By David Coodin, eHow Contributor 翻譯 小林

Most readers rarely stop to think about the structural decisions that go into the creation of paragraphs. Yet, most paragraphs adhere to a set of conventions that help give them flow and coherence, which makes teaching students the fundamentals of paragraphs a fundamental component of teaching them to write. Show your students how to structure a paragraph so that it sets up an argument and follows it through.

大多數(shù)讀者很少留意到,，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是隨著段落的鋪陳而布局的。然而,，段落結(jié)構(gòu)通常都遵循著一套約定俗成的慣例,，以使其通順連貫,，這就使得段落的基本規(guī)則成為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)寫作的基本功之一,。按照下文,，看看英語文章如何組織段落,，發(fā)起議論。

Topic Sentence

A proper paragraph should begin with a topic sentence. The topic sentence, much like the thesis statement in an essay, sets up the argument or introduces the subject that the paragraph will be about. A topic sentence can be analytical, such as "The Civil War was an important moment in American history," or more personal and reflective, such as "My summer in France was the highlight of my year." In all cases, the topic sentence should tell the reader exactly what the subject of the paragraph will be.

主題句

每個(gè)段落都應(yīng)該以一個(gè)主題句開頭,。主題句,，如同一篇文章的“中心句”，是展開議論或者引出本段話題的句子,。主題句可以是議論式的,，如“南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在美國歷史上具有重要意義”，也可以是抒情式的,，如“我今年最開心的就是在法國度暑假,。”總之,，主題句應(yīng)該明確地告訴讀者本段的主題是什么,。

Body

After a topic sentence has been written, it needs supporting evidence that will back it up. This comes in the form of the paragraph's body, which usually consists of a few sentences giving further explanation or providing evidence. In the Civil War paragraph, the body could include statistics that demonstrate the devastation of the war, or the social repercussions and racial divisions that followed. In the France example, the body might detail memorable events that took place during the writer's summer vacation.

正文

已經(jīng)寫好主題句后，還需要可靠的論據(jù)支持,。從正文段落的形式來說,，通常由幾個(gè)句子做進(jìn)一步的解釋或列舉事實(shí)。比如Civil War一文,，正文部分的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料體現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的破壞性,，社會(huì)的反響，以及隨后的種族分裂,。而在法國度假的文章,，正文部分會(huì)具體描述作家在暑假期間發(fā)生的令人難忘的事件。

Concluding Sentence

A paragraph needs to be rounded off nicely with a conclusion to maintain a coherent structure. The concluding sentence can do one of many things. It can restate the topic sentence in a new way. It can also summarize the evidence presented in the body, reminding the reader of its importance. In a more personal or narrative paragraph, the concluding sentence can place the paragraph's topic into a larger context, or reflect on possible future consequences.

結(jié)論

要使段落結(jié)構(gòu)連貫,，就需要以一個(gè)結(jié)論句完美地收尾,。此外，結(jié)論還可以：換一種說法重申主題句；總結(jié)正文提出的論據(jù),，提醒讀者其重要性,。在寫人記事的段落中，總結(jié)句可以升華段落的主題句,，或者為后文埋下伏筆,。

Overall Flow

No matter how good the topic sentence, body and conclusion are, a paragraph's structure also depends on the flow of its language and sentences. One way to achieve flow is by using transitional words between sentences. After a topic sentence, you might begin a sentence with the word "firstly" to introduce the first piece of evidence. For a contradictory statement in the body, use the word "however" or "nonetheless" to begin a sentence. Give flow to the conclusion with the words "overall" or "in the end."

通暢連貫

即使主題句，正文或結(jié)論寫得再好,，一個(gè)段落的結(jié)構(gòu)仍取決于語言和句子是否通暢連貫,。要想使文章通順，方法之一,，是在句子之間使用過渡詞,。比如在主題句后，以“firstly（首先）”開頭,，介紹第一個(gè)事實(shí)論據(jù),。進(jìn)行正反論述時(shí)，可以用“however（可是）”或“nonetheless（然而）”開頭,。以“overall（總之）”或“in the end（最后）”結(jié)尾,，使文章完整通順。

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