因內(nèi)容過(guò)多（2.3萬(wàn)字左右）,，故此次發(fā)出第1部分，分三次發(fā)出,。

因本人功力問(wèn)題,，其中的屬類(lèi)并非100%嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，但劃入連接詞語(yǔ)處,，便于參考,。

除未標(biāo)注出處外，詞條所有文字均來(lái)自《朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語(yǔ)辭典》第五版,。

《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全》（倫道夫·夸克等著）第1375頁(yè)

簡(jiǎn)單從屬連詞有：

after, although, as, because, before, directly（非正式用法,，尤其英國(guó)英語(yǔ)）, if, immediately（非正式用法，尤其英國(guó)英語(yǔ)）, lest（尤其美國(guó)英語(yǔ)）, like（非正式用法,，尤其美國(guó)英語(yǔ)）, once, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when(ever), where(ver), whereas, whereupon, while, whilst（少數(shù)人用來(lái)代替while,，尤其英國(guó)英語(yǔ)）

復(fù)合從屬連詞有：

以that結(jié)尾的：

but that, in that, in order that, insofar that（正式用法；罕見(jiàn)）, in the event that, save that（文學(xué)體）, such that

以隨意性that結(jié)尾的：

分詞形式：assuming (that), considering(that), excepting(that), given (that), granted (that), granting (that), provided (that), providing (that), seeing (that), supposing (that)

其他：except (that), for all (that), now (that), so (that)

以as結(jié)尾的：

according as,as far as, as long as, as soon as, forasmuch as（正式用法）, inasmuch as（正式用法）, insofar as, insomuch as（正式用法）

其他：

as if, as though, in case

關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞

as…so, as…as, so…as, such…as, so…(that), such…(that), less…than, more(/-er) …than, no sooner…than, when（非正式用法）, barely/hardly/scarcely…when, than（非正式用法）

the…the, whether/if…or

although/even if/ (even) though/while…yet/nevertheless,，等

if/once/since (reason)/unless…then/in that case

because/seeing (that)…therefore

等等,。

這里并沒(méi)有完全按照以上的體例，而是本人經(jīng)驗(yàn)的羅列,。

其中必有不足之處，望指出,、批評(píng),，歡迎補(bǔ)充實(shí)例。

1.according as

according as復(fù)合連詞,，（英,，正式）按照,，根據(jù)

●according as根據(jù)…（決定是這樣還是那樣），要看…（來(lái)決定）

You may go or stay, according as you decided.

You may take an oral or written exam according as you prefer.

You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad.

According as you behave yourself you will be well treated.

They move into the next class, according as they pass or fail the examination.

以上例句見(jiàn)《現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典》（修訂版 張道真主編）

●according to跟…所示,，按…所說(shuō)

According to the police, his attackers beat him with a blunt instrument.

按照警方的說(shuō)法,，襲擊者用鈍器擊打他。

There is now widespread support for these proposals, according to a recent public opinion poll.

根據(jù)最近的民意調(diào)查,，目前人們普遍支持這些提議,。

不要說(shuō)according to me或according to my opinion，而要說(shuō)in my opinion:

In my opinion his first book is much better. 依我看,，他的第一本書(shū)好多了,。

●according to取決于，依據(jù)

You will be paid according to the amount of work you do.

你將依據(jù)工作量來(lái)獲得報(bào)酬,。

●according to按照,，根據(jù)

The game will be played according to rules laid down for the 1992 Cup.

比賽將按照1992年杯賽所制定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行。

Everything went according to plan, and we arrived on time.

一切按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行,，我們準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá),。

2.after

●after在…之后

After you’d called the police, what did you do? 報(bào)警之后，你做了些什么,？

Zimmerman changed his name after he left Germany. 齊默爾曼離開(kāi)德國(guó)后改了名字,。

●after doing sth

After leaving school, Mackay worked in a restaurant for a year.

中學(xué)畢業(yè)后，麥凱在一家餐廳工作了一年,。

Ten years after he bought the painting, Carswell discovered that it was a fake.

卡斯韋爾買(mǎi)下那幅畫(huà)的十年后發(fā)現(xiàn)它是贗品,。

She retired from politics the year after she received the Nobel Prize.

