【原】種1萬億棵樹,！是解決氣候變化的最有效方法,。英語讀頭條（第529期）

新用戶02986T3F 2020-09-17

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The most effective way to tackle climate change? Plant 1 trillion trees

種1萬億棵樹！是解決氣候變化的最有效方法,。

By Mark Tutton / Apr. 17, 2019

What's low-tech, sustainable and possibly the most effective thing we can do to fight climate change? Planting trees. A trillion of them.

在應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化方面,，有沒有什么低技術(shù)的、可持續(xù)的,、并且可能是最有效事情是什么,？種樹。種它一萬億顆樹,。

Tom Crowther is a climate change ecologist at Swiss university ETH Zurich. Four years ago he found there are about 3 trillion trees already on earth -- much higher than NASA's previous estimate of 400 billion. Now, his team of researchers has calculated there is enough room on the planet for an additional 1.2 trillion -- and that planting them would have huge benefits in terms of absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide, the main driver of climate change.

湯姆·克勞瑟是蘇黎世瑞士大學(xué)的氣候變化生態(tài)學(xué)家,。四年前，他發(fā)現(xiàn)地球上已經(jīng)有大約3萬億棵樹了,，遠(yuǎn)高于美國(guó)宇航局先前估計(jì)的4000億棵?，F(xiàn)在,，他的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)計(jì)算出地球上有足夠的空間再增加1.2萬億顆樹——種植它們將在吸收大氣二氧化碳方面有巨大的好處，二氧化碳是氣候變化的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?/span>

"The amount of carbon that we can restore if we plant 1.2 trillion trees, or at least allow those trees to grow, would be way higher than the next best climate change solution," Crowther told CNN.

克勞瑟告訴CNN：“如果我們種植1.2萬億棵樹,，或者至少允許這些樹生長(zhǎng),，我們可以吸收的碳量將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于下一個(gè)最好的氣候變化解決方案?！?/span>

Global tree density, calculated by Crowther's team. Existing forests are shown in green, potential forests are yellow.

由Crowther團(tuán)隊(duì)計(jì)算的全球樹木密度?，F(xiàn)有森林呈綠色，潛在森林呈黃色,。

Because his research is currently under review for publication in the journal Science, he says he can't share exact figures of how much extra CO2 could be stored by those trees. But he points to numbers from Project Drawdown -- a non-profit that ranks climate solutions by the amount of CO2 they could remove from the atmosphere. Its number one ranked solution -- managing the release of HFC greenhouse gases from fridges and air conditioners -- could reduce atmospheric CO2 by 90 billion tons. Crowther says planting 1.2 trillion trees would give a reduction "way above" that figure.

因?yàn)樗难芯磕壳罢凇犊茖W(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表,，他說他不能分享這些樹能儲(chǔ)存多少額外二氧化碳的確切數(shù)字。但他指出了”下降項(xiàng)目“的的數(shù)據(jù),，這是一個(gè)非盈利組織,，它根據(jù)可以從大氣中去除的二氧化碳量來分析氣候解決方案。其排名第一的解決方案——管理冰箱和空調(diào)釋放的氫氟碳化合物溫室氣體——可以減少900億噸的大氣二氧化碳,?？藙谏f，種植1.2萬億棵樹將使減少的碳量“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過”這個(gè)數(shù)字,。

To put that in context, global CO2 emissions are around 37 billion tons per year.

我們這里說一下,，全球二氧化碳排放量約為每年370億噸。

But while there may be space for a trillion new trees, is it actually practical to plant that number?

但是,，盡管可能有一萬億棵新樹的空間,，但種植這么多樹實(shí)際是否可行呢？

One organization that thinks so is youth-led Plant for the Planet (PFTP), which is running the "Trillion Tree" campaign to do just that.

一個(gè)由年輕人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的,，有這種想法的“種樹救地球”組織（PFTP）,，正在進(jìn)行“萬億顆樹”運(yùn)動(dòng)來達(dá)到這一目的。

Set up as the "Billion Tree" campaign by the UN in 2006, it was later handed over to PFTP, which has upped its planting ambitions in response to Crowther's work.

