Plastic surgery is any surgery performed for cosmetic or reconstructive purposes. As far as reconstructive surgery is concerned, it is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities,， such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance. The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction plasty.

整容手術(shù)是為整容或修復(fù)目的而進(jìn)行的任何手術(shù)。就修復(fù)手術(shù)而言，它是為了糾正燒傷引起的功能損害,；外傷，如面部骨折和骨折,；先天性異常,，如腭裂或唇裂；發(fā)育異常,；感染和疾?。话┌Y或腫瘤,。修復(fù)整形手術(shù)通常是為了改善功能,，但也可能是為了接近正常的外觀,。最常見(jiàn)的修復(fù)程序是腫瘤切除、裂傷修復(fù),、疤痕修復(fù),、手部手術(shù)和乳房縮小整形術(shù)。

Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy for the treatment of cancer, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent.

其他一些常見(jiàn)的修復(fù)手術(shù)包括乳腺癌切除術(shù)后的乳房修復(fù),、唇腭裂手術(shù),、燒傷幸存者的攣縮手術(shù)，以及在先天性外耳缺失的情況下創(chuàng)造新的外耳,。

Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Free flaps of skin,， muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.

當(dāng)沒(méi)有局部組織可用時(shí)，整形外科醫(yī)生使用顯微手術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移組織覆蓋缺損,。皮膚,、肌肉、骨骼,、脂肪或其組合的游離皮瓣可以從身體上移除,，轉(zhuǎn)移到身體的另一個(gè)部位，并通過(guò)縫合直徑為1至2毫米的動(dòng)脈和靜脈重新連接到血液供應(yīng),。

As for cosmetic surgery, it is an elective or optional procedure that is performed on normal parts of the body with the only purpose of improving a person's appearance and/or removing signs of aging. Procedures are either surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift, or nonsurgical procedures include Botox and laser hair removal.

至于整容手術(shù),，它是一種選擇性或可選的手術(shù)，在身體的正常部位進(jìn)行,，唯一的目的是改善一個(gè)人的外觀和/或消除衰老跡象,。手術(shù)要么是外科手術(shù)，如鼻整形術(shù)或整容術(shù),，要么是非外科手術(shù),，包括肉毒桿菌注射和激光脫毛。

Several factors contributed to the postwar plastic surgery boom and the breaking down of traditional reluctance to undergo plastic surgery. First, continued activity of professional organizations and publications helped further legitimize the industry. In addition, after there was no war to generate patients, surgeons consequently began a widespread trend toward marketing surgical techniques toward particularly groups--particularly middle-aged, middle-class women who were affluent and largely finished with raising families. Furthermore, this demographic felt increasing pressure to remain young in a postwar culture often dubbed the “cult of the body beautiful"(Gilman 1999). Indeed,， plastic surgeons would often use the vocabulary of postwar domesticity--such as sewing, housecleaning, and cooking--to refer to their procedures. By the 1960s,， plastic surgery was fully integrated into medical establishments and silicone breast implants also grew in popularity during this period despite dangerous side effects.

有幾個(gè)因素促成了戰(zhàn)后整容手術(shù)的繁榮，打破了傳統(tǒng)上不愿接受整容手術(shù)的習(xí)慣,。首先,，專業(yè)組織和出版物的持續(xù)活動(dòng)幫助該行業(yè)進(jìn)一步合法化。此外,，在沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)來(lái)產(chǎn)生病人之后,，外科醫(yī)生因此開(kāi)始了一種廣泛的趨勢(shì)，即向特定群體推銷外科技術(shù)——尤其是中年,、中產(chǎn)階級(jí)女性,，她們很富有，基本上已經(jīng)結(jié)束了養(yǎng)家糊口的生活。此外在一種被稱為“身體美崇拜”的戰(zhàn)后文化中,，這些人感到了越來(lái)越大的保持年輕的壓力（吉爾曼,，1999年）事實(shí)上，整形外科醫(yī)生經(jīng)常使用戰(zhàn)后家庭生活的詞匯——比如縫紉,、打掃房間和做飯——來(lái)指代他們的手術(shù),。到了20世紀(jì)60年代，整形手術(shù)已完全融入醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),，盡管有危險(xiǎn)的副作用,，硅膠隆胸術(shù)在這一時(shí)期也越來(lái)越流行。

We all know that Hollywood is obsessed with plastic surgery. You have to get a nose job if you even want to live in the zip code. These are the good, the bad, and the ugly of plastic surgery and what the stars looked like before they went under the knife.