她在獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的第二年退出了政壇。

●after由于,，既然

I’m not surprised he walked out, after the way she treated him.

她那樣對(duì)待他，所以他離開(kāi)我并不感到吃驚,。

After your letter, I didn’t think I’d ever see you again.

由于你的這封信,，我想我再也不會(huì)見(jiàn)你了。

●after盡管,，雖然

How can you treat me like this after all I’ve done for you?

我為你做了那么多,，年怎么能這樣對(duì)我？

3.albeit

●albeit（正式）雖然,，盡管

He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.

盡管有些猶豫,，他還是接受了那份工作。

Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly. 盡管勉強(qiáng),，克里斯還是同她一起去了,。

●albeit: conj. although盡管；雖然（牛八）

He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us. 盡管勉強(qiáng),，他最后還是同意幫助我們,。

4.although

●although雖然,，盡管

Although in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.

盡管身體不好，她仍然繼續(xù)執(zhí)行任務(wù),。

We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.

雖然我們知道自己其實(shí)付不起租金,，但還是決定住伍德莊園的房間。

Although I can’t help admiring the man’s courage, I do not approve of his methods.

盡管我不得不不佩服那個(gè)男子的勇氣,，缺不贊成他的方法,。

●although但是，然而

You can copy down my answers, although I’m not sure they’re right.

你可以抄我的答案,，但是我不敢肯定我答得是否正確,。

No, this is my responsibility, although I appreciate your offer.

不用了，這是我的責(zé)任,，不過(guò)謝謝你的好意,。

5.as

●as按…的方式；如同

Do as I say! 按我說(shuō)的去做,！

We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.

在警察到來(lái)以前,，我們最好什么也別動(dòng)。

The money was repaid, as promised 錢(qián)按承諾還了,。

He did not need to keep moving house, as his father had.

他不用像他父親那樣不停地搬家了,。

Roberta was late as usual (= in the way that she usually was).

羅伯塔和往常一樣遲到了。

●as正如（用于所說(shuō)的話(huà)已為人所知或已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)）

David, as you know, has not been well lately. 你知道的,，戴維近來(lái)身體不大好,。

As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.

正如我在電話(huà)里解釋的那樣，下次開(kāi)會(huì)將考慮你的請(qǐng)求,。

As Napoleon once said, attack is the best method of defence.

拿破侖曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò),，進(jìn)攻是最好的防御。

●as（正當(dāng)）…的時(shí)候

I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus. 我下公共汽車(chē)的時(shí)候看見(jiàn)了彼得,。

As time passed, things seemed to get worse.

隨著時(shí)間的推移,，情況似乎變得更加糟糕了。

Just at the two men were leaving, a message arrived.

那兩個(gè)男子剛要離開(kāi),，消息就傳來(lái)了,。

●as因?yàn)椋捎?/strong>

As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home. 天越來(lái)越晚,，于是我掉頭回家,。

We asked Philip to come with us, as he knew the road.

我們叫菲利普一起去，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)識(shí)路,。

●as盡管,，雖然

Unlikely as it might seem, I’m tired too. 雖然看起來(lái)不像，但確實(shí)我也累了,。

Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open. 無(wú)論休怎樣努力,，她就是打不開(kāi)門(mén)。

As popular as he is, the President hasn’t always managed to have his own way.

盡管總統(tǒng)很受擁戴,，但也并非總能隨心所欲,。

6.as…as

They want peace as much as we do. 他們同我們一樣希望和平。

Helen comes to visit me as often as she can. 海倫有空就來(lái)看我,。

I can’t run as fast as I used to. 我不如以前跑得快了,。

7.as/so far as

as/so far as I’m concerned（口）就我而言，依我看來(lái)

As far as I’m concerned she can come home whenever she likes.

就我而言,，只要她愿意,，隨時(shí)可以回家。

as/so far as sth is concerned（口）就某事而論,，至于某事

As far as money’s concerned, there shouldn’t be a problem.

至于錢(qián),，應(yīng)該沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。

as/so far as I know / I can remember /I can tell/ I can see etc

（口）據(jù)我所知/據(jù)我所記得的/依我看

There weren’t any buildings there at all, as far as I can remember.

