考點(diǎn)一 動(dòng)名詞的用法 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形+-ing構(gòu)成,與現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣,。 但動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì),,因此在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),。 1. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,。如: Smoking is harmful. 吸煙是有害的,。 Drinking milk is good for your health. 喝牛奶對(duì)你的健康有益。 Getting up early is good for your health. 早起對(duì)你的健康有益,。 2. 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ),。如: The nurse’s job is looking after the patients. =Looking after the patients is the nurse’s job. 護(hù)士的工作就是護(hù)理病人。 3. 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) 有些動(dòng)詞后面必須用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),,而不能跟不定式或分詞,。常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞有mind,finish,,enjoy,,practice,keep,,miss,,consider,suggest等,。如: Would you mind my smoking? 你介意我抽煙嗎? I finished doing my homework. 我做完作業(yè)了,。 【巧學(xué)妙記】只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))列舉: 完成,、實(shí)踐、值得忙(finish,,practice,,be worth,be busy),; 繼續(xù),、習(xí)慣、別放棄(keep,,be used to,,give up); 考慮,、建議,、不禁想(consider,suggest,,can’t help,,feel like); 喜歡,、思念,、要介意(enjoy,miss,,mind)。 例1 The shoes are worn out;what’s more,,they aren’t worth . A. to mend B. mending C. mended D. for mending 解析:句意:這鞋穿壞了,,而且它們不值得修了。be worth doing值得做,。故選B,。 答案:B 例2 Nick,would you mind those old jeans? They look terrible. A. not to wear B. not wear C. wearing not D. not wearing 解析:mind后面跟動(dòng)名詞,,否定形式為mind not doing,。故選D。 答案:D 4. 動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),,表明它所修飾的詞的用途,、所屬關(guān)系等,一般置于被修飾的詞前,。如: He slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡覺(jué),。 She is reading in the reading room. 她在閱覽室里看書。 5. 短語(yǔ)后的動(dòng)名詞和固定搭配中的動(dòng)名詞 能接動(dòng)名詞的短語(yǔ)有很多,,初中階段常見(jiàn)的有: be busy(忙于),,be worth(值得),,can’t help(禁不住),give up(放棄),,be used to(習(xí)慣于),,stop/prevent/keep... from(阻止),look forward to(盼望),,feel like(想要),,think of,spend... (in)(花費(fèi)……做某事),,be good at(擅長(zhǎng)),,be interested in(對(duì)……感興趣),succeed in(成功)等,。如: Were the Blacks used to living here? 布萊克一家住在這兒習(xí)慣嗎? Lucy looked forward to getting beautiful birthday presents. 露西盼望得到漂亮的生日禮物,。 例1 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 The strange cup was used for (drink)wine. 解析:be used for“用于……”,后用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),。 答案:drinking 例2 —Tom prefers to . —Let’s ask him to take part in our dancing club! A. singing;dancing B. dancing;singing C. to sing;dance 解析:在本對(duì)話中,,由our dancing club可知,湯姆更喜歡跳舞,。上句句意:比起唱歌,,湯姆更喜歡跳舞。故本題答案為B,。 答案:B 考點(diǎn)二 分詞 分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種?,F(xiàn)在分詞具有主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行的含義,而過(guò)去分詞則具有被動(dòng)和已經(jīng)完成的含義,。分詞在句子里可作表語(yǔ),、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),。 1. 分詞作表語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),,表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征,;過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),,表示人的心理、精神狀態(tài),,即喜怒哀樂(lè)等,。如: The movie was exciting. 這電影激動(dòng)人心。 He was very surprised at the news. 他對(duì)這個(gè)消息很吃驚,。 例 The book is . Most of the teachers are in it. A. interesting,;interested B. interesting;interesting C. interested,;interesting D. interested,;interested 解析:句意:這本書很有趣,。大多數(shù)老師對(duì)它很感興趣。第一句的主語(yǔ)為book,,用interesting作表語(yǔ),,表示其特征;第二句的主語(yǔ)為teachers,,用interested作表語(yǔ),,表示人的心理。答案選A,。 答案:A 2. 分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) (1)see,,watch,hear,,keep,,find,notice等動(dòng)詞后可以用分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)?,F(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。句子的賓語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ),,它們之間存在主動(dòng)關(guān)系,。而過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),與賓語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,。如: I found him reading a novel. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在看小說(shuō),。 