我們都知道好萊塢癡迷于整形手術(shù),。如果你想住在郵政編碼區(qū),，就得做鼻子整形手術(shù)。這些是整形手術(shù)的好,、壞,、丑，以及明星們?cè)诒坏洞檀┲暗臉幼印?/p>

Marilyn Monroe

When people hear the name Marilyn Monroe,， cosmetic surgery isn't the first thing that comes to mind for most.

When she came out to Hollywood she was young and attractive, as well as talented, but she was made over into someone new. The name change is said to have come from a talent agent, and from there it was hair,， makeup, body, and any other changes that would enhance her appearance

and make her an even brighter star. It is said she underwent at least two different procedures. One of them was a chin implant, which would have given her that distinctive jawline that enhanced her facial structure, and the other was a tip rhinoplasty that would have reshaped the soft cartilage of her nose.

瑪麗蓮·夢(mèng)露

當(dāng)人們聽(tīng)到瑪麗蓮·夢(mèng)露這個(gè)名字時(shí)，大多數(shù)人都不會(huì)首先想到整容手術(shù),。

當(dāng)她來(lái)到好萊塢時(shí),，她很年輕，很有魅力,，也很有才華，但她被改造成了一個(gè)新的人,。據(jù)說(shuō),，這個(gè)名字的改變來(lái)自一位才藝經(jīng)紀(jì)人，從那以后,，她的頭發(fā),、妝容、身體,，以及任何其他能提升她外貌的變化

讓她成為更耀眼的明星,。據(jù)說(shuō)她至少接受了兩種不同的手術(shù)。其中一個(gè)是下巴植入術(shù),，這將給她獨(dú)特的下頜線,，增強(qiáng)她的面部結(jié)構(gòu)，另一個(gè)是鼻尖整形術(shù),，這將重塑她鼻子的軟軟骨,。

Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson is perhaps the most famous case of celebrity plastic surgery in modern pop culture. Jackson underwent his first corrective surgery, rhinoplasty, in 1979 after breaking his nose while dancing. The surgery was only partly successful and subsequently caused breathing problems, so he underwent a second rhinoplasty in 1980. Jackson was said to be very pleased with the results of the rhinoplasty but in subsequent years his nose became so narrow that it looked bizarre, and became pointed and upturned.

The difference in Jackson's face over the years is dramatic. His jawline became squarer, and dropped lower,  his lip color became lighter to match his increasingly pale skin tone, and a possible chin implant removed his cleft chin.He also had his eyeliner tattooed permanently to his eyes. However, he denied that he had alterations to his eyes although he was reported to have a surgeon treat his vitiligo regularly, which produces uneven patches of skin with varying tones. By 2009 his gaunt look was the result of fat is drawn from the face.

Michael Jackson was a classic case of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).BDD is a psychiatric condition that makes it impossible to see oneself as others do. This unrealistic view causes BDD sufferers to undergo multiple plastic surgeries in a misguided attempt to correct a defect - one that wasn't there, to begin with.

邁克爾·杰克遜

邁克爾·杰克遜可能是現(xiàn)代流行文化中最著名的名人整形手術(shù)。杰克遜在1979年接受了他的第一次矯正手術(shù)，即鼻整形術(shù),，當(dāng)時(shí)他在跳舞時(shí)折斷了鼻子,。手術(shù)只取得了部分成功，隨后導(dǎo)致呼吸問(wèn)題,，因此他在1980年接受了第二次鼻整形手術(shù),。據(jù)說(shuō)杰克遜對(duì)鼻整形術(shù)的結(jié)果非常滿意，但在隨后的幾年里,，他的鼻子變得非常狹窄,，看起來(lái)很奇怪，而且變得尖尖和向上,。