據(jù)我所記得的,，那里沒(méi)有任何建筑,。

As far as I can see, there’s nothing else to discuss. 依我看，沒(méi)有別的什么可以討論了,。

as far as it goes在有限的程度上

His theories are fine, as far as they go. 他的理論大致上還算不錯(cuò),。

8.as if

●as if…/as though…好像…

It sounds as though she’s been really ill. 聽(tīng)起來(lái)她病得很重。

Gary was behaving as though nothing had happened.

加里表現(xiàn)得好像什么也沒(méi)發(fā)生過(guò),。

Mrs Crump looked as if she was going to explode.

克倫普太太看起來(lái)好像要大發(fā)雷霆,。

Beckworth shook his head as if to say ‘Don’t trust her’.

貝克沃斯搖搖頭，好像在說(shuō)‘別相信她’,。

●as if…/as though…仿佛/好像（用于強(qiáng)調(diào)某事不是真的或不會(huì)發(fā)生）

She said she’d never speak to me again. As if I cared (= I do not care at all).

她說(shuō)她再也不會(huì)跟我說(shuō)話(huà)了,，好像我會(huì)在乎似的。

‘Don’t try any funny business, now.’ ‘As if I would.’

“好了,，別耍什么花樣,。” “我才不會(huì)呢,?！?/p>

He asked if I’d go out with him. As if (= it is extremely unlikely that I would go out with him)! 他問(wèn)我是否愿意跟他出去，我才不愿意呢,！

●it’s not as if其實(shí)并不

Why do they never go on holiday? I mean it’s not as if they’re poor, is it?

他們?yōu)槭裁磸牟蝗ザ燃?？我的意思是他們并不窮，對(duì)嗎,？

I don’t know why you’re so frightened of her, it’s not as if she’s got any power over you.

我不明白你為什么這樣怕她,，她又沒(méi)權(quán)管你。

9.as long as

●as/so long as只要

You can go out to play as long as you stay in the backyard.

你可以出去玩,，只要不出后院,。

as/so long as 只要,，只有（表示只有一件事發(fā)生或?qū)賹?shí)，另一件事才會(huì)同時(shí)發(fā)生或?qū)賹?shí)）

As long as we keep playing well, we’ll keep winning games.

只要我們一直打得好,，我們會(huì)一直贏下去,。

Visitors are welcome, as long as they bring their own tent.

歡迎游客前來(lái)，但需自帶帳篷,。

●(for) as long as長(zhǎng)達(dá),；達(dá)…之久

You can stay for as long as you want. 你想逗留多久就逗留多久。

She tried to stay awake for as long as she could. 她盡量不讓自己睡去,，能醒著就醒著,。

The fruit should be left on the tree as long as possible.

應(yīng)該讓水果盡可能在樹(shù)上多生長(zhǎng)一些時(shí)間。

10.as much as

●it was as much as sb could do to do sth某人盡最大努力也只能做某事

He looked so stupid. It was as much as I could do to stop myself from laughing.

他看上去真傻,，我拼命忍住才沒(méi)笑出來(lái),。

11.as soon as

●as soon as一…就…

As soon as she entered the room, she knew there was something wrong.

她一踏進(jìn)房間就知道有什么不對(duì)勁了。

I’ll come over to your place as soon as I can. 我會(huì)盡快到你這里來(lái),。

As soon as relations improve they will be allowed to go. （柯林斯）

一旦關(guān)系有所改善,，他們就可以獲準(zhǔn)離開(kāi)。

You’ll never guess what happened as soon as I left my room.

你怎么也猜不出我一離開(kāi)房間就發(fā)生了什么事,。

12.as well as

●as well as并列從屬連詞

The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities. 該機(jī)構(gòu)為貧困者提供幫助,，還為當(dāng)?shù)氐拇壬茩C(jī)構(gòu)募捐。

●as well as sth/sb以及某物/某人

They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.

他們?cè)诜▏?guó)有一棟房子,，在西班牙還有一處別墅,。

●as well（除某事物或某人外）還

Why don’t you come along as well? 你為什么不一起來(lái)呢？

13.assuming (that)

●assuming（又作assuming that）假定,，假設(shè)

Assuming that you get a place at university, how are you going to finance your studies?

