引言Descriptors(描述符)是Python語言中一個深奧但很重要的一個黑魔法,,它被廣泛應(yīng)用于Python語言的內(nèi)核,,熟練掌握描述符將會為Python程序員的工具箱添加一個額外的技巧。本文我將講述描述符的定義以及一些常見的場景,,并且在文末會補(bǔ)充一下 描述符的定義descr__get__(self, obj, objtype=None) --> value
descr.__set__(self, obj, value) --> None
descr.__delete__(self, obj) --> None
只要一個 描述符基礎(chǔ)下面這個例子中我們創(chuàng)建了一個 class RevealAccess(object):
def __get__(self, obj, objtype):
print('self in RevealAccess: {}'.format(self))
print('self: {}\nobj: {}\nobjtype: {}'.format(self, obj, objtype))
class MyClass(object):
x = RevealAccess()
def test(self):
print('self in MyClass: {}'.format(self))
EX1實(shí)例屬性 接下來我們來看一下 >>> m = MyClass()
>>> m.test()
self in MyClass: <__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>
>>> m.x
self in RevealAccess: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
self: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
obj: <__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>
objtype: <class '__main__.MyClass'>
EX2類屬性 如果通過類直接訪問屬性 >>> MyClass.x
self in RevealAccess: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
self: <__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
obj: None
objtype: <class '__main__.MyClass'>
描述符的原理描述符觸發(fā)上面這個例子中,,我們分別從實(shí)例屬性和類屬性的角度列舉了描述符的用法,,下面我們來仔細(xì)分析一下內(nèi)部的原理:
簡單講一下 描述符優(yōu)先級首先,描述符分為兩種:
我們對屬性進(jìn)行訪問的時候存在下面四種情況:
它們的優(yōu)先級大小是: data descriptor > instance dict > non-data descriptor > __getattr__()
這是什么意思呢,?就是說如果實(shí)例對象obj中出現(xiàn)了同名的 Property每次使用描述符的時候都定義一個描述符類,這樣看起來非常繁瑣,。Python提供了一種簡潔的方式用來向?qū)傩蕴砑訑?shù)據(jù)描述符,。 property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) -> property attribute
fget、fset和fdel分別是類的getter、setter和deleter方法,。我們通過下面的一個示例來說明如何使用Property: class Account(object):
def __init__(self):
self._acct_num = None
def get_acct_num(self):
return self._acct_num
def set_acct_num(self, value):
self._acct_num = value
def del_acct_num(self):
del self._acct_num
acct_num = property(get_acct_num, set_acct_num, del_acct_num, '_acct_num property.')
如果acct是Account的一個實(shí)例,,acct.acct_num將會調(diào)用getter,acct.acct_num = value將調(diào)用setter,,del acct_num.acct_num將調(diào)用deleter,。 >>> acct = Account()
>>> acct.acct_num = 1000
>>> acct.acct_num
1000
Python也提供了 class Account(object):
def __init__(self):
self._acct_num = None
@property
# the _acct_num property. the decorator creates a read-only property
def acct_num(self):
return self._acct_num
@acct_num.setter
# the _acct_num property setter makes the property writeable
def set_acct_num(self, value):
self._acct_num = value
@acct_num.deleter
def del_acct_num(self):
del self._acct_num
如果想讓屬性只讀,只需要去掉setter方法,。 在運(yùn)行時創(chuàng)建描述符我們可以在運(yùn)行時添加property屬性: class Person(object):
def addProperty(self, attribute):
# create local setter and getter with a particular attribute name
getter = lambda self: self._getProperty(attribute)
setter = lambda self, value: self._setProperty(attribute, value)
# construct property attribute and add it to the class
setattr(self.__class__, attribute, property(fget=getter, fset=setter, doc='Auto-generated method'))
def _setProperty(self, attribute, value):
print('Setting: {} = {}'.format(attribute, value))
setattr(self, '_' attribute, value.title())
def _getProperty(self, attribute):
print('Getting: {}'.format(attribute))
return getattr(self, '_' attribute)
>>> user = Person()
>>> user.addProperty('name')
>>> user.addProperty('phone')
>>> user.name = 'john smith'
Setting: name = john smith
>>> user.phone = '12345'
Setting: phone = 12345
>>> user.name
