英語中，非限定動詞也叫非謂語動詞,，也就是不定式,、分詞和動名詞。顧名思義,，不定式,、分詞和動名詞在英語句子中是不能做作謂語的。
非謂語動詞雖然不能在句子中作謂語,，但由于它們本身具有動詞的一些特征,，它們在句子中的運用是非常活躍的,。他們之間的用法既有共同點,，又有一定的區(qū)別，是歷年高考必考的語法項目,，例如NMET2005年單項填空題（全國卷）中就有這樣一題：

32,，The storm left, ________ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused C. to caused D. having caused
根據(jù)題意，本題應(yīng)選D------分詞作狀語,，表示結(jié)果,。

如何正確地運用好非謂語動詞,，是許多學(xué)生普遍感到棘手的問題，本文將就不定式,、分詞和動名詞的詞性特征和句法功能等方面進行比較,，幫助學(xué)生正確地運用好非謂語動詞。

一,、 基本形式

a.不定式的基本形式是“小品詞to﹢動詞原形” 即to﹢v. ,；但有時也可省去to, 即：(to) ﹢v. 。
b.分詞有兩種基本形式：現(xiàn)在分詞(the present participle)和過去分詞(the past participle),。
①現(xiàn)在分詞的基本形式是動詞的—ing形式,，如,，writing, doing ,working ,going, etc.
②過去分詞的基本形式是：a) 規(guī)則動詞﹢ed, 即v.-ed, 如,，visit→visited ,ask→asked ,dig→digged ,etc; b) 不規(guī)則動詞有其自身的過去式和過去分詞，學(xué)生需要用心熟記,，方能正確使用,。如，go→went→gone; do→did→done, etc .
c． 動名詞的基本形式與現(xiàn)在分詞的基本形式相同,，都是動詞的—ing 形式,，如，doing ,writing ,doing ,etc .

二,、 時態(tài),、語態(tài)及其基本用法

A. 不定式

1．不定式的時態(tài)、語態(tài)有三種形式：①一般式,，如,，to write / to be written ;②進行式，如,，to be writing / to have been writing;③完成式,，如，to have written / to have been written ,。

2．基本用法
①不定式的一般式,，表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時也發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之后,。如：
He seems to know this.(=It seems that he knows this.)
I hope to see you again.(=I hope that I’ll see you again.)
He doesn’t like to be laughed at. (=He doesn’t like that he is being laughed at.)
②不定式的進行式,，表示不定式的動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,。如：
When the mother went into the room, the boy pretended to be sleeping. (=… , the boy pretended that he was sleeping .)
I heard the English song being sung by him. (=I heard that the English song was being sung by him.)
③．不定式的完成式,，表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如：
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (= I am sorry that I kept you waiting so long. )
Having been well written, the book was translated into many languages. (=Because it had been well written, …)

B. 分詞

1.只有現(xiàn)在分詞才有時態(tài)和語態(tài)形式的變化?，F(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài),、語態(tài)有兩種形式：①一般式，如，doing / being done;
②完成式,，如,，having done / having been done 。

2.基本用法
①現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式,，表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,，或在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生。如：
The boys and girls went to school, singing and dancing all along the way .
They all jumped with joy ,hearing the good news.
The girl could not help crying ,being criticized in the public.
②現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式,，表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前已發(fā)生,，常用作時間狀語或原因狀語。如：
Having done the work very well ,he was praised by the teacher.
Having been shot by a bullet, the man fell down dead.

C． 動名詞

1.動名詞的時態(tài),、語態(tài)有兩種形式：①一般式,，如，writing / being written ; ②完成式,，如,，having written / having been written 。
2.基本用法
①動名詞的一般式不表示動作正在進行,，但作具有狀語性質(zhì)的賓語時,，動名詞一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。如：
The teacher is busy collecting the students’ exam papers.
②動名詞的完成式在作具有狀語性質(zhì)的賓語時,，表示的動作在謂語動詞的動作之前已發(fā)生,。如：
He was praised by the teacher for having done the work wonderfully.
He felt so sorry for not having been given the chance to work in the company.

三、不定式,、分詞,、動名詞的詞性特征和句法功能

1．不定式既有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞,、形容詞,、和副詞的句法功能，因此,，不定式在句中作：主語,、表語、賓語,、賓語補足語,、定語、狀語,、獨立成分,。
2．分詞即具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能,，因此,，不定式在句中作：表語,、賓語補足語、定語,、狀語,、獨立成分。
3．動名詞,，顧名思義,，既有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能,，因此,，動名詞在句中作：主語、表語,、賓語,、定語、同位語,。
四,、不定式、分詞,、動名詞句法功能用法的比較
1. 從上面不定式、分詞,、動名詞的詞性特征和句法功能中,，我們不難看出它們在句子中的作用既有較多的共性，又有稍微的差異：
a.相同的句法功能：①不定式,、分詞都能作：表語,、定語 、賓語補足語,、狀語,、獨立成分；②不定式,、動名詞都能作：主語,、表語、賓語 ,；③不定式,、分詞、動名詞都能作：表語,、定語,。
b.不同的句法功能：不定式可作：同位語。如：

That was her desire, to go to America for further study after finishing middle school.