假定你考上了大學(xué),，你如何支付學(xué)費(fèi)？

Assuming (that) he’s still alive, how old would he be now?

假定他還活著,，現(xiàn)在有多大年紀(jì)了,？

I hope to go to college next year, always assuming I pass my exams.

我希望明年上大學(xué)，當(dāng)然是在我通過(guò)考試的前提了,。

14.because

●because因?yàn)?；由?/strong>

We didn’t enjoy the day because the weather was so awful.

那天我們很不盡興，因?yàn)樘鞖鈱?shí)在太糟,。

‘Why can’t I go?’ ‘Because you’re not old enough.’

“我為什么不能去,？” “因?yàn)槟隳昙o(jì)太小?！?/p>

Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was partly because he was not particularly intelligent.

休伯特從來(lái)都沒(méi)有害怕的感覺(jué),，部分原因是他這人不大聰明。

Many exam candidates lose marks simply because they do not read the questions properly.

許多應(yīng)試者只是因?yàn)闆](méi)有好好地讀題。

I decided to go with them, mainly because I had nothing better to do.

我決定和他們一起去,，主要是因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有更好的事情可做,。

I went home because I was tired. 因?yàn)槔哿耍揖突丶伊恕?/p>

●just because…（口）僅僅因?yàn)?/strong>…

Just because you’re my brother doesn’t mean I have to like you!

你是我兄弟,，那也不代表我一定得喜歡你呀,！

●because of sb/sth因?yàn)槟橙?/strong>/某事物

He had to retire because of ill health. 他因?yàn)榻】祮?wèn)題不得不退休。

The streets were flooded because of all the rain. 下了這么多雨,，街道被水淹了。

We spent three hours waiting in the rain because of you! 因?yàn)槟?，我們?cè)谟昀锏攘巳齻€(gè)小時(shí),！

●due to/owing to因?yàn)椋捎?/strong>

●due to和owing to比because正式

They delay was due to a problem with the ship’s engines. 誤點(diǎn)是因?yàn)榇囊娉隽藛?wèn)題,。

The parade had to cancelled owing to bad weather. 由于天氣不好游行活動(dòng)只得取消了,。

●through由于，因?yàn)椋ㄓ扔糜谡f(shuō)明某人成功或失敗的原因）

They won the game, more through luck than skill.

他們贏了這場(chǎng)比賽,，更多是靠運(yùn)氣而不是技巧,。

You failed that test through carelessness. 他沒(méi)能通過(guò)那次測(cè)驗(yàn)是因?yàn)榇中拇笠狻?/p>

●thanks to歸功于，多虧（用于解釋某件好事的發(fā)生是由于某人的努力或某事物的存在）

Thanks to modern medicine, the disease can now be cured.

有賴(lài)于現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué),，這種疾病現(xiàn)在可以治愈了,。

●since/as因?yàn)椋捎冢ㄓ糜诮忉屇橙藶楹螞Q定做某事或認(rèn)為某事屬實(shí)）

We decided to go to the beach since it was a nice day. 由于天氣晴朗,，我們決定去海灘,。

I thought Kevin was out as his car wasn’t there. 我想凱文出去了，因?yàn)樗能?chē)不在那里,。

●out of出于,，因?yàn)椋撤N感情或品質(zhì)）

He started reading the book out of curiosity. 他開(kāi)始讀那本書(shū)是出于好奇。

I only asked out of politeness. 我只是出于禮貌問(wèn)了一問(wèn),。

15.before

●before在…以前

Say goodbye before you go. 你走之前要告別,。

I saw her a few days before she died. 她去世的前幾天我見(jiàn)過(guò)她。

●before在…發(fā)生之前,，以防

Put that money somewhere safe before it gets stolen. 把那些錢(qián)放在安全的地方,，以防失竊。

That dog ought to be destroyed before it attacks any more children.

那條狗應(yīng)該宰掉,，免得它傷害更多的孩子,。

Before I could say anything more, Holmes had rushed off towards the station.

沒(méi)等我把話(huà)說(shuō)完，福爾摩斯已經(jīng)急匆匆離去,，直奔車(chē)站去了,。

●before …之后才

It was several minutes before we realised what was happening.