Getting: name
'John Smith'
>>> user.__dict__
{'_phone': '12345', '_name': 'John Smith'}
靜態(tài)方法和類方法我們可以使用描述符來模擬Python中的
靜態(tài)方法對于靜態(tài)方法 靜態(tài)方法有什么用呢,?假設(shè)有一個處理專門數(shù)據(jù)的容器類,它提供了一些方法來求平均數(shù),,中位數(shù)等統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)方式,,這些方法都是要依賴于相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)的。但是類中可能還有一些方法,,并不依賴這些數(shù)據(jù),,這個時候我們可以將這些方法聲明為靜態(tài)方法,同時這也可以提高代碼的可讀性,。 使用非數(shù)據(jù)描述符來模擬一下靜態(tài)方法的實(shí)現(xiàn): class StaticMethod(object):
def __init__(self, f):
self.f = f
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
return self.f
我們來應(yīng)用一下: class MyClass(object):
@StaticMethod
def get_x(x):
return x
print(MyClass.get_x(100)) # output: 100
類方法Python的 使用非數(shù)據(jù)描述符來模擬一下類方法的實(shí)現(xiàn): class ClassMethod(object):
def __init__(self, f):
self.f = f
def __get__(self, obj, klass=None):
if klass is None:
klass = type(obj)
def newfunc(*args):
return self.f(klass, *args)
return newfunc
其他的魔術(shù)方法首次接觸Python魔術(shù)方法的時候,,我也被 __getattr__Python默認(rèn)訪問類/實(shí)例的某個屬性都是通過 從下面的輸出可以看出,,當(dāng)一個屬性通過 In [1]: class Test(object):
...: def __getattribute__(self, item):
...: print('call __getattribute__')
...: return super(Test, self).__getattribute__(item)
...: def __getattr__(self, item):
...: return 'call __getattr__'
...:
In [2]: Test().a
call __getattribute__
Out[2]: 'call __getattr__'
應(yīng)用對于默認(rèn)的字典,,Python只支持以 class Storage(dict):
''' A Storage object is like a dictionary except `obj.foo` can be used in addition to `obj['foo']`. '''
def __getattr__(self, key):
try:
return self[key]
except KeyError as k:
raise AttributeError(k)
def __setattr__(self, key, value):
self[key] = value
def __delattr__(self, key):
try:
del self[key]
except KeyError as k:
raise AttributeError(k)
def __repr__(self):
return '<Storage ' dict.__repr__(self) '>'
我們來使用一下我們自定義的加強(qiáng)版字典: >>> s = Storage(a=1)
>>> s['a']
1
>>> s.a
1
>>> s.a = 2
>>> s['a']
2
>>> del s.a
>>> s.a
...
AttributeError: 'a'
__getitem__getitem用于通過下標(biāo) class MyList(object):
def __init__(self, *args):
self.numbers = args
def __getitem__(self, item):
return self.numbers[item]
my_list = MyList(1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3)
print my_list[2]
這個實(shí)現(xiàn)非常的簡陋,,不支持slice和step等功能,,請讀者自行改進(jìn),這里我就不重復(fù)了,。 應(yīng)用下面是參考requests庫中對于 程序有些復(fù)雜,,我稍微解釋一下:由于這里比較簡單,,沒有使用描述符的需求,所以使用了 class CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):
@property
def lower_keys(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_lower_keys') or not self._lower_keys:
self._lower_keys = dict((k.lower(), k) for k in self.keys())
return self._lower_keys
def _clear_lower_keys(self):
if hasattr(self, '_lower_keys'):
self._lower_keys.clear()
def __contains__(self, key):
return key.lower() in self.lower_keys
def __getitem__(self, key):
if key in self:
return dict.__getitem__(self, self.lower_keys[key.lower()])
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
self._clear_lower_keys()
def __delitem__(self, key):
dict.__delitem__(self, key)
self._lower_keys.clear()
def get(self, key, default=None):
if key in self:
return self[key]
else:
return default
我們來調(diào)用一下這個類: >>> d = CaseInsensitiveDict()
>>> d['ziwenxie'] = 'ziwenxie'
>>> d['ZiWenXie'] = 'ZiWenXie'
>>> print(d)
{'ZiWenXie': 'ziwenxie', 'ziwenxie': 'ziwenxie'}
>>> print(d['ziwenxie'])
ziwenxie
# d['ZiWenXie'] => d['ziwenxie']
>>> print(d['ZiWenXie'])
ziwenxie 【責(zé)任編輯:seeker TEL:(010)68476606】
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