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乳腺癌熒光示蹤前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢指南

 SIBCS 2020-08-27

中華醫(yī)學(xué)會腫瘤學(xué)分會

第二屆乳腺癌學(xué)組名單

  • 組長:姜軍

  • 成員(按姓氏漢語拼音排序):陳佳藝,崔樹德,,段學(xué)寧,,范志民,付麗,,耿翠芝,,顧雅佳,賀青卿,,黃韜,,江澤飛,蔣宏傳,,金鋒,,李波,李席如,,廖寧,,凌瑞,,劉健,駱成玉,,歐江華,,歐陽濤,龐達(dá),,任國勝,,邵志敏,沈坤煒,,盛湲,宋爾衛(wèi),,蘇逢錫,,孫強(qiáng),唐金海,,王頎,,王殊,王水,,王翔,,王本忠,王永勝,,尉承澤,,徐兵河,宣立學(xué),,楊新華,,余之剛,袁德安,,張瑾,,鄭新宇,周永昌,,左文述

  • 執(zhí)筆專家:王殊,,姜軍

通信作者:王殊([email protected]

原文參見:中華乳腺病雜志. 2017;11(4):193-197.


  癌細(xì)胞通過淋巴管轉(zhuǎn)移至淋巴結(jié)是乳腺癌局部區(qū)域擴(kuò)散的主要方式。通過手術(shù)切除腋窩淋巴結(jié)確定的腋窩淋巴結(jié)分期是乳腺癌預(yù)后判斷和輔助治療決策的重要依據(jù),。傳統(tǒng)的腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃可以獲得準(zhǔn)確的轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目和良好的局部控制,,但上肢水腫、神經(jīng)損傷等并發(fā)癥長期困擾著醫(yī)師和患者,。前哨淋巴結(jié)活組織檢查(簡稱活檢)相對微創(chuàng),、并發(fā)癥少,而接受前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢與清掃手術(shù)的患者的局部控制率和遠(yuǎn)期生存率無明顯差異,,目前已經(jīng)成為臨床腋窩淋巴結(jié)陰性早期乳腺癌患者的腋窩分期首選,。

  前哨淋巴結(jié)被定義為腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的第一站淋巴結(jié),。實(shí)際操作中首先在乳房注射示蹤劑,根據(jù)示蹤劑的指引切除第一站淋巴結(jié),,通過病理診斷確定轉(zhuǎn)移與否,。確保前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢成功率和準(zhǔn)確性的核心在于示蹤技術(shù)。目前,,循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)最充分的方法是核素標(biāo)記的大分子和藍(lán)色染料雙示蹤,,該方法可以獲得超過95%的檢出率和低于10%的假陰性率,是前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。但標(biāo)記核素的制劑存在輻射防護(hù),、供藥不足、配套設(shè)施要求高等現(xiàn)實(shí)難題,,國內(nèi)多數(shù)單位難以開展,。因此,不含核素的乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)雙標(biāo)記示蹤技術(shù)成為了很有吸引力的探索領(lǐng)域,。近年來,,以吲哚菁綠(ICG)為示蹤劑的近紅外熒光示蹤技術(shù)因其無輻射、使用方便,、實(shí)時性,、學(xué)習(xí)曲線短等優(yōu)勢迅速獲得國內(nèi)外學(xué)者青睞,與藍(lán)色染料聯(lián)合成為理想的備選雙示蹤方案,。但因?yàn)樵摕晒馐聚櫦夹g(shù)用于乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測的時間尚短,,目前尚無公認(rèn)的技術(shù)規(guī)范。

  本指南通過總結(jié)國內(nèi)外研究證據(jù),,結(jié)合部分單位應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗(yàn),,明確熒光示蹤技術(shù)用于乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)檢測的適應(yīng)證和操作方法,有利于該技術(shù)的推廣,,促進(jìn)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究,。

