is interpreted

連鎖分析

linkage analysis genetic study that looks for associations between psychological disorders and physical disorders for which genetic causes are known

鋰

lithium drug used to treat manic and depressive symptoms

藍(lán)斑

locus ceruleus area of the brain stem that plays a part in the emergency response and may be involved in panic attacks

縱向

longitudinal type of research evaluating the same group(s) of people for an extended period of time

M

磁共振成像

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method of measuring both brain structure and brain function through the construction of a magnetic field that affects hydrogen atoms in the brain, emitting signals that a computer then records and uses to produce a three-dimensional image of the brain

抑郁癥（重性抑郁障礙）

major depressive disorder disorder involving a sad mood or anhedonia plus four or more of the following symptoms: weight loss or a decrease in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or severe guilt, trouble concentrating, and suicidal ideation; these symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and must produce marked impairments in normal functioning

重度神經(jīng)認(rèn)知障礙

major neurocognitive disorder a brain disorder characterized by a deteriorating course of deficits in neurocognitive functioning (e.g., memory, attention) that interferes significantly with independent living

男性性欲低下障礙

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder condition in which a man’s desire for sex is diminished to the point that it causes him significant distress or interpersonal difficulties and is not due to transient life circumstances or another sexual dysfunction

詐病

malingering feigning of a symptom or a disorder for the purpose of avoiding an unwanted situation, such as military service

管理型醫(yī)療保健

managed care health care system in which all necessary services for an individual patient are supposed to be coordinated by a primary care provider; the goals are to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to prevent future medical problems

躁狂

mania state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, overenthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive actions

心理衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)

mental hygiene movement movement to treat mental patients more humanely and to view mental disorders as medical diseases

精神疾病

mental illness phrase used to refer to a physical illness that causes severe abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings

基于心智化療法

mentalization-based treatment a form of psychodynamic treatment for borderline personality disorder based on attachment

麥斯默術(shù)

mesmerism treatment for hysterical patients based on the idea that magnetic fluids in the patients’ bodies are affected by the magnetic forces of other people and objects; the patients’ magnetic forces are thought to be realigned by the practitioner through his or her own magnetic force

中腦邊緣系統(tǒng)通路

mesolimbic pathway subcortical part of the brain involved in cognition and emotion

元分析

meta-analysis statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies

美沙酮

methadone opioid that is less potent and longer-lasting than heroin; taken by heroin users to decrease their cravings and help them cope with negative withdrawal symptoms

輕度神經(jīng)認(rèn)知障礙

minor neurocognitive disorder a brain disorder characterized by a deteriorating course of deficits in neurocognitive functioning (e.g., memory, attention) that is not so severe that it interferes significantly with independent living

麥納頓規(guī)則

M’Naghten rule legal principle stating that, in order to claim a defense of insanity, accused persons must have been burdened by such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act they were doing or, if they did know it, as not to know what they were doing was wrong

模仿

modeling process of learning behaviors by imitating others, especially authority figures or people like oneself

分子遺傳學(xué)研究

molecular genetic studies studies of the structure and function of genes that help in understanding how genetic mutations can lead to disease

單胺氧化酶抑制劑

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) class of antidepressant drugs

單胺類

monoamines neurotransmitters, including catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and serotonin, that have been implicated in the mood disorders

同卵雙生子

monozygotic (MZ) twins twins who share 100 percent of their genes because they developed from a single fertilized egg

人道治療

moral treatment type of treatment delivered in mental hospitals in which patients were treated with respect and dignity and were encouraged to exercise self-control

動(dòng)機(jī)性訪談

motivational interviewing intervention for sufferers of substance use disorders to elicit and solidify individuals’ motivation and commitment to changing their substance use; rather than confronting the user, the motivational interviewer adopts an empathic interaction style, drawing out the user’s own statements of desire, ability, reasons, need, and, ultimately, commitment to change

運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙

motor disorders a group of disorders characterized by motor symptoms such as tics, stereotypic movements, or dyscoordination

多軸系統(tǒng)

multiaxial system a system of diagnoses on three axes used by the DSM-5, with the first axis representing mental disorders, the second axis representing psychosocial and environmental problems, and the third axis representing global level of functioning

多基線設(shè)計(jì)

multiple baseline design type of study in which an intervention is given to the same individual but begun in different settings or is given to different individuals but at different points in time and in which the effects of the intervention are systematically observed

N

自戀型人格障礙

narcissistic personality disorder syndrome marked by grandiose thoughts and feelings of one’s own worth as well as an obliviousness to others’ needs and an exploitative, arrogant demeanor

發(fā)作性睡病

narcolepsy sleep disorder characterized by irresistible attacks of sleep plus (1) cataplexy or (2) recurrent intrusions of elements of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep into the transition between sleep and wakefulness