幾分鐘以后我們才明白發(fā)生了什么事情。

It will be a while before we know the results. 我們要過(guò)一會(huì)兒才能知道結(jié)果。

●before在…之前（必須做某事）,，…之后才能

You have to pass a test before you can get a licence. 你得通過(guò)考試才能拿到執(zhí)照,。

before （口）要不然，否則（表示警告）

Get out before I call the police! 滾出去,，要不然我叫警察了,！

●before（寧可…）也不愿

She would die before she would admit she was wrong. 她死也不肯承認(rèn)自己有錯(cuò)。

●在以before開(kāi)頭的表示將來(lái)的分句中,，要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),，而不用will：

I want to get home before it rains (NOT不說(shuō)before it will rain). 我想在下雨前趕回家。

●barely/ hardly/ scarcely…before/when…

barely 剛剛（表示強(qiáng)調(diào)）= only just（英）

Graham had barely finished coffee when Henry returned.

格雷厄姆剛剛喝完咖啡,，亨利就回來(lái)了,。

Barely had the bulldozers started when Museum of London archaeologists swooped.

推土機(jī)剛一啟動(dòng)，倫敦博物館的考古學(xué)家們就蜂擁而至了,。

●hardly…when/ before

She had hardly sat down when the phone rang. 她剛坐下電話(huà)就響了,。

●表示一件事緊跟另一件事，一般用had hardly或had scarcely：

I had hardly got in the house when the phone rang. 我剛進(jìn)屋電話(huà)就響了,。

在文學(xué)作品中,，可以將hardly獲scarcely置于句首，后接had和主語(yǔ)：

Hardly had I got in the house when the phone rang. 我剛進(jìn)屋電話(huà)就響了,。

●scarcely: only a moment ago僅僅,，剛剛= hardly, barely

He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door. 他剛坐下就有人敲門(mén)。

Bruce had scarcely shaken our hands when the phone rang.

布魯斯剛和我們握了握手,，電話(huà)就響了,。

Scarcely had they left before soldiers arrived armed with rifles.

他們剛離開(kāi)，扛著步槍的士兵們就到了,。

16.but (that)

●but (that)的6種情況——已發(fā)

17.but what

●but what《英漢大詞典》（第2版第253頁(yè)but詞條）

but what（口,，相當(dāng)于連詞）相當(dāng)于but或but that，但不如but或but that普通

18.considering that

●considering (that)考慮到,，鑒于

Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.

考慮到對(duì)方實(shí)力強(qiáng)大,，我們能攻進(jìn)兩球已經(jīng)很不錯(cuò)了。

I think we paid too much for the house, considering that we needed to get the roof repaired.

考慮到還得修理屋頂,，我覺(jué)得我們這房子買(mǎi)貴了,。

John did quite well in his exams, considering how little he studied.

考慮到約翰學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間那么少，他考得已經(jīng)算不錯(cuò)了,。

●considering adv.（口）從各方面考慮起來(lái),，通盤(pán)考慮起來(lái)

He didn’t look too tired, considering. 總的看來(lái)，他顯得還不算是太累,。

19.despite the fact that

●despite盡管,，雖然，任憑= in spite of

Despite all our efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it.

盡管我們竭力想保住這所學(xué)校，當(dāng)局還是決定把它關(guān)閉,。

She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest.

盡管醫(yī)生叫她休息,，她還是去了西班牙。

●不要用despite引導(dǎo)從句,，但可以后接現(xiàn)在分詞,，或者用despite the fact that或although來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句：

Despite neglecting his studies, he got his degree (不說(shuō)Despite he neglected his studies…).

盡管荒疏學(xué)業(yè)，但他還是取得了學(xué)位,。

She seemed no happier, despite the fact that her physical condition had improved.

盡管她的身體狀況已有好轉(zhuǎn),，但她的心情似乎沒(méi)有好起來(lái)。

Although I learned a great deal, I thought the course was too narrowly based.

