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一,、原始起源
英語是一門逐漸發(fā)展演變的語言,早在遠(yuǎn)古時期,,英語的結(jié)構(gòu)其實只有以下這兩種,,即簡單句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)。 主+謂+賓 主+系+表 主語:主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,,一般位于句首,。在原始的簡單句中,主語可由名詞,、代詞,、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞表示,。例如: During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名詞) We often speak English in class.(代詞) One-third of the students in this class are girls.(數(shù)詞) The rich should help the poor.(名詞化的形容詞) 謂語(動詞):謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài),。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后,。謂語的構(gòu)成如下: 1.簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成,。如:He practices running every morning. 2.復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成,。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:We are students. 在英語中一個簡單句只能有一個謂語動詞(知道為什么嗎),,而且,我們平時學(xué)習(xí)的時態(tài)是針對謂語動詞來說,。如果以do為例,,do, did ,have done, will do, had done, is/am/are doing, was/were doing, would do。在簡單句中,,謂語動詞和主語是句子的核心,,是不可以隨意刪掉的。 賓語:賓語表示動作的對象或承受者,,一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面,。例如: They went to see an exhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代詞) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(數(shù)詞) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名詞化形容詞) 表語:表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),,它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,。表語一般由名詞、代詞,、形容詞,、分詞、數(shù)詞,。 Our teacher of English is an American.(名詞) Is it yours?(代詞) The weather has turned cold.(形容詞) The speech is exciting.(分詞) Three times seven is twenty one?(數(shù)詞) 二、第一次飛躍 在簡單句中,只要滿足上面兩種結(jié)構(gòu),,就可以把一件簡單的事說清楚,,但隨著英語的逐漸演變,又演變出兩種新的成分,,可以對句子進(jìn)行修飾和補充,,我們稱之為定語和狀語。 定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞為定語,。定語可由以下等成分表示:(在漢語里,,定語可以翻譯成…的) Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容詞) China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分詞) There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名詞) His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代詞) 狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞,、副詞或整個句子,,說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語,。(狀語在高中是一個相對抽象的概念,,在簡單句中狀語一般由副詞充當(dāng),修飾動詞和形容詞為主,,除此之外,,介詞短語在簡單句中也喜歡扮演狀語的作用,,這個語法點主要存在于我們的語法填空和短文改錯中) 三、第二次飛躍(非謂語動詞短語與從句的到來) 隨著英語的逐漸演變,,在某些簡單句中,,相對應(yīng)的句子成分不能用單詞進(jìn)行描述。 主(多喝水)+ is great for your health.I love 賓(踢足球) My hobby is 表(玩電腦游戲) I has bought a book(王先生寫的)等等,。 我們發(fā)現(xiàn),,在上面的模型里,沒有辦法用一個單詞進(jìn)行描述,,所以在演變的過程中,,出來一個新的語法成分,叫做非謂語動詞短語(to do ,doing, done,,注意done與did的區(qū)別) 注:1.只加不定式作賓語的動詞:plan, demand, promise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish/hope, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, happen等,。 2.只加動名詞作賓語的動詞:admit, avoid, consider, escape, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, advise, allow, permit, risk, prevent, resist, deny, forbid,advocate, forgive, acknowledge, postpone, delay, fancy, recall,finish/complete, acknowledge等 3.下面這些短語只能加doing作賓語:be addicted to, be accustomed to, get down to, lead to ,contribute to, devote oneself to , object to, look forward to, owing to, become/get/be used to, pay attention to等等,。 4.既可以加to do, 也可以加doing的動詞,,且意思很相近的動詞:intend, attempt, continue, begin, start等。 5.接to do 和doing 作賓語意義差別很大的動詞mean, forget, try, go on等,。 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式) Smoking does harm to the health.(動名詞) He pretended not to see me.(不定式短語) I enjoy listening to popular music.(動名詞短語) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短語) The boy playing football(動名詞短語) is my brother The dog killed by a car(過去分詞短語) is very fierce. 注意:非謂語動詞短語作定語時,,要放在修飾詞的后面,形容詞做定語時,,放在修飾詞的前面,。 非謂語動詞短語是一個全新的語法概念,因為與我們漢語語法思維差別很大,,所以同學(xué)們對此不是很理解,,所以在學(xué)習(xí)時需要轉(zhuǎn)換下思維。它的出現(xiàn)解決了英語單詞扮演不了的功能,,英語進(jìn)入了一個嶄新的發(fā)展時期,。 從句的到來,隨著英語的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,,非謂語動詞短語的功能逐漸衰退,。 主(我們所需要的東西)+is +much knowledge I know賓(Tom 什么時候回來) My question is (是否我們需要好好學(xué)英語) I love a place(有很多鮮花和綠樹的地方) 我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),這時出現(xiàn)了一個句子來扮演成分的功能,,所以也就有日后大家學(xué)習(xí)的賓語從句,,主語從句,表語從句,,定語從句相關(guān)概念了,,而且我們知道在改錯和語法填空里,例如that,wh—詞是高頻考點,。狀語從句在這里暫時不提,。 因此,,學(xué)習(xí)哥希望今后同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中,要樹立以句子為核心的觀念,,不管這個句子多么復(fù)雜,,它都是由簡單句演變過來的。 |
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