多年來(lái),，杰克遜臉上的差異是巨大的。他的下顎線變得更方了,，而且垂得更低了,，他的嘴唇顏色變得更淺了，以匹配他日益蒼白的膚色,，可能的下巴植入手術(shù)移除了他的裂下巴,。他的眼線也一直紋身在他的眼睛上。然而,，他否認(rèn)自己的眼睛發(fā)生了變化,，盡管據(jù)報(bào)道，他讓一名外科醫(yī)生定期治療他的白癜風(fēng),，這種病會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同色調(diào)的不均勻皮膚斑,。到2009年，他憔悴的外表是因?yàn)槟樕系闹颈怀樽吡恕?/p>

邁克爾·杰克遜是身體變形障礙（BDD）的典型病例,。BDD是一種精神疾病,，使人無(wú)法像別人那樣看待自己。這種不切實(shí)際的觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致BDD患者接受了多次整形手術(shù),，試圖糾正一個(gè)缺陷,，而這個(gè)缺陷本來(lái)就不存在。

Cameron Diaz

Cameron Diaz's plastic surgery has shocked many fans; it has been mentioned that she has had numerous surgery to boost her appearance. The procedures are multiple nose jobs (rhinoplasty); Botox,， fillers,， noninvasive facelift, chemical peels, and possibly a boob job as well.

This star has admitted she has had four-time nose jobs (rhinoplasty). She told the media that she was having a deviated septum and breathing problems, so then she needed a rhinoplasty to fix them. While Diaz said the surgery was for medical reasons， many celebrity watchers and celebrity gossip websites believe that it was not only for medical but also cosmetic enhancement.

ln addition to having a nose job, she was also rumored to have a deal with Botox or fillers. if we are judging her recent photos, it is obvious her face looks fresher, smoother, and shinier than before. lt indicates that Botox or fillers play an important role to create such a stunning look. Moreover, Cameron's face looks fuller and puffier than ever which could be, a result, of filler injection. Well, it is no doubt that filler can effectively reduce wrinkles, but when it is overused, it can give you such bloated, puffy face and chipmunk cheeks. In Cameron's case, it is still hard to tell whether her fuller face is the result of filler or weight gain.

卡梅隆·迪亞茲

卡梅隆·迪亞茲的整容手術(shù)震驚了許多粉絲,；有人提到,，她做過(guò)多次手術(shù)來(lái)提升自己的外表。手術(shù)包括多個(gè)鼻腔手術(shù)（鼻整形術(shù)）,；肉毒桿菌素,、填充物,、非侵入性整容、化學(xué)去皮,，可能還有隆胸手術(shù),。

這位明星承認(rèn)她做過(guò)四次鼻子整形手術(shù)。她告訴媒體,，她患有鼻中隔偏斜和呼吸問(wèn)題,，因此需要進(jìn)行鼻整形來(lái)修復(fù)。雖然迪亞茲表示,，手術(shù)是出于醫(yī)學(xué)原因,，但許多名人觀察者和名人八卦網(wǎng)站認(rèn)為，手術(shù)不僅是為了醫(yī)學(xué),，也是為了美容,。

除了做鼻子整形手術(shù)，據(jù)傳她還與肉毒桿菌或填充物有交易,。如果我們對(duì)她最近的照片進(jìn)行評(píng)判,，很明顯她的臉看起來(lái)比以前更清新、更光滑,、更閃亮,。這表明肉毒桿菌素或填充物在打造如此迷人的外觀中起著重要作用。此外,，卡梅倫的臉看起來(lái)比以往任何時(shí)候都更豐滿,、浮腫，這可能是填充物注射的結(jié)果,。嗯,，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，填充物可以有效地減少皺紋,，但當(dāng)它被過(guò)度使用時(shí),，它會(huì)讓你的臉浮腫，臉頰金花鼠,。在卡梅倫的例子中,，仍然很難說(shuō)她更豐滿的臉是填充物還是體重增加的結(jié)果,。

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隨著傳統(tǒng)上不愿接受整容手術(shù)的習(xí)慣被打破了后,，越來(lái)越多的人傾向于以變美為主的整容手術(shù)。根據(jù)國(guó)際整容外科協(xié)會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)女性進(jìn)行了2036.3萬(wàn)次整形,，占到整形總數(shù)的86.2%而男性進(jìn)行了超過(guò)326.4萬(wàn)次,，占整形總數(shù)的13.8%。從整容項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō),，大多是隆胸,、鼻子整形術(shù)。Hence，整容逐漸被人們所接受,，也形成了一個(gè)新的趨勢(shì),。