盡管我學(xué)到了很多,，但還是覺(jué)得這門(mén)課程的范圍太狹窄,。

20.directly

●directly（英，過(guò)時(shí)）一…就…

I came directly I got your message. 我收到你的口信就過(guò)來(lái)了,。

●directly: conjunction（英）as soon as一…就…（麥克米倫高階英漢雙解詞典）

I came directly I heard what had happened. 我一聽(tīng)說(shuō)發(fā)生的事就趕來(lái)了。

Directly he heard the door close he picked up the telephone.

他一聽(tīng)到門(mén)關(guān)上了就馬上拿起電話(huà),。（《COBUILD英漢雙解詞典》）

21.each time (that)

●each time (that)

Every time/Each time I ask you to do something, you always say you’re too busy.

每次我叫你做事時(shí)你都說(shuō)太忙,。（劍橋高階）

●each和every that常常可以互換使用,，意思上沒(méi)有多大區(qū)別,。

You look more beautiful each/every time I see you.

我每次看到你，你都比之前更漂亮,。（《牛津英語(yǔ)用法指南》第三版）

22.even if

●even if即使,，縱然

She’s going to have problems finding a job even if she gets her A levels.

即使通過(guò)了高級(jí)程度考試，她以后找工作也還是問(wèn)題,。

I wouldn’t tell you even if I knew. 即使我知道我也不會(huì)告訴你,。

Even if she survives, she’ll never fully recover. 即使她挺過(guò)來(lái)，也不可能完全康復(fù),。

23.even though

●even though雖然,，盡管

Even though he’s 24 now, he’s still like a little child. 雖然他現(xiàn)在24歲了，但還是像個(gè)小孩子,。

I can still remember, even though it was so long ago. 雖然是很久以前的事,，但我還記得。

24.every time (that)

I meet up with Julie every time I go to Washington. 我每次到華盛頓都和茱莉見(jiàn)面,。

Every time I hear that song I feel happy. 我每次聽(tīng)到那首歌都感到很愉快,。（牛八）

25.excepting

excepting: prep. 除…外

excepting（古）除非；只是,，要不是

26.except (that)

●except除了…之外

Clarissa could think of nothing to say except that she was so sorry.

除了表示很抱歉之外,，克拉麗莎想不出有什么話(huà)好說(shuō)。

Benson kept the studio locked except when he was working there.

本森總是把工作室上鎖，除非是他在里面工作的時(shí)候,。

●except不可單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)從句,，要用unless或except when/where/if

We won’t go unless you really want to (不說(shuō)except you really want to).

除非你實(shí)在想去，否則我們就不去了,。

I cycle to work, except when it rains (不說(shuō)except it rains). 我騎車(chē)去上班,，除非下雨。

●except that要不是由于（用于說(shuō)明某水沒(méi)做成或沒(méi)發(fā)生的原因）

Liz would have run, except that she didn’t want to appear to be in a hurry.

要不是因?yàn)椴幌腼@得很匆忙,，利茲就會(huì)跑起來(lái),。

27.for

●for（正式）因?yàn)?/p>

I cannot tell whether she is old or young, for I have never seen her.

我不知道她是年老還是年輕，因?yàn)槲覐臎](méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她,。

He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.

他覺(jué)得閱讀越來(lái)越費(fèi)勁,，因?yàn)樗囊暳﹂_(kāi)始衰退了。

●for (old-fashioned or literary) 因?yàn)?；由?（牛八）

We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.

我們急不可待地聽(tīng)著,，因?yàn)樗麕?lái)了我們家人的消息。

I believed her—for surely she would not lie to me.

我相信她的話(huà),，因?yàn)樗隙ú粫?huì)向我撒謊,。

28.forasmuch

forasmuch（古）由于，鑒于（as）（《新世紀(jì)英漢大詞典》）

forasmuch as（文）（法律）既然,；因?yàn)?；鑒于(=since) （《文馨當(dāng)代英漢詞典》）

29.for fear (that)

●for fear (that) 唯恐（…），生怕（…）

She finally ran away for fear that he would kill her. 她最后逃走了,，唯恐他會(huì)殺她,。

for fear of sth/of doing sth, for fear (that)唯恐…，以免（發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)）（牛八）

We spoke quietly for fear of waking the guards. 我們悄悄說(shuō)話(huà),，以免驚醒警衛(wèi),。

I had to run away for fear (that) he might one day kill me.