2006年聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)起了“十億棵樹”運(yùn)動(dòng),，這后來移交給了PFTP,，作為對(duì)克勞瑟工作的回應(yīng),，PTFP提升了其種植力度,。

ambition：野心，抱負(fù)

Felix Finkbeiner founded Plant for the Planet in 2007, when he was just nine years old. He is now a PhD student at Tom Crowther's lab at ETH Zurich.

費(fèi)利克斯·芬克貝納在2007年建立了“種樹救地球”組織,，那時(shí)他才9歲,。他現(xiàn)在是蘇黎世理工大學(xué)湯姆·克勞瑟實(shí)驗(yàn)室的博士生。

It has already planted nearly 15 billion trees, with the help of various governments, including India's, which has planted more than 2 billion trees as part of the initiative.

在各國(guó)政府的幫助下,，他們已經(jīng)種植了近150億棵樹,，包括印度，作為該計(jì)劃的一部分,，印度已經(jīng)種植了超過20億棵樹,。

"I think a trillion trees is achievable," says PFTP chairman Sagar Aryal. "It's not that we don't have enough money in the world -- maybe governments alone can't do enough but if we work together with the private sector we can do it."

“我認(rèn)為有一萬億棵樹是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的,，”PFTP主席薩加爾·阿雷亞爾說?！边@并不是說我們?cè)谑澜绺鞯貨]有足夠的資金——也許僅僅政府是做不到足夠的,，但如果我們與私營(yíng)企業(yè)合作，我們就能做到,?！?/span>

The right location

正確的地點(diǎn)

Crowther is a scientific adviser to Plant for the Planet, providing them with information on the best places to restore trees. He says all the locations identified by his team are on degraded land, rather than agricultural or urban areas.

克勞瑟是“種樹救地球”的科學(xué)顧問，為他們提供了種植樹木的最佳地點(diǎn)的信息,。他說,，他的小組確定的所有地點(diǎn)都位于退化的土地上，而不是農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)或城市地區(qū),。

degraded：退化的

"These are places where farms have been abandoned, or where there's been deforestation and it's been left," he explains.

他解釋說：“這些地方是農(nóng)場(chǎng)被遺棄的地方,，或者是森林被砍伐的地方。

deforestation：森林砍伐

To successfully fight climate change, it's vital that the right land is restored. For example, in parts of northern Europe, planting more trees could reduce the heat and light reflected from snowy ground, and actually increase global warming.

為了成功應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化,，恢復(fù)正確的土地至關(guān)重要,。例如，在北歐部分地區(qū),，種植更多的樹木可以減少冰雪地面反射的熱量和光線,，并實(shí)際上增加全球變暖。

vital：必不可少的,，極其重要的

A chemically deforested area of the Amazon caused by illegal mining in southeast Peru, February 2019.

2019年2月,，秘魯東南部因非法采礦而造成的亞馬遜河化學(xué)毀林區(qū)。

Joseph Veldman, of the department of ecosystem science and management at Texas A&M University, told CNN that although reforestation can play a role in carbon sequestration, "There is no doubt that super-aggressive tree planting efforts that are not done with consideration of the historic ecosystem will be a bad investment."

德克薩斯州農(nóng)工大學(xué)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)與管理系的約瑟夫·維爾德曼告訴CNN,，盡管重新造林可以在碳封存中發(fā)揮作用,，“毫無疑問，如果不去考慮歷史生態(tài)系統(tǒng),，超級(jí)過度的植樹努力將是一項(xiàng)糟糕的投資,。”

carbon sequestration：碳隔離,，碳封存

He says some previous reforestation projects have targeted grasslands and savannah ecosystems that already play an important role in storing carbon.

他說,，以前的一些重新造林項(xiàng)目針對(duì)的是草原和草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，這些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在儲(chǔ)存碳方面已經(jīng)發(fā)揮了重要作用,。

savannah：沒有樹木的大草原

Such schemes often plant exotic trees, like pine and eucalyptus, which are very flammable and also valuable as timber and pulp, he says. As a result, the carbon they store above ground can be lost to wildfires or logging.

