|
在句中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：不定式,、動(dòng)名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）
不定式作主語時(shí),，謂語用單數(shù),。往往用it作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面,。如：
It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.（1）其他系動(dòng)詞如look, appear等也可用于此句型,。（2）當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is …to…的句型,。試比較：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（錯(cuò)）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（對(duì)）（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中,，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),，用of, 否則用for。 He managed to escape from the fire. I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式賓語）want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等（2） 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to , “特殊疑問句+不定式”相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語,。如：I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next. I can’t decide when to go there.注意：不定式短語作賓語時(shí),，如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,，用it 作形式賓語,。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.（1）動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式（to do）,。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不帶to的不定式）注：可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help,wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage（2）表見解,、看法的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動(dòng)詞+賓語+ to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。（1）有些動(dòng)詞需用 as 短語作補(bǔ)語,，像regard, think, believe, take, consider,。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher.Mary took him as her father.（2）在動(dòng)詞feel （一感）,，hear, listen to（二聽），have, let, make（三讓）,，notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺)等后面的補(bǔ)足語中,，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后,，必須帶to,。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree. （3）help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.I often help him (to)clean the room.I helped him (to) find his things. 不定式作定語,，修飾名詞或代詞,，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系,、同位關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）He is looking for a room to live in.（動(dòng)狀關(guān)系） He is the first person to think of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系） He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）（1）不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時(shí),，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng),。如： Do you have anything else to say?（2）如果作定語的不定式是一個(gè)短語，則要保留不定時(shí)短語中的副詞或介詞,。如： I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) 我需要一直鋼筆寫字,。 I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) 我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看,。表示目的,、結(jié)果,、原因等，有時(shí)還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語,，如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等,。 （1）做目的狀語，to, only to （僅僅為了）, in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…（如此···以便···）如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車,。He came to the school to see his son.（2）作結(jié)果狀語,，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面,。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.We were very excited to hear the news.To turn to the left , you could find a post office.不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,，構(gòu)成表語。如：The question is how to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.（1）不定式在句中作表語時(shí),，對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),。（2）當(dāng)主語是不定式時(shí)，表語不能用Ving形式,，可用不定式,。 如：To see is to believe. （眼見為實(shí)） To tell you the truth, I don’t agree with you. To make matters worse, it began to rain.二,、 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)（1）現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后,。如：（2）完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前,。如：I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3）進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,。如： He seems to be eating something.（4）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始,，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去,。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就用被動(dòng)式,。如：He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（除ought 外,，ought to）2,、Would rather, had better.3,、感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to.注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中to 不能省略掉,。如：The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4,、使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make.5、由and, or 和than 連接的兩個(gè)不定式,，第二個(gè) to 可以省去,。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、Help 可帶to ,也可不帶to, help sb. (to) do sth.8,、But 和except 前是動(dòng)詞do 時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式,。試比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9,、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by. （動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征,，在句中作主語,、表語,、賓語和定語）謂語用單數(shù),。It代替動(dòng)名詞作主語,，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：It’s no good/use doing···Playing with fire is dangerous.It’s no good waiting here.I enjoy listening to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball. Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? （1）只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞： admit,，advise建議,，risk，appreciate,，envy嫉妒,，avoid避免，consider考慮,，delay延遲,，deny否認(rèn)，dislike不喜歡,，enjoy,，escape逃避，excuse原諒,、寬恕,， finish完成,，forgive原諒，understand理解,，give up放棄,，imagine想象，keep保持,，mind介意,、在乎，miss未達(dá)到,，practise訓(xùn)練,，put off推遲，resist抵抗,，suggest建議,、暗示can’t help禁不住，can’t stand無法忍受,，devoteto(to為介詞)致力于···,，look forward to期望、盼望,，stick to堅(jiān)持,，be used to習(xí)慣于，object to反對(duì),，be busy忙于···,，feel like想要···be surprised at對(duì)……感到驚訝be proud of以……為驕傲succeed in在某方面成功 be afraid of害怕give up放棄happen碰巧，offer主動(dòng)提出,，promise答應(yīng),，agree同意，refuse拒絕,，decide決定,，determine決定、決心,，pretend假裝,，fail 未能夠，learn,，wish希望,，hope，expect,，afford,。負(fù)擔(dān)得起。（3）接動(dòng)名詞、不定式均可,，意義相同的動(dòng)詞：like,，love，dislike,，hate,，begin，star,，continue,，prefer， can’t bear/endure無法忍受,，cease停止（4）下列詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可,，但意義不同的動(dòng)詞：forget，go on,，mean,，regret，remember,，stop,，try等。forget to do 忘記要做 forget doing 忘記做過 remember to do 記得要做 remember doing 記得做過 regret to do 遺憾要做 regret doing后悔做過 try to do企圖做,，盡力做 try doing試著做 go on to do繼續(xù)做（另一件事） go on doing繼續(xù)做（同一件事） mean to do打算做 mean doing 意味做 In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.（5）Need,require,want作“需要”講,，其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義，beworth也有類似用法,。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing. 此時(shí)的動(dòng)名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child. a waiting room,，a diving board，a reading room,，a dining hall there are a lot of swimming pools in the city.（1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動(dòng)作,，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個(gè)定語從句,。如果為單詞,，放在被修飾n之前，為短語,，放在被修飾n之后,。如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developing （2）動(dòng)名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個(gè)for的短語,，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,。如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 二,、 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常要用完成式,，否則都用一般式,。如：We are interested in playing chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.若主語是動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài),。如：We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.（分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,。在句中作定語、狀語,、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語,。）在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義,；在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,，過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時(shí)間性,。 fallen leaves 已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.A lost opportunity never returns. （2） 分詞短語作定語,，分詞后置,；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個(gè)別分詞如give,，left等作定語也后置,。如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.（3） 過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句,。如： Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.The first textbook ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D written現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時(shí)間、原因,、方式,、伴隨、條件,、結(jié)果等狀語,。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(條件)Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend. Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.(讓步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴隨)He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.C Being followed D Having been followedThere was a terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light. C to be followed D being followed （1） 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語,。如分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句的主語發(fā)出,，分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。試比較： (Being) Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很長時(shí)間,，這本書看上去很舊,。 Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用,。 （2） 分詞作狀語時(shí),，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致，如果不一致,，就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),，即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語。現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語,，一般不用作定語,。 When ______, the museum will be open to the public next year. C being completed D to be completed ______such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A Having suffered B Suffering 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特征,，過去分詞作表語多指主語所處的狀態(tài),。如： The film is touching. She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing beside the table. —I’m very______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.—Mm, it does have a ______ smell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant 分詞和不定式一樣,，在一些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語,。如：I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I can’t make myself understood in English.I’ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。 The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out 其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的,，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。talking of (speaking of) 說到strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說 all things considered 從整體來看 taking all things into consideration 全面看來,。如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.從他的臉色看,，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.總的來說,，狗比豬跑得快,。Arriving there, they found the boy dead.剛一到那兒,，他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。 The secretary worked late into the night, ______ a long speech for the president.C prepared D was preparing分詞作時(shí)間狀語,，如果先于主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,，要用having done。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk. 做完作業(yè),，他出去散步,。______a reply, he decided to write again.1、通常情況下,，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng),，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。如：He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是給你書的那個(gè)人She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那個(gè)被車攔住的女孩,。2,、不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown‐up,escaped,faded,returned等詞,。如：A retired person 一個(gè)退休的人A fallen ball 一個(gè)落下來的球
|