我只好逃走，生怕有一天把我殺了,。

30.given (that)

●give: taking something into account考慮到,，鑒于

Given the circumstances, you’ve done really well.

鑒于這種情況，你已經(jīng)算是處理得很好了,。

Given that the patients have some disabilities, we still try to enable them to be as independent as possible. 雖然考慮到病人有生理上的不便,，我們還是盡量讓他們自立。

31.granting (that)

●granted (granting) that…假定…,，就算…（通常用granted）

Granted (Granting) that the house is old, I still want to buy it.

即使那幢房子是舊的,，我也扔想買(mǎi)下它。（英漢多功能學(xué)習(xí)詞典）

32.granted (that)

●granted (that): because of the fact that因?yàn)?/strong>

Granted that it is a simple test to perform, it should be easy to get results quickly.

因?yàn)檫@化驗(yàn)做起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單,，所以應(yīng)該不難很快得出結(jié)果,。（牛八）

●granted or granted that（表示某事屬實(shí),，然后再對(duì)其作出評(píng)論）不錯(cuò)，的確

Granted that the firm has not broken the law, is the law what it should be?

的確,，這家公司沒(méi)有違法,，但這樣的法律是否合理呢？（柯林斯）

●granted假定,；就算

Granted (that) the story’s true, what are you going to do about it?

假定這種說(shuō)法是真的,，你又打算怎樣去做？《劍橋高階英漢雙解詞典》

33.how

●how: in any way in which以任何方式,；無(wú)論用什么方法 = however

I’ll dress how I like in my own house! 我在自己家里愛(ài)怎么穿就怎么穿?。ㄅ０耍?/p>

《劍橋高階英漢雙解詞典》第1080頁(yè)how詞條1

●how: in what way; by what methods如何；怎么

I don’t care about fashion, I dress how I please.

我們太在乎時(shí)尚,，衣服我愛(ài)怎么穿就怎么穿,。

《麥克米倫高階英漢雙解詞典》第1024頁(yè)how詞條1e

●how: informal [非正式] in whatever way不管用什么方式

Now I’ve left school I can dress how I want.

我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)離開(kāi)學(xué)校了，可以愛(ài)怎么打扮就怎么打扮,。

《英語(yǔ)詞匯用法手冊(cè)》（L. G. 亞歷山大編著）第137頁(yè)how,，as詞條

●This steak is cooked just how/as I like it.

這牛排正是像/按我所喜歡的那樣做出來(lái)的。（= 那種方式）

《朗文英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》第45頁(yè)1.47

●在口語(yǔ)中how和the way可以代替as,，如：

This steak is cooked just how/the way I like it. 這牛排正是按我喜歡的那樣做的,。

34.however

●however不管怎樣，無(wú)論如何

If we win the match, we’ll be delighted, however it happens.

如果我們能贏下這場(chǎng)比賽,，不管怎么贏的我們都會(huì)高興,。

However you look at it, it was a wicked thing to do.

不管你這么看待這件事情,，它都是一件缺德的事,。

35.if

1)if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句（有五種說(shuō)法）

We’ll stay at home if it rains. 如果下雨，我們就待在家里,。

If you need money, I can lend you some. 如果你需要錢(qián),，我能借你一些。

What would happen to your family if you were to die in an accident?

要是你在意外事故中身亡,，你的家人會(huì)怎么樣呢,？

If Dad were here, he would know what to do.

如果爸爸在這兒，他會(huì)知道這么做的,。

If I didn’t apologize, I’d feel guilty. 如果我不道歉,，我會(huì)感到內(nèi)疚。

If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exams.

要是你再努力一些,，就通過(guò)考試了,。

Taste the soup and add salt and pepper if necessary.

嘗一下湯，需要的話(huà)加一點(diǎn)鹽和胡椒粉,。

I want to get back by five o’clock if possible. 如果可能的話(huà),，我想5點(diǎn)鐘之前回來(lái),。

I think I can fix it tomorrow, if not, you’ll have to wait till Friday.

我想明天我能修好它，如果不行,，你只好等到周五了,。

Is the book available, and if so, where? 有沒(méi)有這本書(shū)？如果有的話(huà),，在哪兒,？

The missiles can be fired only if the operator types in a six-code.

