【原】為何我們看到的不一樣

Amber看世界 2021-05-21

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If a picture is worth a thousand words, scientists now find that not everybody looks at the same words first.

如果說一張圖片勝過千言萬語(yǔ),，科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)，并不是每個(gè)人先看到都是相同的單詞,。

When shown a series of pictures some people might focus more on, say, faces, while others might fixate on food.

看到一系列的照片時(shí),，有些人可能會(huì)更專注于臉部,，而另一些人可能會(huì)專注于食物。

The new findings emphasize how the world might look different from one person to the next.

新的研究結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)了不同的人對(duì)世界的看法是不同的,。

Much remains a mystery about how we look at the world.

我們到底是如何看待這個(gè)世界的,，這仍然是個(gè)謎。

People constantly move their eyes to fix their gazes on items of interest, making about two to four eye movements every second for some 150,000 motions daily, but it remains uncertain how we choose what to focus on.

人們不斷地移動(dòng)眼睛,，將目光鎖定在感興趣的事物上,，每天大約有15萬個(gè)動(dòng)作，每秒大約有兩到四次眼睛運(yùn)動(dòng),，但我們?nèi)绾芜x擇關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)仍然不清楚,。

Scientists attempting to predict which parts of a scene will attract the eye have often tried modeling a "typical observer" based on aggregated data from many people.

科學(xué)家們?cè)噲D預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)場(chǎng)景的哪些部分會(huì)吸引眼球，他們經(jīng)常嘗試基于許多人的大數(shù)據(jù)來建立一個(gè)“典型的觀察者”模型,。

A common assumption was that any differences between the gazes of people could "safely be ignored," said study lead author Benjamin de Haas, a neuroscientist at Justus-Liebig University Giessen in Germany.

德國(guó)吉森李比希大學(xué)神經(jīng)學(xué)家,、該研究的主要作者本杰明·德·哈斯表示，人們普遍認(rèn)為,，人們眼神的任何差異都可以“大膽地忽略”,。

To investigate how much gaze might vary between people, the researchers had more than 100 adult volunteers seated at computers look at 700 pictures depicting everyday scenes with a variety of items.

為了研究人與人之間眼神的差異，研究人員讓100多名成年志愿者坐在電腦前,，看了700幅描繪各種物品日常場(chǎng)景的圖片,。

At the same time, cameras, pointed at the eyes of those participants, helped track their gazes to deduce what they were looking at in each picture.

與此同時(shí)，攝像機(jī)對(duì)準(zhǔn)這些參與者的眼睛,，幫助跟蹤他們的目光,，從而推斷出他們?cè)诿繌堈掌锌吹搅耸裁础?/p>

"There's no way for me to climb in your head and know what pistachio ice cream tastes to you, but eye movements at least draw some boundary conditions on how your experience of the world may differ from mine," de Haas said.

德哈斯說:“我沒法進(jìn)入你的腦袋里，知道開心果冰淇淋對(duì)你來說有什么味道,，但眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)至少為你和我對(duì)世界的不同體驗(yàn)劃定了一些界限,。”

The scientists found that certain types of details, such as faces, text, food, moving objects or touched items, attracted the gazes of some observers more than others.

科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn),，某些特定類型的細(xì)節(jié),，如面孔、文字,、食物,、移動(dòng)的物體或觸摸過的物品，更能吸引一些觀察者的目光。

For example, the fraction of a person's eye movements directed toward faces varied from 17% to 43% among the volunteers. In other words, "the individual tendency to look at faces or text can vary more than twofold from one person to the next," de Haas said.

例如,，在志愿者中,，一個(gè)人眼睛朝向人臉的運(yùn)動(dòng)比例從17%到43%不等。換句話說,，“一個(gè)人看臉或看文字的傾向在不同的人身上可能會(huì)有兩倍以上的差異,，”德哈斯說。

Such trends also proved to be highly consistent -- even when volunteers were called back for follow-up sessions two weeks afterward.

這些趨勢(shì)也被證明——即使志愿者在兩周后被召回進(jìn)行后續(xù)會(huì)議,，結(jié)果也是高度一致的,。

"Knowing the individual tendencies for one set of images could explain almost three-quarters of the looking tendencies for another," de Haas said.