他說,，這種方案通常種植外來樹木，如松樹和桉樹,，它們非常易燃,，而且作為木材和紙漿也很有價(jià)值。由此,，它們儲(chǔ)存的碳可能會(huì)因野火或伐木所喪失,。

eucalyptus：桉樹

pulp：紙漿

Crowther agrees wholeheartedly. "All the models that previously existed about where forest can be restored disregard whether they should," he said. "We don't just model the forest, we also model grasslands and shrublands and piece them all together to reveal what should be where."

克勞瑟打心眼里同意這一說法,。”他說：“以前存在的所有關(guān)于森林恢復(fù)的模型,，忽視了那里是否應(yīng)該恢復(fù)種樹,。我們不僅要模擬森林，還要模擬草原和灌木區(qū),，并將它們拼湊在一起,，以找出應(yīng)該在哪里種樹?！?/span>

shrublands：灌木地區(qū)

Growing in popularity

越來越受歡迎

Tree planting is no quick climate fix. It can take 30 to 40 years of growth for the carbon storage to reach its full potential. A more immediate benefit can come from halting deforestation, says Crowther, which costs our planet around 15 billion trees each year.

植樹不是解決氣候問題的捷徑,。碳儲(chǔ)存需要30到40年的周期才能充分發(fā)揮其潛力?？寺迳f,，停止砍伐森林可以帶來更直接的好處，濫砍濫伐每年要消耗我們的星球約150億棵樹,。

But although tree planting on such a colossal scale faces significant challenges (not least identifying who owns the land in question, and securing the rights to plant and maintain trees there), widespread efforts are already underway.

但是,，盡管如此大規(guī)模的植樹面臨著重大挑戰(zhàn)（尤其是確定誰擁有相關(guān)土地，以及確保在那里種植和維護(hù)樹木的權(quán)利）,，但大規(guī)模的努力已經(jīng)開始了,。

colossal：巨大的

The Australian government has announced it will plant 1 billion trees by 2030; work is underway on a "Great Green Wall" to stop the spread of the Sahara by restoring 100 million hectares of degraded land (and sequester 250 million tons of carbon), and China's anti-desertification program, also known as the "Great Green Wall," has planted more than 50 billion trees since the 1970s. The UN-endorsed Bonn Challenge aims to reforest 350 million hectares of degraded land globally by 2030.

澳大利亞政府宣布，到2030年將種植10億棵樹,；非洲正在建設(shè)“綠色長(zhǎng)城”,，這是通過恢復(fù)1億公頃退化土地（并封存2.5億噸碳），阻止撒哈拉沙漠蔓延,；中國(guó)的防荒漠化計(jì)劃,，也被稱為“綠色長(zhǎng)城”，它自20世紀(jì)70年代以來已經(jīng)種植了超過500億棵樹木,。聯(lián)合國(guó)批準(zhǔn)的“波恩挑戰(zhàn)計(jì)劃”目的是在2030年前對(duì)全球3.5億公頃退化土地進(jìn)行再造林,。

sequester：隔離

Africa's Great Green Wall aims to slow down desertification.

非洲的綠色長(zhǎng)城旨在減緩沙漠化。

Crowther says he was once skeptical about the benefits of tree planting, but has now changed his mind.

克勞瑟說,，他曾經(jīng)懷疑植樹的好處,，但現(xiàn)在改變了主意。

skeptica：懷疑的

"Climate change is seen as such an immense and complicated issue -- it feels like it's seen as someone else's problem, someone else is dealing with it or not dealing with it, and no one has a simple message for how to go about tackling it," he says.

他說：“氣候變化被視為一個(gè)巨大而復(fù)雜的問題,，感覺像是別人的問題,，是別人處理它或不處理它,，沒有人對(duì)如何處理它有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的信息,。”

tackling：應(yīng)付,，處理,，解決

"I'd like to try and champion this as a solution that everyone can get involved in. If all the millions of people who went on climate marches in recent weeks got involved in tree planting the impact would be huge."

“我想嘗試并支持這個(gè)解決方案,，要讓每個(gè)人都能參與進(jìn)來。如果近幾周來參加氣候游行的數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人都參與植樹,，影響將是巨大的,。”