延續(xù)性動詞與終止性動詞: 動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式,動作發(fā)生過程的長短,,分為延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞,。 延續(xù)性動詞表示的動詞是一種延續(xù)的動作,這種動詞可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響,。如:learn,,work,stand,,lie,,know,walk,,keep,, have,wait,watch,,sing,,read,sleep,,live終止性動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞,、瞬間動詞,表示的動作不能延續(xù),,即動作發(fā)生立即結(jié)束,,產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果。在有了某種結(jié)果之后,,就不能再繼續(xù)下去,。如:leave,start,,set out,,arrive,reach,,get to,,begin, stop,,shut,,turn off,marry,,put,,put on,get up,,wake,,fall,join,,receive,, finish,end,,complete,,become,come,,go,,die,close,,open,,break,,give, jump,,buy,,borrow等。 1.終止性動詞的用法
1)終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作的完成,,因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時,。如: The plane has arrived飛機到了。 I have finished my homework.我已完成了作業(yè),。 2)終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,,不能持續(xù),所以其現(xiàn)在完成時(只限于肯定式)不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用,。如: ①他死了三年了,。誤:He has died for three years. ②他來這兒三個月了,。誤:he has come here for three months.
①②兩句中的動詞die和come都為終止性動詞,它們可用于完成時,,但不能同表示一段時間的狀語for three years /months連用,。 那這兩句如何譯成英語呢,? 我們可采用下列方法: A.用能夠表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應的延續(xù)性動詞替換句中的終止性動詞。 如: ①He has been dead for three years. ②He has been here for three months. 將短暫性動詞改為相應的延續(xù)性動詞或短語和一段時間連用,,其常用的方法有如下幾種: a.用相應的延續(xù)性動詞替換的主要有: buy→have,,borrow→ keep,come /go /become→be,,catch /get a cold→have a cold,get to know→know等,。 b.be+名詞:join the Party /League→be a Party /League member,, go to school→be a student,join the army→be a soldier等。 c.be+形容詞/副詞:die→be dead,,leave→be away(from),put on→be on,,finish /end→be over,,begin /start→be on,come→be here / in,,fall asleep→be asleep,,go out→be out等。 d.be+介詞短語:go to school→be in /at school,,join the army→ be in the army等,。 e.去掉短語中的短暫性動詞:get to know→know,come to work→work,,begin to study→study等,。
B.把誤句中表示一段時間的狀語改為表示過去時間的狀語,原動詞的完成時改為過去時,。如: ①He died three years ago. ②He came here three months ago.
C.用“It is /has been +一段時間+since(一般過去時)”結(jié)構,。如: ①It is /has been three years since he died. ②It is /has been three months since he came here.
D.用“多長時間+has passed +since(一般過去時)”結(jié)構,。如: ①Three years has passed since he died. ②Three months has passed since he came here.
3)終止性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式,,已成為一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用,。如: I haven't heard from him for two weeks.我已兩個星期沒收到他的信了.
4)終止性動詞的否定式同until一起連用,,構成“not...until”結(jié)構,意為“直到……才……”,, 表示這個動作直到until所表達的時間到來時才發(fā)生。如: We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops. 直到雨停了我們才會去參觀長城,。 —When did you go to bed last night?昨晚你幾點鐘點上床睡覺的,? —I didn't go to bed until my father got home.直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡覺,。
5)在while(表示“一段時間”)引導的從句中,,不能用終止性動詞,,但when可以,因為when可表示“時間的點”,,也可表示“一段時間”,。 如: 誤:While I got to the village,it was dark. 正:When I got to the village,,it was dark.
6)終止性動詞肯定式的完成時不能和how long連用,。 如: 誤:How long have you borrow the book,? 可改用延續(xù)性動詞或與when連用的一般過去時,。 正:How long have you kept the book,? 正:When did you borrow the book,?
2.延續(xù)性動詞的用法 1)延續(xù)性動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時,其完成時可以同一段時間狀語連用,。 如:I have waited for him for nearly two hours.我等他快兩個小時了。
2)終止性動詞不能和表一段時間的狀語連用,。同樣,延續(xù)性動詞也不能和表示短暫時間的時間點連用,。 如: 誤:It rained at eight yesterday morning. rain為延續(xù)性動詞,而at eight是表示時間點的狀語,,顯然矛盾,。 如果要用延續(xù)性動詞表示一瞬間的行為,,可以借助come,,get, begin等終止性動詞來表達,。 上句可改為: It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
3)在until引導的時間狀語從句中,,若主句的謂語動詞是持續(xù)性動詞,既可以用肯定形式,,也可以用否定形式,,但句子含義不同,。 試比較: She listened to the radio until her father came back. 她一直聽收音機到她父親回來,。 She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back. 直到她父親回來才聽收音機。
【強化訓練】 (1)My brother ____ the Youth League for two years. A.has been in B.has entered C.has taken part in D.has joined in ⑵—____have you been away from home? —(I have been away from home)For five years. A.How much B.What time C.How long D.When (3)The meeting ____ for five hours. A.has finished B.has ended C.has been over D.has stopped (4)When Jack arrived,,he and Mary______ for almost an hour. A.had gone B.had set off C.had left D.had been away (5)The baby ____ for eleven hours. A.fell asleep B.has fallen asleep C.has got to sleep D.has been asleep (6)While I ____ Beijing,,it was raining very hard. A.got to B.reached C.a(chǎn)rrived in D.visited (7)—How long have you ____ ,? —Since two years ago. A.fallen ill B.been ill C.left home D.married (8)—What was the party like? —Wonderful.It's years ____ I enjoyed myself so much. A.a(chǎn)fter B.when C.before D.since (9)—It is weeks since he ____ . —So it is.We'd better ask someone else to help us. A.fell ill B.was ill C.is ill D.has been ill (10)I'll lend you my book,,but you can only__it for three days. A.borrow B.keep C.take D.got
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