德哈斯說:“知道人們對(duì)一組照片的偏好可以解釋他們對(duì)另一組照片的偏好的近四分之三?！?/p>

"This implies the way we look at images is personal. What you see can be different from what I'm seeing, even if we look at exactly the same images."

“這意味著我們看待圖像的方式是個(gè)性化的,。即使我們看到的是完全相同的圖像，你看到的可能和我看到的不一樣,?！?/p>

Often times, "the human is treated as a passive device whose attention can be captured by the image," said vision scientist Mary Hayhoe at the University of Texas at Austin, who did not take part in this research.

德克薩斯大學(xué)奧斯汀分校的視覺科學(xué)家瑪麗·海霍說,，很多時(shí)候,，“人類被視為一種被動(dòng)裝置，其注意力可以被圖像捕捉到,?！焙,；魶]有參與這項(xiàng)研究,。

This work emphasizes that "in reality, humans are active seekers of information."

而這次研究則強(qiáng)調(diào)了“在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，人類是積極尋求信息的,?！?/p>

The researchers suggested these differences in gaze might have some genetic foundations.

研究人員認(rèn)為，眼神的這些差異可能有一些遺傳基礎(chǔ),。

For example, they noted that two recent studies from the United States and Sweden found that identical twins had far more similar patterns of eye movements than fraternal twins did.

例如,，他們注意到最近來自美國(guó)和瑞典的兩項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，同卵雙胞胎的眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)模式遠(yuǎn)比異卵雙胞胎相似,。

Previous research has found other biological differences in gaze behavior.

此前的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)了凝視行為的其他生物學(xué)差異,。

"Marmosets apparently love looking at faces on computer screens, but macaques won't, because they consider looking at the face a hostile gesture," Hayhoe said.

海霍說:“狨猴顯然喜歡看電腦屏幕上的人臉,，但獼猴卻不喜歡,，因?yàn)樗鼈冋J(rèn)為看著人臉是一種敵對(duì)的姿勢(shì)?！?/p>

Still, prior work has also shown "that culture can shape our gaze behavior as well," de Haas said.

盡管如此,，德哈斯說，之前的研究也表明，“文化也能塑造我們的凝視行為,?！?/p>

For example, a previous study found that Westerners tend to look at specific features on a person's face such as the eyes and mouth, whereas East Asians often focus on the nose or the center of the face, which allows a more general view of all the features, a difference that the researchers suggested may reflect a Western focus on the individual and an Eastern leaning toward the group.

例如,一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),西方人傾向于看一個(gè)人的臉上具體特征如眼睛和嘴,而東亞人通常專注于鼻子或中心的臉,這樣就能更全面地注意到所有的特征,這一差異研究員們認(rèn)為可能反映了西方更注重個(gè)人而東方更注重群體的文化。

"I do feel these differences likely reflect learned behaviors," Hayhoe said.

“我確實(shí)覺得這些差異可能反映了習(xí)得性的行為,，”?；粽f。

"More data is needed to say anything about the biological roots of these differences."

“我們需要更多的數(shù)據(jù)來說明這些差異的生物學(xué)根源,?！?/p>

The scientists now plan to explore what impact these differences may or may not have in the real world.

科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在計(jì)劃探索這些差異在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中可能會(huì)或者不會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么影響。

"Let's say your eyes have a particular tendency to be attracted by text," de Haas said.

德哈斯說:“比方說,，你的眼睛特別容易被文字所吸引,。”

"Does that mean you're more easily distracted when driving past a billboard?"

“這是否意味著你在開車經(jīng)過廣告牌時(shí)更容易分心?”

These findings suggest that eye-tracking might help reveal new ways to diagnose disorders such as autism, in which people tend to gaze at faces and social cues differently, the researchers said.

研究人員說,，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,，眼球追蹤可能有助于揭示診斷自閉癥等疾病的新方法，在自閉癥中,，人們往往會(huì)以不同的方式注視面孔和社交線索,。

"The earlier one can pick up on the fact that children are autistic, the earlier one can start them on therapy and training programs, which can prove terrifically important," Hayhoe said.

海霍說:“人們?cè)皆缫庾R(shí)到孩子患有自閉癥,，就越早可以開始接受治療和培訓(xùn),，這一點(diǎn)非常重要?！?/p>

The scientists detailed their findings online May 28 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

科學(xué)家們于5月28日在《美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》網(wǎng)站上詳細(xì)介紹了他們的發(fā)現(xiàn),。