俗話說(shuō)，尺有所短,，寸有所長(zhǎng),。整容手術(shù)難免也有優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。對(duì)于大多數(shù)人而言,，first of all,，整容手術(shù)成功使人的容貌變得美麗漂亮，增強(qiáng)自信心,，改善對(duì)人生的看法,。At the same time, 它可以增加經(jīng)濟(jì)收入。例如,，明星整容后工作機(jī)會(huì)和曝光度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于整容前,。網(wǎng)紅名人可以通過(guò)完美無(wú)暇的臉蛋獲得高利潤(rùn)收入。Meanwhile , 移植新器官和切除病變組織等都是通過(guò)整容手術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,。例如腫瘤切除,、裂傷修復(fù)、疤痕修復(fù),。就缺點(diǎn)而言,，它是很昂貴，因?yàn)樗ǔ２辉卺t(yī)療保險(xiǎn)范圍內(nèi),。小型手術(shù)如痣切除手術(shù)最低要600元起步的,，大型手術(shù)如隆胸則要3萬(wàn)起步，這是普通老百姓根本沒(méi)有能力支付,。What's more,， 任何類型的手術(shù)都是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。輕則整容后沒(méi)有變化,，重則毀容,，面目全非。

我認(rèn)為整容可以使人變美,，是幫助人獲得新面貌的一種方式,。它不僅具有修復(fù)功能，也是一種修飾和美化人體表面不完美的手段,。例如,，糾正燒傷引起的功能損害、改變外觀,、或消除衰老跡象,。只要選擇具有正規(guī)經(jīng)營(yíng)證明的醫(yī)院,，經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)生，完善的術(shù)后修復(fù)步驟,，健康安全的材料,，那么整容手術(shù)可以讓人們變成美人。

As the traditional reluctance to undergo cosmetic surgery has been broken, more and more people are leaning toward cosmetic surgery based on beauty. According to the International Association of Cosmetic Surgery, women performed 20.363 million plastic surgeries, accounting for 86.2%, while men performed more than 3.264 million, accounting for 13.8%. In terms of programs, most of them are breast augmentation, rhinoplasty and the like. Hence, plastic surgery is gradually being accepted, and a new trend has also formed.

As the saying goes, every nutshell has a concave and convex side. Cosmetic surgery inevitably has advantages and shortcomings. By all accounts, cosmetic surgery successfully makes people's appearance beautiful, enhances self-confidence, and improves their outlook on life. At the same time, it can increase financial incomes. For example, celebrities have far more jobs and exposure after plastic surgery than before. Internet celebrities can earn a high-margin income with flawless faces. Meanwhile, transplantation of new organs and removal of diseased tissue are all achieved through reconstructive surgery. For instance, tumor removal, laceration repair, and scar repair. In terms of faults, it is a very high cost, because it usually is beyond the scope of medical insurance. Small surgeries such as mole resection surgery cost a minimum of 600 yuan, and mandibular angle grinding and breast augmentation cost 30,000 yuan, which is simply not affordable for ordinary people. What's more, any type of surgery is risky. The light is unchanged after the plastic surgery, and the heaviness is disfigured and unrecognizable.

In my opinion, plastic surgery can make people pretty and is a way to help people get a new look. It not only has a restorative function, but also a means of modifying and beautifying the imperfect surface of the human body. For example, correcting functional impairments caused by burns, changing appearance, or eliminating signs of aging. As long as you select a hospital with a formal business certificate, an experienced doctor, a perfect postoperative repair course, and harmless and safe material, then plastic surgery can turn people into beauty.

諺語(yǔ)：

life is full of ups and downs 世事有成必有敗,，為人有興必有衰

sometimes a foot may prove short while an inch may prove long. 尺有所短,，寸有所長(zhǎng)

世事有成必有敗，為人有興必有衰,。整容難免也有成功的例子和失敗的例子,。

If cosmetic surgery is minor, it may not change, if severe, disfiguration and even unrecognition.

輔助材料：

https://www./news/20190513/160617831.shtml

https://www.sohu.com/a/241288109_659904

https://market./yiyao/0313224002018.html

https://wenku.baidu.com/view/8b9962d4680203d8ce2f24d9.html