Implementation of building information modeling (BIM) in all levels and types of building projects in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry can considerably improve cost, time, quality, and sustainability outcomes. Despite the potential benefits, upfront costs required to implement BIM hinder its diffusion in small home-building businesses. These costs mainly include consultancy fees, hiring/training and retention of BIM experts, and software license fees. Based on the small business management and innovation implementation literature, this study presents a framework for effective BIM implementation in small home-building businesses. 

建筑信息模型（BIM）在建筑,，工程和施工（AEC）行業(yè)各級(jí)建筑項(xiàng)目中的實(shí)施可以顯著改善成本,，時(shí)間，質(zhì)量和可持續(xù)性成果,。盡管有潛在的好處,，但實(shí)施BIM所需的前期成本阻礙了其在小型房屋建筑企業(yè)中的傳播,。這些成本主要包括咨詢費(fèi)，聘用/培訓(xùn)和保留BIM專(zhuān)家以及軟件許可證費(fèi)用,?；谛⌒推髽I(yè)管理和創(chuàng)新實(shí)施文獻(xiàn)，本研究為小型家庭建筑企業(yè)實(shí)施有效BIM實(shí)施提供了框架,。

The framework posits three phases with their associated business practices: (1) initiation phase: preliminary BIM adoption setup via external and internal support, and creation of in-house BIM experts; (2) stabilization phase: retention of in-house BIM experts via business practices improving their skills and motivation; and (3) progression phase: scanning and exploiting external innovative BIM knowledge to sustain or gain a competitive advantage. The framework was qualitatively analyzed and verified via interviews. The findings can help facilitate BIM implementation in small home-building businesses as well as in other small construction firms.

該框架根據(jù)相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐可分為三個(gè)階段：（1）啟動(dòng)階段：通過(guò)外部和內(nèi)部支持建立BIM初步采用設(shè)置,，以及創(chuàng)建內(nèi)部BIM專(zhuān)家; （2）穩(wěn)定階段：通過(guò)業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐保留內(nèi)部BIM專(zhuān)家，提高他們的技能和動(dòng)力; （3）進(jìn)展階段：掃描和開(kāi)發(fā)外部創(chuàng)新BIM知識(shí)以維持或獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),。通過(guò)訪談對(duì)框架進(jìn)行了定性分析和驗(yàn)證,。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助促進(jìn)小型房屋建筑企業(yè)以及其他小型建筑公司的BIM實(shí)施。

The purpose of this study was to examine effective implementation of BIM in small home-building businesses. A review of the small business management and innovation implementation literature was performed to develop a framework with key phases and business practices for BIM implementation. This framework is illustrated in Fig. 1. To verify the framework via qualitative analysis, the researchers conducted interviews with three top managers of different small home-building businesses with 50 or fewer employees. The interviewees were found via a Web search of home builders currently implementing BIM for all of their projects. These builders had previous experience with implementing traditional methods and then shifting to BIM. The aim was to interview small home builders of different sizes and geographical locations. 

本研究的目的是研究在小型房屋建筑企業(yè)中有效實(shí)施BIM,。對(duì)小企業(yè)管理和創(chuàng)新實(shí)施文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了回顧,，以開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)關(guān)于BIM實(shí)施的關(guān)鍵階段和業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐的框架。該框架如圖1所示,。為了通過(guò)定性分析來(lái)驗(yàn)證框架,，研究人員對(duì)三名擁有50名以下員工的小型房屋建筑企業(yè)的高級(jí)管理人員進(jìn)行了訪談。受訪者是通過(guò)一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索引擎找到的,，這些房屋建筑商目前正在為其所有項(xiàng)目實(shí)施BIM技術(shù),。這些建設(shè)者在實(shí)施傳統(tǒng)方法和轉(zhuǎn)向BIM方面有著先前的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。這樣選取采訪者的目的是保證可以采訪不同規(guī)模和地理位置的小型建筑商。

Especially helpful for the Web search were BIM software websites where home builders commented on their experiences using specific BIM software, and online construction magazines, such as “Professional Builder” (www.probuilder.com), which offers a number of articles interviewing home builders who use BIM. A questionnaire of open-ended questions regarding the business practices in Fig. 1 was developed for the interviews. The interviews were conducted in March and April 2016, took an average of 25 min, and were recorded and coded for research purposes. Collected data were analyzed qualitatively, and findings were reported.