I found him crowded by boys. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他被男孩們圍著。 (2)have/get sth. done表示“讓別人做某事”,,其中的過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),。如: I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我將讓人理發(fā)。 I must get my bike repaired. 我必須讓人修理我的自行車,。 3. 分詞作定語(yǔ) 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),單個(gè)分詞放在被修飾的名詞前,;分詞短語(yǔ)則須置于被修飾的名詞之后,。如: The swimming boy called out to her,but she didn’t hear him. 正在游泳的男孩朝她喊叫,,但她沒(méi)有聽(tīng)見(jiàn),。 The broken window needs repairing. 那扇破窗戶需要修理。 Do you know the boy standing at the door? 你認(rèn)識(shí)站在門口的那個(gè)男孩嗎? The car bought by my father is made in Germany. 我爸爸買的那輛汽車是德國(guó)生產(chǎn)的,。 4. 分詞作狀語(yǔ) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),,主要表示時(shí)間、原因,、條件,、結(jié)果等情況,。如: They went out of the classroom,talking and laughing. 他們有說(shuō)有笑地走出了教室,。(伴隨狀語(yǔ)) The car,,hit badly,can’t move at all. 那輛汽車由于被撞得很嚴(yán)重,,根本無(wú)法移動(dòng),。(原因狀語(yǔ)) 考點(diǎn)三 動(dòng)詞不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,,因此可在句中作主語(yǔ),、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),、狀語(yǔ)等。 1. 作主語(yǔ) To travel around China is my dream. 環(huán)游中國(guó)是我的夢(mèng)想,。 It’s our duty to clean the classroom. 打掃教室是我們的責(zé)任,。 【注意】(1)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,。 (2)不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),,常用it作形式主語(yǔ),把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末,,即 “It is+adj. /n. +to do sth. ”,。 例 —I often have hamburgers for lunch. —You’d better not. It’s bad for you too much junk food. A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. ate 解析:it為形式主語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞不定式to eat too much junk food 作真正的主語(yǔ),。 答案:B 2. 作表語(yǔ) 不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),,主要表示愿望、責(zé)任,、義務(wù)等,,一般可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)。如: His wish is to be a policeman. =To be a policeman is his wish. 當(dāng)一名警察是他的愿望,。 3. 作賓語(yǔ) decide(決定),,would like(想要),hope(希望),,plan(計(jì)劃;打算),,want(想要)等后跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如: We agreed to start early. 我們答應(yīng)早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身,。 They planned to go hiking. 他們計(jì)劃去徒步旅行,。 【巧學(xué)妙記】后可跟to do作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))列舉: 想要、拒絕,、忘記(want/would like,,refuse,,forget); 需要,、努力,、學(xué)習(xí)(need,try,,learn),; 喜歡、同意,、幫助(like,,agree,help),; 希望,、決定、開(kāi)始(hope/wish,,decide,,begin/start)。 【注意】動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),,后面如果是形容詞作賓補(bǔ),,通常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而把不定式短語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后,。如: The man found it difficult to get to sleep. 那個(gè)人發(fā)覺(jué)很難入睡,。 例 Tony wants a job as a language teacher in China. A. to find B. finding C. find 解析:動(dòng)詞want后跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),構(gòu)成want to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu),,意為“想做某事”,。 答案:A 4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 常見(jiàn)的接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:tell(告訴),ask(請(qǐng)求),,want(想要),,order(命令),teach(教),,invite(邀請(qǐng)),,prefer(更喜歡),allow(允許),,wish(希望)等,。如: I told him not to draw on the wall. 我告訴他別在墻上畫畫,。 My brother taught me to read when I was three. 我三歲時(shí),,我哥哥就教我讀書。 We wish her to go to a good college. 我們希望她能上一所好大學(xué),。 例1 Parents often ask us water in our life. A. save B. saving C. to save D. saves 解析:ask sb. to do sth. 表示“讓/請(qǐng)求某人做某事”,,為固定結(jié)構(gòu),。 答案:C 例2 Take time to relax by listening to music,reading a book or just spending some time alone. Relaxing allows you to your students with more energy. A. return B. to return C. returning 解析:allow sb. to do sth. “允許某人做某事”,,動(dòng)詞allow后用不定式作賓補(bǔ),。 答案:B 【注意】在使役動(dòng)詞make,let,,have和感官動(dòng)詞“三眼”——see(看),,watch(觀看),notice(注意),;“兩耳”——hear(聽(tīng)見(jiàn)),,listen to(聽(tīng));“一感覺(jué)”feel(感覺(jué))等動(dòng)詞后面,,不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),,要省略to。