被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,,表示句子中的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,,漢語往往用“被”、“受”,、“給”等詞來表示被動(dòng)意義,。《大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程》系統(tǒng)講解了被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成,、基本句型以及用法,,考生們在學(xué)習(xí)這一語法現(xiàn)象時(shí),還應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面,,以免在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中出現(xiàn)差錯(cuò),。
一、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
英語的被動(dòng)意義除了用及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式表示外,,還可以用其他方法來表示,就像在漢語中并非一定要用“被”字來表示的被動(dòng)意義一樣,。
1,、用某些不及物動(dòng)詞表示被動(dòng)意義,如carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等,。這類動(dòng)詞既能作及物動(dòng)詞,,也能作不及物動(dòng)詞。作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),,形式上雖為主動(dòng),,卻表示被動(dòng)意義。例如:
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切,。
His novel sells well.他的小說暢銷,。
The car drove easily.這車很容易開。
Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的筆寫起來很滑,。
在上述句子中,,主語通常指物,起動(dòng)作承受者的作用,,也可以說是不及物動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語,。但是有時(shí)也有用人稱主語的,。例如:
The girl does not photograph well.這女孩不上像。比較:The girl has not been photographed well.這女孩的照片沒拍好,。
2,、某些感覺動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。例如:
This shirt feels much softer than that one.這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多,。 That book smells old.那本書有一股霉味,。
These oranges taste nice.這些橙子味道很好。
以上這些動(dòng)詞都不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示,。若用進(jìn)行時(shí),,則表示主動(dòng)含義。比較:The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在聞?dòng)推岬臍馕丁?br> 3,、有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(bind,cook,do,owe,print)的進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)意義,。在這種用法中,句子的主語都應(yīng)該是指物的,。例如:
The magazine is binding(printing).這本雜志正在裝訂(印刷),。
He paid all that was owing.欠的錢他都還了。
The meat is cooking.正在火敦肉,。
4,、動(dòng)詞get,come,go之后接過去分詞,表示被動(dòng)意義,。get的這種用法局限于口語和非正式的書面語言,,更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而非動(dòng)作本身,并常用來表示突發(fā)性的,、出乎意料的偶然事件,。而come和go常接含否定意義的過去分詞。例如:
After working selflessly in here for several years,Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地?zé)o私地干了好幾年,,終于得到提升,。
They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.由于節(jié)日交通阻塞,他們被耽誤了,。 The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松開了,。
The woman's complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投訴無人理睬。 5,、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中,,動(dòng)名詞(doing)相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式(to be done),在意思上沒有多大差別,。例如:
The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花園需要澆水,。 The problem requires studying with great care.The problem requires to be studied with great care.這個(gè)問題需要仔細(xì)研究。
These jobs want doing at once.These jobs want to be done at once.這些工作需要馬上就做。
用法相似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有bear doing,stand doing,be worth doing,習(xí)慣不用動(dòng)詞不定式,。如: That won't bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的,。
The little girl can't stand criticizing.小女孩經(jīng)不起批評。
The food is not worth eating.這種飯菜不值一吃,。
It's well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.很值得花一番功夫去學(xué)會怎么做這事,。
值得注意的是,在be worth doing句型中,,只能用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式,,而在be worthy to be done中,才能用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式,,兩者不可混淆,。 6、在某些性質(zhì)形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式的句型中,,其動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,。例如:
The question is easy to answer.這問題容易回答。
That book is difficult to understand.那本書難懂,。
在這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)中,,動(dòng)詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是一種邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,可以說是動(dòng)詞不定式作主語變換來的,,相當(dāng)于It's easy to answer the question.和It's difficult to understand that book.由于把動(dòng)詞賓語放在主語位置,,所以和不定式的關(guān)系構(gòu)成一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
7,、有些動(dòng)詞不定式不論用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式,,動(dòng)詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系都是被動(dòng)的。例如:
Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.這個(gè)事故,,誰也不能責(zé)怪,。 The house is to let (to be let).這房子出租。
There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有許多書要讀,。 Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽車出租。
8,、以-able或-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可表示被動(dòng)意義,。例如: These tickets are available for one month.These tickets are capable of being used for one month.這些票可用一個(gè)月。
It's a credible explanation.The explanation can be trusted.這是一種可信的解釋,。 The fish was hardly eatable.The fish could hardly be eaten.這魚幾乎不能吃,。 9、有些介詞短語用作表語或定語時(shí),,可以表示被動(dòng)意義,。例如:
The thief is under arrest.The thief has been arrested.小偷已被捕。
Apples are on sale.Apples are being sold.蘋果在出售。
The phenomenon under study is very interesting.The phenomenon which is being studied is very interesting.正在研究的現(xiàn)象十分有趣,。