對(duì)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索來(lái)說(shuō)尤其有用的是BIM軟件網(wǎng)站,，在這些網(wǎng)站中,，房屋建筑商使用特定的BIM軟件和在線建筑雜志（如“Professional

Builder”（www.probuilder.com））提供了許多關(guān)于住宅建筑商訪談的文章，其中介紹了哪些使用了BIM,。針對(duì)采訪制定了一份關(guān)于圖1商業(yè)行為的開(kāi)放式問(wèn)題調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,。訪談是在2016年3月和4月進(jìn)行的，平均需要25分鐘,，同時(shí)為了研究目的被記錄和編碼便于收集整理。對(duì)收集的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行定性分析從而得出結(jié)論,。

When searching for home builders implementing BIM, the researchers observed that most of them offer not only construction management but also design services. The underlying reason might be twofold: first, the need for tight collaboration between designers and constructors to fully exploit BIM practices has led many home builders to incorporate design services or to join hands with design firms; and second, architects are leading BIM adoption in the residential market, thus home builders solely offering construction management without design services might be very scant (NAHB 2014).

研究人員在尋找實(shí)施BIM的房屋建筑商時(shí),，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中大多數(shù)不僅提供施工管理，還提供設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù),。其根本原因可能是雙重的：首先,，設(shè)計(jì)師和施工人員之間密切合作以充分利用BIM實(shí)踐的需求已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致許多房屋建筑商將設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)或與設(shè)計(jì)公司聯(lián)合起來(lái);其次，建筑師在住宅市場(chǎng)上引領(lǐng)BIM的應(yīng)用,，因此僅僅提供建筑管理而沒(méi)有設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)的住宅建筑商可能非常少（NAHB 2014）,。

Interviewed home builders perform both design and construction activities in their residential projects. The three home builders are from different areas of the United States, including the west, midwest, and southeast regions. On average, they have 20 years of experience in residential construction, and all of them currently use BIM for 100% of their projects. Two of them have 50 employees, develop more than 200 residential projects per year, use Revit and Vertex BD BIM platforms, and have 5 and 13 years of BIM experience. The other home builder has six employees, develops fewer than 5 residential projects per year, utilizes Revit, and has 14 years of BIM experience. Only one of them uses mobile devices (e.g., tablets and smartphones) with BIM applications on site.

采訪的房屋建筑商在住宅項(xiàng)目中進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和施工活動(dòng)。這三位房屋建筑商來(lái)自美國(guó)的不同地區(qū),，包括西部,，中西部和東南部地區(qū)。他們平均擁有20年的住宅建設(shè)經(jīng)驗(yàn),，他們目前全部使用BIM來(lái)完成他們的項(xiàng)目,。其中兩人擁有50名員工，每年開(kāi)發(fā)超過(guò)200個(gè)住宅項(xiàng)目,，使用Revit和Vertex BD BIM平臺(tái),，并擁有5年和13年的BIM經(jīng)驗(yàn)。另一家建筑商有6名員工,，每年開(kāi)發(fā)少于5個(gè)住宅項(xiàng)目,，使用Revit，并擁有14年的BIM經(jīng)驗(yàn),。其中只有一個(gè)人在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)使用BIM應(yīng)用程序的移動(dòng)設(shè)備（例如,，平板電腦和智能手機(jī)）。

Their responses to the interview questionnaire provided in-depth descriptions of the business practices in Fig. 1. All interviewees confirmed that they used the business practices in Fig. 1 for effective BIM implementation. Only one of them did not thoroughly implement the practices under the stabilization phase. Consequently, he pointed out that he was unable to retain his BIM experts for more than 3 or 4 years. Therefore, results verified the study framework (Fig. 1). Interviewees highlighted that BIM improved their businesses’ and/or projects’ performance in different areas, mainly including information flows and management, employees’ productivity, coordination in the field, projects’ time and cost savings, detection of design errors, and competitive advantage in the market.

他們對(duì)訪談?wù){(diào)查問(wèn)卷的回答提供了對(duì)圖1中業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐的深入描述,。所有受訪者都證實(shí)他們使用圖1中的業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的BIM實(shí)施,。其中只有一個(gè)沒(méi)有徹底執(zhí)行穩(wěn)定階段的做法。因此,，他指出,，他無(wú)法保留BIM專(zhuān)家超過(guò)3年或4年。因此,，結(jié)果證實(shí)了研究框架（圖1）,。受訪者強(qiáng)調(diào),，BIM改善了他們?cè)诓煌I(lǐng)域的業(yè)務(wù)和/或項(xiàng)目績(jī)效，主要包括信息流和管理,，員工生產(chǎn)力,，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)協(xié)調(diào)，項(xiàng)目時(shí)間和成本節(jié)省,，設(shè)計(jì)錯(cuò)誤檢測(cè)以及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)市場(chǎng),。

The results provided in-depth descriptions of business practices adopted by small home builders for BIM application. These practices correspond to those previously presented in the framework for effective BIM implementation. They are compiled again in Fig. 2 along with key examples or observations made by interviewees. These practices are linked to different phases of the BIM implementation process (i.e., initiation, stabilization, and progression). The most problematic practice was developing time and cost objectives. The interviewees were unable to initially determine time and cost of BIM implementation. However, they took the risk to adopt BIM showing an entrepreneurial business orientation, defined as “willingness to innovate and take risks to try out new and uncertain products and services, and be more proactive than competitors toward new marketplace opportunities” (Wiklund and Shepherd 2005).