只有在操作員輸入一組六位數(shù)密碼后，導(dǎo)彈才能被發(fā)射,。

We’ll face that problem if and when it comes along (= if fit happens or when it happens).

如果這一問(wèn)題真的發(fā)生了,，我們就要面對(duì)它。

If by any chance you can’t manage dinner tonight, perhaps we can at least have a drink together.

萬(wàn)一你今晚不能來(lái)吃飯,，或許我們至少可以一起喝一杯,。

2)if引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句（只能位于句中，不可位于句首）

Will it matter if I’m a little late? 我晚來(lái)一會(huì)兒不要緊吧,？

It matters little if/whether he wins the race or not.

他賽跑能不能獲勝,，沒(méi)有多大關(guān)系。（出自《英漢多功能學(xué)習(xí)詞典》）

3)if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句

He stopped to ask me if I was all right. 他停下來(lái)問(wèn)我是否身體不適,。

I don’t know if what I am saying makes any sense.

我不知道我說(shuō)的話(huà)是否有道理,。

4)if引導(dǎo)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)從句

I’m not sure if his is the right road or not. 我不確定這條路對(duì)不對(duì)。

5)if引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句= when, whenever

If I go to bed late, I feel dreadful in the morning. 我要是晚睡了,，起來(lái)就會(huì)感覺(jué)非常糟,。

Plastic will melt if it gets too hot. 塑料太熱會(huì)融化。

6)if引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句(if to do sth)

●if only to do sth哪怕只是為了做某事《新世紀(jì)英漢大詞典》（主編胡壯麟）

She writes me often, if only to scold me because I haven’t written to her.

她常來(lái)信,，即使僅僅為了責(zé)怪我還沒(méi)寫(xiě)信給她,。

7)if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

if即使,；縱然；盡管

Brian rarely, if ever, goes to bed before 3 am.

布萊恩難得在凌晨3點(diǎn)鐘之前睡覺(jué)。

Their policies have changed little, if at all, since the last election.

自從上次選舉后,，他們的政策縱使有改變也是微乎其微,。

Her needs are just as important as yours, if not more so.

她的需求即使不比你的更重要,，也至少也你的一樣重要,。

The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out.

現(xiàn)在雪已有兩英尺深，就算有可能,，把車(chē)弄出來(lái)也是困難的,。

8)if引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句（盡管不多，但還是也可見(jiàn)到）

《牛津英語(yǔ)用法指南》（第三版）第960頁(yè)4：

當(dāng)以疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的從句作主語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí),，通常更傾向于用whether,。

Whether we can stay with my mother is another matter.

我們是不是能和我母親住在一起，則是另一回事,。（主語(yǔ)）

The question is whether the man can be trusted.

問(wèn)題在于那男人是否可靠,。（補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）

也可以用The question is if…,但不太常見(jiàn),。

The question is if the man can be trusted. 問(wèn)題在于那男人是否可靠。

《當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》（精裝版 主編 徐廣聯(lián)）第873頁(yè)

whether可以引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,，在非正式口語(yǔ)中也可用if,。

The question is whether it is worth trying.

問(wèn)題是這是否值得一試。（表語(yǔ)從句,，可用if）

9)4個(gè)動(dòng)詞不可使用if,，只用whether

《劍橋高級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》（第二版中文版）第178頁(yè)if和whether

在下列情況下常用whether而不用if：

在動(dòng)詞advise, choose, consider, depend on, discuss, talk about和think about之后：

You should consider whether the car you are interested in is good value.

36.if only

●if only但愿，要是…就好了（表示強(qiáng)烈愿望,，尤用于知道所想的事不能發(fā)生時(shí)）

If only he had talked to her sooner! 他要是早點(diǎn)和她談?wù)劸秃昧耍?/p>

If only I weren’t so tired! 我要是這么累該多好,！

●If only要是，只要（用于為某事給出原因,，即使不充分）

Media studies is regarded as a more exciting subject, if only because it’s new.

媒體研究被視為一門(mén)更能激起人們興趣的學(xué)科,，僅僅因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)新興學(xué)科。

2016年12月31日