10,、在冠詞the和a (an)后面只能用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式,這種名詞化的動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)表示被動(dòng)意義,。例如:
The boy took a beating.那男孩挨了打,。
It was spoilt in the making.這東西在制作過程中被損壞了。
11,、在某些名詞詞組中,,表示動(dòng)作的名詞無疑具有動(dòng)作的含義,往往可以表現(xiàn)被動(dòng)意義,,而這種被動(dòng)意義與英語的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)無任何語法上的聯(lián)系,。例如:
After his release from prison,he returned home.他從監(jiān)獄被釋放出來以后回到了家。 His family lived on government aid for three years.他一家靠政府救濟(jì)生活三年了,。
二,、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換和某些動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系
1、一般以為凡及物動(dòng)詞都有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)句,,其實(shí)不然,,當(dāng)“主 動(dòng) 賓”結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動(dòng)詞是表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞,如contain,cost,fit,have,lack,resemble,suit等,,主動(dòng)句便沒有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)句:
Linda resembles her mother.琳達(dá)象她母親,。
This red coat becomes her.這件紅上衣合她的身。
The auditorium holds 2000 people.大禮堂能容納兩千人,。
My shoes don't fit me.我的鞋不合腳,。
Jack always lacks confidence.杰克總是缺乏信心。
但是,,狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞know有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)態(tài):Experts have been known to make this mistake.大家知道,,專家也會犯這種錯(cuò)誤。 有時(shí),,有些不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,,在同一意義上,如果不用by-詞組,,可以有被動(dòng)句,。如:All my things are held in this box.這只箱子里裝著我所有的東西。
2,、某些被動(dòng)句沒有相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)句,。例如:
She was born in Nanjing.她生于南京。
He was said to be an honest man.據(jù)說他是個(gè)老實(shí)人,。
They will be married next month.他們將于下月結(jié)婚,。
Mary said that she was not obliged to work overtime.瑪麗說她并不是非加班不可。
3、當(dāng)“主 動(dòng) 賓”結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語為反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí),,通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)句,。例如: The doctor dedicated herself to finding a cure.這位醫(yī)生為尋求一種治療方法奉獻(xiàn)了她的一生。
Did he hurt himself when he fell?他跌倒時(shí)有沒有摔傷了自己?
We could hardly see each other in the fog.在霧中我們彼此幾乎看不見,。
They told each other about their families.他們互相向?qū)Ψ街v述了各自的家庭情況,。
4、用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的have,。 動(dòng)詞have作為“有”的意思時(shí),,是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,沒有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)態(tài),。但是在下列情況中,,have有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
a,、作為“被買到(得到)”,、“被找到”意思時(shí):
We tried to get a copy of her book,but there was none to be had(to be bought).我們想弄到一本她的書,但就是買不到,。
That is about the only work to be had(=to be found) at this time of the year.那大概就是今年此時(shí)唯一能找到的工作了,。
b、作為“欺(哄)騙”意思時(shí),,口語中常用被動(dòng)態(tài):
I'm afraid you've been had.恐怕你上當(dāng)了,。
He's not the first person that's been had in that way.他并非第一個(gè)這樣上當(dāng)受騙的人。
c,、作“被賄賂”意思時(shí): The man was had (=was bribed) into giving them the documents.這人被賄賂,,給他們提供了文件。
d,、與某些介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞時(shí),,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞:
I've been had on (=have been fooled) too often to take his stories seriously.我時(shí)常上他的當(dāng),不再把他的話當(dāng)真了,。
The young man was had up (=was taken to court)for dangerous driving.這年青人因危險(xiǎn)駕車被法庭傳訊,。
5、有些原來不及物的動(dòng)詞,,如果作使役動(dòng)詞來用,,那么有被動(dòng)語態(tài),較常見的有fly,run,stand,walk等,。例如:
Many cars have been flown to Europe.許多汽車已被空運(yùn)到歐洲去了。
This bottle must not be stood close to the fire.這只瓶不得放在近火處,。
Horses should be walked for some time after a race.賽馬后,,得溜一會兒馬。
三、被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)與SVC(動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示動(dòng)作,,句子主語為動(dòng)作的對象,,SVC結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài),其中的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,,be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài),。被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)一般要與相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一致。下面把這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)作一比較:
1,、The library is usually closed at 6.圖書館通常六點(diǎn)關(guān)門,。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The library is now closed.圖書館關(guān)門了。(SVC結(jié)構(gòu))
2,、The bridge was completed in 1968.橋是1968年建成的,。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The bridge is completed.橋已修好。(SVC結(jié)構(gòu))
3,、The glass was broken by my sister.玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的,。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。(SVC結(jié)構(gòu))
為了便于考生們的理解,,我們再舉幾個(gè)SVC結(jié)構(gòu)的例句:
The gun is loaded.槍裝上子彈了,。
Your composition is well written.你的作文寫得很好。
The door is locked.門鎖著,。
He was injured in the leg.他腿部受了傷,。
綜上所述,英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)值得注意的問題很多,,我們在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),,不能僅僅依賴于語法分析,還要多注意上下文以及句子的內(nèi)含意義,,這樣才能更好地理解和運(yùn)用這一語法現(xiàn)象
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