結(jié)果提供了小型房屋建筑商針對(duì)BIM應(yīng)用采用的業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐的深入描述。這些做法與之前在有效實(shí)施BIM的框架中提出的做法相對(duì)應(yīng),。在圖2中再次編譯它們以及由受訪者提供的關(guān)鍵示例或觀察結(jié)果,。這些實(shí)踐與BIM實(shí)施過(guò)程的不同階段（即啟動(dòng)，穩(wěn)定和進(jìn)展）相關(guān)聯(lián),。最大的問(wèn)題是關(guān)于制定時(shí)間和成本目標(biāo),，因?yàn)槭茉L者無(wú)法初步確定BIM實(shí)施的時(shí)間和成本。然而,，他們冒著采用BIM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),，顯示出創(chuàng)業(yè)性的商業(yè)導(dǎo)向，被定義為“愿意創(chuàng)新并冒險(xiǎn)嘗試新的不確定的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),，并且比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手更積極地面對(duì)新的市場(chǎng)機(jī)遇”（Wiklund and Shepherd 2005 ）,。

Phases in the BIM implementation framework (Fig. 2) (i.e., initiation, stabilization, and progression) were not empirically tested. Based on the aforementioned literature review, they are important to understand how innovative products or practices influence business performance across time (Frank et al. 2011). Fig. 3 proposes that they influence BIM implementation performance at varying levels. First, during the initiation phase, home builders create BIM experts and significantly improve BIM implementation; second, in the stabilization phase, home builders retain their BIM experts and maintain a stable BIM implementation effectiveness; and third, during the progression phase, home builders acquire innovative BIM knowledge facilitating a positive leap in BIM implementation effectiveness. Retention of BIM expertise in the stabilization phase can create common knowledge with external innovative BIM knowledge, facilitating its exploitation in the progression phase (Cohen and Levinthal 1990; Reagans and McEvily 2003; Alavi and Leidner 2001). After the progression phase, small businesses must go back to the stabilization phase to underpin retention and constant use of the acquired innovative knowledge. Future research should confirm these phases and their impact on the BIM implementation process via quantitative and qualitative analysis with longitudinal data.

BIM實(shí)施框架中的階段（圖2）（即，啟動(dòng),，穩(wěn)定和進(jìn)展）未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試,。基于本文的文獻(xiàn)綜述（文獻(xiàn)綜述可詳見(jiàn)原文鏈接）,，他們對(duì)于理解創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品或?qū)嵺`如何影響業(yè)務(wù)績(jī)效非常重要（Frank et al,。2011）。圖3提出它們?cè)诓煌瑢哟斡绊態(tài)IM實(shí)施績(jī)效,。第一,，在啟動(dòng)階段，住房建筑商創(chuàng)建BIM專(zhuān)家并顯著改進(jìn)BIM實(shí)施;第二,，在穩(wěn)定階段,，住房建筑商保留其BIM專(zhuān)家并保持穩(wěn)定的BIM實(shí)施效果;第三，在進(jìn)展階段,，房屋建筑商獲得創(chuàng)新的BIM知識(shí),，促進(jìn)BIM實(shí)施效果的積極躍進(jìn)。在穩(wěn)定階段保留BIM專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)可以創(chuàng)建具有外部創(chuàng)新BIM知識(shí)的常識(shí),，以促進(jìn)其在進(jìn)展階段的開(kāi)發(fā)（Cohen and Levinthal 1990; Reagans and McEvily 2003; Alavi and Leidner 2001）,。在進(jìn)展階段之后，小企業(yè)必須回到穩(wěn)定階段，以保留并持續(xù)使用所獲得的創(chuàng)新知識(shí),。未來(lái)的研究應(yīng)通過(guò)使用縱向數(shù)據(jù)的定量和定性分析來(lái)確認(rèn)這些階段及其對(duì)BIM實(shí)施過(guò)程的影響,。

The framework for BIM implementation in this study is suited for small home-building business. The literature also offers more complex frameworks, such as those from Gu and London (2010) and Jung and Joo (2011). Their frameworks are applicable to larger and more sophisticated businesses, and offer deeper details of technical aspects of BIM.