  一、基本技術(shù)原理

  1,、近紅外熒光成像原理

  核素標(biāo)記的大分子是應(yīng)用最成熟的前哨淋巴結(jié)示蹤劑,,與染料相比,其優(yōu)勢在于發(fā)出的γ射線可以穿透皮膚和皮下軟組織,,在體表即可通過伽馬探測儀探測淋巴結(jié)發(fā)出的γ射線而定位前哨淋巴結(jié),。

  近紅外光是波長為780~1100nm的光,其軟組織穿透力良好,,光譜與可見光無重疊因而受自然光干擾較小,,是良好的在體顯像工具。與常用的γ射線,、X射線不同,,近紅外光對人體無輻射損傷,,使用中無需特殊防護(hù)。近紅外光成像具有γ射線組織穿透性優(yōu)勢且無輻射安全問題,,因而成為替代核素示蹤的良好選擇,。熒光系通過特定波長的激發(fā)光激發(fā)熒光物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生特定波長的發(fā)射光的常見物理現(xiàn)象。通過在乳房內(nèi)注射熒光物質(zhì),,利用特定近紅外光裝置激發(fā),,熒光物質(zhì)發(fā)出可以穿透皮膚軟組織的近紅外熒光,并利用體外裝置接收,,通過計算機(jī)處理顯示成像,,即可顯示淋巴管、定位淋巴結(jié),,這便是近紅外熒光示蹤前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢的原理,。

  2、吲哚菁綠的特性

  吲哚菁綠是目前最常用的熒光示蹤劑,,其化學(xué)名為2-[7-[1,1-二甲基-3-(4-磺丁基)-2H-苯并[e]二氫吲哚-2-亞基]1,3,5-庚三烯]-1,1-二甲基-3-(4-磺丁基)-1H-苯丙[e]二氫吲哚內(nèi)鎓鈉鹽,分子式為C43H47N2NaO6S2,,分子質(zhì)量為774.96,。吲哚菁綠的熒光特性與其溶劑、濃度以及是否與其他分子結(jié)合有關(guān),。在乳房組織內(nèi)注射吲哚菁綠后,,吲哚菁綠迅速與組織間液的蛋白結(jié)合,濃度也得到稀釋,,其最大吸收峰約為780nm,,激發(fā)光波長為830nm。

  3,、熒光示蹤成像設(shè)備

  熒光示蹤成像設(shè)備包含激發(fā)光產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng),、發(fā)射光接收系統(tǒng)和圖像處理顯示系統(tǒng)。一般將激發(fā)光產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)和發(fā)射光接收系統(tǒng)集成為體積較小的探頭,,通過無菌套膜包裹后可以放到手術(shù)臺上,。術(shù)中將探頭置于距離皮膚10~30cm處,緩慢移動探頭可以獲得較好的乳腺淺表淋巴管引流和乳腺前哨淋巴結(jié)的圖像,。

  二、循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)

  2005年,日本Kitai等報道利用吲哚菁綠進(jìn)行熒光示蹤前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢,,可以獲得94%的成功率,,且可以同時觀察到淋巴管和淋巴結(jié),具有良好的可視性和實(shí)時性,。隨后大量研究對吲哚菁綠前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢進(jìn)行了準(zhǔn)確性和成功率方面的驗(yàn)證,。2004年,,《柳葉刀腫瘤學(xué)》雜志發(fā)表系統(tǒng)綜述,認(rèn)為熒光示蹤的成功率為93%~100%,,優(yōu)于藍(lán)色染料,,與核素相比,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,。平均檢出淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目為1.5~5.4枚,,多于染料或核素方法。國內(nèi)多個中心對熒光示蹤進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,,結(jié)論基本與國外研究一致,。2016年版德國婦科腫瘤學(xué)會(AGO)指南將熒光示蹤方法的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)級別評定為2B類。日本乳癌學(xué)會對熒光示蹤檢測前哨淋巴結(jié)的推薦度為B級,。

  三,、操作指南

  1、術(shù)者要求

  術(shù)者應(yīng)具備其他示蹤劑指引的前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢經(jīng)驗(yàn),,并應(yīng)觀摩過或參加過熒光示蹤乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢手術(shù)并熟悉乳腺癌手術(shù)及相關(guān)解剖,。