但在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),,要加上to,。help后跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式既可帶to,,也可不帶to,。如: Lucy often helps her mom (to) do some housework. 露西經(jīng)常幫媽媽干些家務(wù)。 例 The assistant won’t let you the cinema if you don’t have a ticket. A. enter B. to enter C. entering 解析:let sb. do sth. 意為“讓某人做某事”,,為固定搭配,。答案選A。 答案:A 5. 作狀語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)可以放在不及物動(dòng)詞,,如come,,go,travel,,leave,,run等以及一些表語(yǔ)形容詞,如sorry,,glad,,surprised,disappointed,,excited等后作目的,、原因、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ),。如: I come to see you. 我來(lái)看你,。 I am sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打擾你。 I’m surprised to see you here. 在這兒見(jiàn)到你我很驚訝。 6. 作定語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),,應(yīng)放在所修飾的名詞,、代詞之后。動(dòng)詞不定式與被修飾的詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,。如: I have a lot of work to do. 我有很多工作要做,。 【注意】如果作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,切記不能漏掉介詞,。如: I have a small bedroom to live in. 我有一間小臥室居住,。 Do you have a pen to write with? 你有寫字的鋼筆嗎? 例 —Do you know Neil Armstrong? —Yes. He is the first man on the moon. A. walk B. walks C. to walk D. walked 解析:the first man to walk on the moon“第一位在月球上行走的人”,不定式作定語(yǔ),。 答案:C 考點(diǎn)四 ??嫉牟粠o的動(dòng)詞不定式 1. 感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),可概括為“一感(feel),,二聽(tīng)(listen to,,hear),三讓(let,,make,,have),四看(look at,,see,,watch,notice)”,。 I heard someone knock at the door just now. 剛才我聽(tīng)到有人敲門,。 We saw him enter the room. 我們看到他進(jìn)了這個(gè)房間。 【注意】感官動(dòng)詞后接不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作經(jīng)常發(fā)生或動(dòng)作發(fā)生的全過(guò)程,;而接現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。試比較: I often see him play basketball on the playground. 我經(jīng)??匆?jiàn)他在操場(chǎng)上打籃球,。 I saw him playing basketball when I passed the playground. 我經(jīng)過(guò)操場(chǎng)的時(shí)候,看見(jiàn)他正在打籃球,。 例 —More and more people use smart phones (智能手機(jī)) nowadays. —Yes,,they make people less;people call them modern opium(鴉片). A. reading B. to read C. read D. be read 解析:句意:“當(dāng)今越來(lái)越多的人使用智能手機(jī)?!薄笆堑?,它們讓人們讀書讀得少了,人們把它們叫做當(dāng)代的鴉片,?!笔挂蹌?dòng)詞make后跟省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ),,構(gòu)成make sb. do sth. “使/讓某人做某事”。 答案:C 2. 在would you please(請(qǐng)您),,had better(最好),why not(為什么不),,would rather(寧愿)等結(jié)構(gòu)后,,須用不帶to的不定式。 Would you please make your bed? 請(qǐng)整理一下你的床好嗎? You’d better go to bed earlier. 你最好早點(diǎn)上床睡覺(jué),。 Why not go and play basketball? 為什么不去打籃球呢? He said he would rather not stay at home. 他說(shuō)他寧愿不待在家里,。 例 —May I listen to music here,Mr. White? —Sorry,,you’d better that. A. not to do B. not do C. don’t do D. not do to 解析:had better do sth. “最好做某事”,,其否定形式為had better not do sth. “最好不做某事”。 答案:B 3. 兩個(gè)并列的帶to的不定式由and或or連接時(shí),,第二個(gè)不定式符號(hào)to常常省略,。 She has learned to read and write. 她已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了讀和寫。 I don’t want to visit my teacher or ask him any questions. 我不想去拜訪我的老師,,也不想向他問(wèn)問(wèn)題,。 考點(diǎn)五 疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式可以用在疑問(wèn)詞what,how,,when,,where,which等之后,,構(gòu)成“疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),。 I don’t know what to say. 我不知道說(shuō)什么。 He showed me how to use the computer. 他教我怎樣用電腦,。 【注意】我們常用“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)把一個(gè)復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)換成簡(jiǎn)單句,。如: I don’t know how I can get to the post office. →I don’t know how to get to the post office. 例 —I’ve just borrowed a CD player,but I don’t know . —You can read the instructions. A. how to use it B. where to buy it C. when to return it D. where to put it 解析:從答語(yǔ)You can read the instructions. 可判斷,,此處意為“但我不知道怎么用”,,故用“how+不定式”。 答案:A 考點(diǎn)六 動(dòng)詞后跟to do與doing時(shí)的異同 1. 意義上無(wú)太大區(qū)別的情況 有些動(dòng)詞后可跟to do和doing作賓語(yǔ),,意義上無(wú)太大區(qū)別,,這類動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ike,hate,,prefer,,begin,start等,。