發(fā)作性睡病/下丘腦分泌素缺乏障礙

narcolepsy/hypocretin deficiency disorder recurrent attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day accompanied by low levels of hypocretin and cataplexy or abnormally short onset of REM sleep

自然環(huán)境型恐怖癥

natural environment type phobias extreme fears of events or situations in the natural environment that cause impairment in one’s ability to function normally

治療需求

need for treatment legal criterion operationalized as a signed certificate by two physicians stating that a person requires treatment but will not agree to it voluntarily; formerly a sufficient cause to hospitalize the person involuntarily and force him or her to undergo treatment

負(fù)性情感

negative affectivity a dimension of personality characterized by negative mood states

消極認(rèn)知三聯(lián)征

negative cognitive triad perspective seen in depressed people in which they have negative views of themselves, of the world, and of the future

負(fù)強(qiáng)化

negative reinforcement process in which people avoid being exposed to feared objects and their avoidance is reinforced by the subsequent reduction of their anxiety

陰性癥狀

negative symptoms in schizophrenia, deficits in functioning that indicate the absence of a capacity present in people without schizophrenia, such as restricted affect

神經(jīng)認(rèn)知障礙

neurocognitive disorders behavioral disorders known or presumed to result from disruptions of brain structure and functioning

神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙

neurodevelopmental disorders behavioral disorders with onset during childhood known or presumed to result at least in part from disruption of brain development

神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)

neurofibrillary tangles twists or tangles of filaments within nerve cells, especially prominent in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, common in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients

神經(jīng)阻滯劑

neuroleptics drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms

神經(jīng)心理測(cè)驗(yàn)

neuropsychological tests tests of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor skills that attempt to differentiate people with deficits in these areas from normal subjects

神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)

neurotransmitters biochemicals, released from a sending neuron, that transmit messages to a receiving neuron in the brain and nervous system

尼古丁

nicotine alkaloid found in tobacco; operates on both the central and peripheral nervous systems, resulting in the release of biochemicals, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endogenous opioids

夜間進(jìn)食障礙

night eating disorder an eating disorder characterized by the regular intake of excessive amounts of food after dinner and into the night

夢(mèng)魘障礙

nightmare disorder sleep disorder characterized by nightmares frequent enough to cause significant distress or impairment in functioning

非自殺性自我傷害

nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) act of deliberately cutting, burning, puncturing, or otherwise significantly injuring one’s skin with no intent to die

去甲腎上腺素

norepinephrine neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood

去甲腎上腺素-多巴胺再攝取抑制劑

norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors drugs used to treat depression; inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine

虛無假設(shè)

null hypothesis alternative to a primary hypothesis, stating that there is no relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable

O

肥胖

obesity condition of being significantly overweight, defined by the Centers for Disease Control as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or over, where BMI is calculated as weight in pounds multiplied by 703, then divided by the square of height in inches

客體關(guān)系

object relations view held by a group of modern psychodynamic theorists that one develops a self-concept and appraisals of others in a four-stage process during childhood and retains them throughout adulthood; psychopathology consists of an incomplete progression through these stages or an acquisition of poor self- and other concepts

觀察學(xué)習(xí)

observational learning learning that occurs when a person observes the rewards and punishments of another’s behavior and then behaves in accordance with the same rewards and punishments

強(qiáng)迫觀念

obsessions uncontrollable, persistent thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that an individual feels intrude on his or her consciousness and that cause significant anxiety or distress

強(qiáng)迫癥

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (rituals)

強(qiáng)迫型人格障礙

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder pervasive rigidity in one’s activities and interpersonal relationships; includes qualities such as emotional constriction, extreme perfectionism, and anxiety resulting from even slight disruptions in one’s routine

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣

obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of upper-airway obstruction during sleep

操作性條件作用

operant conditioning form of learning in which behaviors lead to consequences that either reinforce or punish the organism, leading to an increased or a decreased probability of a future response

操作化

operationalization specific manner in which variables in a study are measured or manipulated

阿片類物質(zhì)

opioids substances, including morphine and heroin, that produce euphoria followed by a tranquil state; in severe intoxication, can lead to unconsciousness, coma, and seizures; can cause withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress, severe nausea, sweating, diarrhea, and fever

對(duì)立違抗障礙

oppositional defiant disorder syndrome of chronic misbehavior in childhood marked by belligerence, irritability, and defiance, although not to the extent found in a diagnosis of conduct disorder

器質(zhì)性遺忘癥

organic amnesia loss of memory caused by brain injury resulting from disease, drugs, accidents (blows to head), or surgery

性高潮

orgasm discharge of neuromuscular tension built up during sexual activity; in men, entails rhythmic contractions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and penis and seminal discharge; in women, entails contractions of the orgasmic platform and uterus