  2、術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備

  詳細(xì)詢問病史,,有碘過敏史者不能接受吲哚菁綠注射,,可根據(jù)所使用的吲哚菁綠說明書要求決定是否行碘過敏試驗(yàn)。建議通過經(jīng)皮活檢方式獲得病理診斷,,盡量減少開放性活檢對淋巴引流的干擾,。一般術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備同常規(guī)手術(shù)。

  3,、麻醉方式

  可以選擇氣管插管全身麻醉,、靜脈麻醉或局部浸潤麻醉。氣管插管全身麻醉效果容易控制,,有利于手術(shù)操作,,適合大多數(shù)患者,尤其是需同時行乳房切除者,。靜脈麻醉或局部浸潤麻醉對患者影響小,,恢復(fù)更快,適合單純前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢或同期保留乳房的患者,。

  4,、示蹤劑配置

  目前市售的吲哚菁綠劑型為粉劑,每支含25mg,,使用前先用10ml滅菌注射用水溶解,,溶解后質(zhì)量濃度為2.5mg/ml。取2.5mg/ml的吲哚菁綠0.2ml,,用滅菌注射用水稀釋至1ml(即為0.5mg/ml),,作為使用的質(zhì)量濃度,。

  注意:必須以滅菌注射用水溶解和稀釋吲哚菁綠,避免使用0.9%氯化鈉溶液或其他溶劑,。

  5,、體位

  手術(shù)體位采用仰臥位,患側(cè)上肢外展,,肩部略墊高,。術(shù)者站在患側(cè),熒光顯示屏最好置于術(shù)者對側(cè)偏向患者頭側(cè),,便于術(shù)者和助手觀察,。熒光探頭以無菌腔鏡套包裹后置于手術(shù)臺上備用。

  6,、吲哚菁綠注射方法

  0.5mg/ml的熒光示蹤劑吲哚菁綠可以注射在乳暈區(qū),、乳房皮膚、皮下或腫塊周圍皮膚或腺體內(nèi),。推薦在乳暈區(qū)皮內(nèi)注射,,淋巴管顯示效果更佳,有利于初學(xué)者掌握該技術(shù),。

  具體操作:常規(guī)皮膚消毒鋪無菌巾后,,在乳暈區(qū)進(jìn)針,針頭斜面向上傾斜5°穿刺皮膚,,使針頭開口處全部刺入皮膚推注吲哚菁綠0.2~0.3ml,形成皮丘,??扇?、3個注射點(diǎn),,勿使注射液漏出皮膚,。輕輕按摩注射部位后用熒光探頭進(jìn)行探測,乳房皮下淋巴管即可熒光顯像,。

  如果腫塊位于外上象限并已被切除,,淋巴引流可能會被破壞,可在切口外上方皮內(nèi)補(bǔ)充注射少量吲哚菁綠,。

  吲哚菁綠敏感性非常高,,原液或稀釋后注射1.0ml用于前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢均可取得很好的效果。如聯(lián)合藍(lán)色染料,,染料注射采用常規(guī)方法,。

  7、切口選擇

  可采用2種方法定位切口,。如果乳房上淋巴管顯示良好,,可以在指向腋窩的淋巴管消失點(diǎn)上方1~3cm處做切口,。如淋巴管顯示不佳可采用常規(guī)方法,即在胸大肌外緣腋褶線下兩橫指處做切口,。從乳房切除切口手術(shù)容易受到皮下滲漏的吲哚菁綠的影響,,手術(shù)難度加大,不推薦初學(xué)者采用,。