如: She hates to eat (eating) fried food. 她不喜歡吃油炸食物,。 I have begun to learn (learning) Russian. 我開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)俄語(yǔ)了。 【注意】like to do sth. 主要指具體某一次的動(dòng)作;而like doing sth. 指經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作,。如: He likes playing basketball,,but he doesn’t like to play basketball this afternoon. 他喜歡打籃球,但今天下午他不喜歡打籃球,。 2. 意義上有很大區(qū)別的情況 下面的動(dòng)詞,,跟to do和doing作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),意義上有很大區(qū)別: (1) Remember to bring the book. 記得把書帶來(lái),。 Do you remember seeing him? 你記得見(jiàn)過(guò)他嗎? (2) You forgot to say that you would be late. 你忘了說(shuō)一聲你要晚來(lái),。 Jim has already forgotten falling off his bicycle. 吉姆已經(jīng)忘掉他從自行車上摔下來(lái)這件事了。 (3) Let’s stop to rest. 讓我們停下來(lái)休息一下吧,。 The teacher is angry. Stop talking. 老師生氣了,,別說(shuō)話了。 (4) After he had finished his maths,,he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后,,他接著去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercises after you have finished this. 做完這個(gè)練習(xí)后,,接著做其他的練習(xí),。 例 While we were running on the playground,Jack suddenly stopped and lay on the ground,,so we all stopped what was wrong with him. A. to run;to see B. running;seeing C. running;to see 解析:stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情,;stop to do sth. 停止原來(lái)做的事情去做另一件事情。句意:我們正在操場(chǎng)上跑步時(shí)Jack突然停下來(lái)(停止跑步)躺在地上,,因此我們都停下來(lái)(停止跑步)看他出了什么事(做另一件事),。 答案:C 1. (2016·上海)After she finished the story,Alice wrote a review for her school newspaper. A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading D 句意:Alice在讀完這個(gè)故事后為校報(bào)寫了一篇評(píng)論,。由finish doing sth. 的固定搭配可知,,選D。 2. (2016·河南)The boss asked Tim to go and out if there was anyone else absent. A. find B. finding C. to find D. found A 句意:老板叫蒂姆去找找是否還有人沒(méi)來(lái),。由and可推知:和前面的to go一起構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式,,省略不定式符號(hào)to,故選A,。 3. (2016·云南)The Smiths have decided a house near the sea. A. buy B. bought C. buying D. to buy D 句意:史密斯一家已經(jīng)決定在海邊買一所房子,。decide后接不定式to do,故選D,。 4. (2016·青海西寧)I hope everyone can care about the environment and stop things. A. protecting;wasting B. protecting;to waste C. protect;wasting D. protect;to waste A care about中about是介詞,,后面接名詞或者動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ);stop doing... 表示“停止做某事”,,stop to do... 表示“停下來(lái)去做某事”,。句意為“我希望每個(gè)人能關(guān)心保護(hù)環(huán)境并且停止浪費(fèi)東西”,,故選A。 5. (2016·四川南充)My parents don’t allow me late. A. stay up B. to stay up C. stays up D. staying up B 句意:我的父母不允許我 晚,。allow sb. to do允許某人做……,,stay up熬夜。這里是指“我”的父母不允許“我”熬夜太晚,。由備選項(xiàng)可知選B,。 6. (2016·遼寧丹東)—You never miss one minute in class. —You know,we must listen to the teacher carefully . A. take notes B. taking notes C. to take notes D. takes notes C 句意:“在課堂上你從不錯(cuò)過(guò)一分鐘,。”“你知道,,我們必須認(rèn)真聽(tīng)老師講課才能記筆記,。”不定式to do表目的,,故選C,。 7. (2016·四川雅安) Our teacher often asks us time. A. not waste B. don’t waste C. not to waste D. doesn’t waste C 句意:我們的老師經(jīng)常告訴我們不要浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。ask sb. not to do sth. 讓某人不要做某事,。故選C,。 8. (2016·江蘇南京)—Have you read the book Jane Eyre? —Yes. It’s a famous book and really worth . A. to read B. reading C. to be read D. read B 句意:“你讀過(guò)《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》這本書嗎? ”“是的。它是一本名著,,確實(shí)值得 ,。”be worth doing為固定短語(yǔ),,意為“值得做”,。故選B。 9. (2016·貴州安順)Though he often made his little sister today he was made by his little sister. A. cry;to cry B. crying;crying C. cry;cry D. to cry;cry A 句意:雖然他經(jīng)常把她的小妹妹弄哭,,但是今天他被他的小妹妹弄哭了,。本題第一空考查make... do... ,用動(dòng)詞原形,;第二空考查make在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的用法,,be made 后接to do... ,故選A,。 10. (2016·甘肅天水)There was so much noise outside that the teacher couldn’t make herself . A. hear B. heard C. to hear D. hearing B 句意:外面太吵了,,以至于老師無(wú)法讓自己的聲音被(同學(xué)們)聽(tīng)到。make oneself heard表示“讓自己被聽(tīng)見(jiàn)”,,故填過(guò)去分詞heard,。故選B。 |
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