本研究中的BIM實(shí)施框架適用于小型房屋建筑企業(yè)。文獻(xiàn)還提供了更復(fù)雜的框架,，例如Gu和London（2010）以及Jung和Joo（2011）的框架,。他們的框架適用于更大和更復(fù)雜的業(yè)務(wù)，并提供BIM技術(shù)方面的更深入細(xì)節(jié),。（想要了解其他框架具體文獻(xiàn)可見(jiàn)原文鏈接）

This study aimed to systematically review and report practices and strategies to enable effective BIM implementation in small home building businesses. To achieve this aim, a framework was developed based on the small management and innovation implementation literature. This framework posits three phases with their respective business practices for effective BIM implementation: (1) initiation phase: preliminary BIM adoption setup via external and internal support, and creation of in-house BIM experts; (2) stabilization phase: retention of in-house BIM experts via business practices, improving their skills and motivation for high performance; and (3) progression phase: scanning and exploiting external innovative BIM knowledge to sustain or gain a competitive advantage. Not all practices in the resulting framework might be applicable for the many sole practitioners in the residential building market (NAHB 2015) (e.g., hiring, training, performance recognition, and shared goals). This study contributes to the body of knowledge by expanding understanding on how small home-building businesses and other small construction firms can effectively adopt and implement technological and administrative innovations, such as BIM.

本研究旨在系統(tǒng)地審查和報(bào)告實(shí)踐和戰(zhàn)略,，以實(shí)現(xiàn)小型房屋建筑企業(yè)有效實(shí)施BIM。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),，基于小型管理和創(chuàng)新實(shí)施文獻(xiàn)開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)框架,。該框架為其有效的BIM實(shí)施提供了三個(gè)階段及其各自的業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐：（1）啟動(dòng)階段：通過(guò)外部和內(nèi)部支持初步建立BIM采用設(shè)置，以及創(chuàng)建內(nèi)部BIM專(zhuān)家; （2）穩(wěn)定階段：通過(guò)業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐保留內(nèi)部BIM專(zhuān)家,，提高他們的高技能和動(dòng)力; （3）進(jìn)展階段：掃描和開(kāi)發(fā)外部創(chuàng)新BIM知識(shí)以維持或獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。并非所有框架下的所有實(shí)踐都可能適用于住宅建筑市場(chǎng)（NAHB 2015）中的許多獨(dú)立從業(yè)人員（例如,，招聘,，培訓(xùn)，績(jī)效識(shí)別和共同目標(biāo)）,。本研究通過(guò)擴(kuò)大對(duì)小型房屋建筑企業(yè)和其他小型建筑公司如何有效采用和實(shí)施BIM等技術(shù)和管理創(chuàng)新的理解,，為知識(shí)體系做出貢獻(xiàn)。

The main limitation of the study is the low sample size, which might have impeded the researchers from identifying key additional business practices or examples in the study’s framework. The framework was verified by qualitative methods for in-depth examination of how business practices should be implemented for effective utilization of BIM in small home-building businesses. Future research should quantitatively analyze the study’s framework via, for example, statistical tests with longitudinal data. This would allow detection of correlations among business practices, confirm phases of the BIM implementation process, and examine the relative contribution of the business practices to the effectiveness of BIM implementation.

該研究的主要局限性是樣本量較小,，這可能會(huì)阻礙研究人員在研究框架中確定關(guān)鍵的其他商業(yè)實(shí)踐或示例,。該框架通過(guò)定性方法進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證，以深入研究如何實(shí)施商業(yè)慣例以有效利用BIM在小型家居建筑企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用,。未來(lái)的研究應(yīng)該通過(guò)例如使用縱向數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)來(lái)定量分析研究框架,。這將允許檢測(cè)業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐之間的相關(guān)性，確認(rèn)BIM實(shí)施流程的各個(gè)階段,，并檢查業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐對(duì)BIM實(shí)施效果的相對(duì)貢獻(xiàn),。

BIM constitutes the last technological and team management breakthrough in the AEC industry. As with other technologies, such as smartphones, that emerged and rapidly spread, BIM might be adopted by most home builders in the following 5 years. As one of the interviewees asserted: “We chose to go to BIM because it is the future, a lot of other home builders do not upgrade because of the cost and the fear of learning, but this is our success. If you do not keep up with the times you will be behind times, you cannot succeed in a world progressing.”

BIM構(gòu)成了AEC行業(yè)最后的技術(shù)和團(tuán)隊(duì)管理突破。與智能手機(jī)等其他技術(shù)一樣,，這種技術(shù)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)并迅速普及,，因此BIM可能在未來(lái)5年內(nèi)被大多數(shù)住宅建筑商采用。正如其中一位受訪者所言：“我們選擇去BIM是因?yàn)樗俏磥?lái),，許多其他房屋建筑商不會(huì)因?yàn)槌杀竞蛯?duì)學(xué)習(xí)的恐懼而升級(jí),，但這是我們的成功。如果你不跟上時(shí)代的步伐,，你將無(wú)法在一個(gè)世界的進(jìn)步中取得成功,。”