  8,、手術(shù)操作

  切開皮膚后,直接切開脂肪組織,,注意止血,,切開軟組織直至腋窩筋膜,以皮膚牽開器暴露腋窩組織,。以熒光探頭探查腋窩,,發(fā)現(xiàn)“發(fā)光”的淋巴結(jié)后,鉗夾淋巴結(jié)周圍組織,,摘取淋巴結(jié),,離體淋巴結(jié)再次以探頭探測確認(rèn)是否發(fā)光。同樣方法摘取腋窩內(nèi)發(fā)光淋巴結(jié),,直至無明顯熒光信號,。再次觸診探查,如發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯腫大融合的淋巴結(jié)應(yīng)一并摘除,。仔細(xì)止血后常規(guī)縫合腋窩筋膜及皮膚,。

  注意:熒光信號顯示有輕微延遲,因此,,熒光探頭不宜移動過快,。

  9、標(biāo)本送檢

  將發(fā)光淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)記為前哨淋巴結(jié)送病理檢查,,常規(guī)采用HE染色,,判斷困難時可增加免疫組織化學(xué)染色幫助判斷。

  10,、與其他示蹤劑聯(lián)用

  盡管目前有研究者認(rèn)為,,單用染料或核素作為示蹤劑即可獲得良好的示蹤效果,但大部分學(xué)者仍認(rèn)為聯(lián)合采用2種示蹤原理不同的方法進(jìn)行雙示蹤,,可以減少示蹤失敗,,降低潛在的假陰性率。雙示蹤法仍是前哨淋巴結(jié)示蹤技術(shù)的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。吲哚菁綠熒光示蹤與藍(lán)色染料聯(lián)用避免了核素類藥物的介入,,綜合了熒光示蹤的高敏感性、實(shí)時性、直觀性以及多數(shù)醫(yī)師對藍(lán)色染料較為熟悉的優(yōu)勢,,是良好的不含核素的雙示蹤方法,,也是目前大多數(shù)開展熒光示蹤單位采取的聯(lián)用策略。吲哚菁綠+核素聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可以避免藍(lán)色染料帶來的皮膚染色,、皮下組織壞死等潛在并發(fā)癥,,亦是可以考慮的組合??傊?,操作者可以根據(jù)本單位的條件和自身習(xí)慣選擇合適的示蹤劑聯(lián)用方法。

  四,、并發(fā)癥及處理

  吲哚菁綠臨床應(yīng)用安全性良好,,并發(fā)癥很少,文獻(xiàn)中僅見少量病例報告有過敏反應(yīng)存在,。對于潛在的過敏反應(yīng)主要在于預(yù)防,,謹(jǐn)慎用于碘過敏和過敏體質(zhì)者。多數(shù)過敏反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為蕁麻疹,、輕度不適,,給予抗組胺藥物治療后可緩解,重癥可給予糖皮質(zhì)激素治療,,過敏性休克者應(yīng)按照相應(yīng)流程組織搶救,。另外,注射部位短期內(nèi)可見皮膚染色,,無需特殊處理,,可自行消失。

  五,、熒光示蹤技術(shù)的不足與注意事項(xiàng)

  熒光示蹤劑不足之處在于其敏感性高,,吲哚菁綠從淋巴管內(nèi)漏出后即可污染脂肪筋膜組織而發(fā)出熒光,手術(shù)過程中應(yīng)注意精細(xì)操作,,減少示蹤劑的漏出。切除第一枚發(fā)光淋巴結(jié)后難免會出現(xiàn)熒光污染,,繼續(xù)探查時應(yīng)注意鑒別發(fā)光組織是否為淋巴結(jié),。可通過形狀,、擠壓是否變形以及觸診質(zhì)地綜合判斷,。

  需要注意的是,根據(jù)腋窩的解剖特點(diǎn),,淋巴結(jié)均位于腋窩筋膜深層,,如果切開皮膚后在脂肪內(nèi)盲目游離可能會增加熒光污染機(jī)會而很難發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié),建議直接切開腋窩筋膜后再進(jìn)行探查,。

  少數(shù)情況下,,腋窩無任何發(fā)光淋巴結(jié)顯示,,應(yīng)注意探查胸肌后方,避免遺漏胸肌間淋巴結(jié),,因?yàn)榻t外光穿透力約為1cm,,難以穿透胸大肌。

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