2.正確運用好不定式,、分詞,、動名詞

⑴．不定式,、分詞、動名詞作表語時的比較,。請看例句：

①My job is to teach the students English.
②My job is teaching the students English.
③My job is interesting.
④I am interested in English.

辨析：A. ①不定式與動名詞作表語一般可以互換使用,，在意義上沒有多大差別，且其形式差異較大,，很容易把握, 如上面例句的①②,；②現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞同形，在作表語時,，學(xué)生不易識別,。分辨方法有三：a）分詞作表語說明主語的性質(zhì)特征，回答how的問題,；不定式和動名詞作表語則說明主語的內(nèi)容,，回答what 或 doing what 問題, 如： My job is interesting.(=How is my job?) ; My job is teaching ( to teach ) the students English. (=What is my job?); b）動名詞具有名詞的句法功能，也能做主語,，我們不妨把句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換成主語,，如果句子成立，則是動名詞作表語,，否則是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語,。如：My job is teaching the students English→Teaching the students English is my job.顯然句子是成立的，原句中的teaching是動名詞,； c）分詞具有形容詞的句法功能,，那么，我們可以在作表語的分詞前加very(extremely ,fairly ) 等副詞,，如果句子成立,，則動詞—ing 形式作表語的是現(xiàn)在分詞。如上面例句：My job is interesting. 可改為：My job is very interesting. 顯然句子是成立的,，句中的interesting 是現(xiàn)在分詞,。
B．確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞作表語的方法有：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的某種特征；過去分詞作表語多表示主語所處的狀態(tài),。情感動詞的v.-ing 形式表示具有某種特征,；情感動詞的v.-ed形式多表示引起某種情感。一般地說,，事物具有某種特征,，而人才具有某種情感，因此,，分詞作表語的句式可歸納為：a） Sb.﹢be ﹢v-ed ; b） Sth. ﹢be﹢v-ing.
如：a. I am very excited ; b. The news is very exciting.
但有一個詞例外,，那就是missing 。例如“那個男孩不見了”,，我們不能說“The boy is missed .”,，而是 “The boy is missing.”

⑵．不定式,、分詞、動名詞作定語時的比較

A．作前置定語
現(xiàn)在分詞,、過去分詞,、動名詞 可以作前置定語，而不定式不能作前置定語,。如：
① a developing country , a developed country ; boiling water,，boiled water ; ②building materials , a swimming pool ; the sleeping boy , the coming new year 。
辨異的方法很簡單：①現(xiàn)在分詞具有主動,、進行的特點,，而過去分詞則具有被動、完成的特點,。例如,，a developing country=a country which is developing (發(fā)展中國家 )； boiling water=water which is boiling(正在滾開的水 ) ; a developed country=a country which has developed（發(fā)達國家 ）,； boiled water=water which has been boiled(已滾開過的水),。②現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞同形，但作前置定語時,，動名詞表示所修飾的名詞的用途,，例如， .building materials=materials for building; a swimming pool=a pool for swimming ,；而現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語時,，表示所修飾的名詞正在進行的動作，兩者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,。例如，the sleeping boy=the boy who is sleeping ; the coming new year=the new year that is coming ,。

B．作后置定語
不定式,、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都能作作后置定語,，而動名詞不作后置定語,。先看例句：　
① The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
② The problem discussed discussed at the meeting is very important.
③ The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.
辨析：上面例句分別用不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞,、過去分詞作后置定語,，是因為它們存在不同的情況：不定式作定語，表示動作正要進行（未發(fā)生）,；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,，表示動作正在進行（正在發(fā)生）；過去分詞作定語,，表示動作已完成（已發(fā)生）,。據(jù)此,，我們可以把上面的例句還原為定語從句作定語的句子，這樣學(xué)生就更容易理解：
① The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem ( which is ) to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
② The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which was ) discussed at the meeting is very important.
③ The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which is ) being discussed at the meeting is very important.

⑶．不定式,、動名詞做主語,、賓語時的比較

A．做主語
例句： ①To read English aloud in the morning is very practical.
② Reading English aloud in the morning is very practical .
為了保持句子的平衡，可用it作形式主語,，所以上面例句可寫成為：
→It is practical to read English aloud in the morning .
→It is practical reading English aloud in the morning .

B．作賓語
例句： ①He wanted to help him out with his English.
②He doesn’t like being laughed at.
③I enjoy singing English songs .
辨析：

①一般說來,，不定式與動名詞做主語可以互換，其意義沒有多大的差別,，但認真分析起來,，它們之間還是有一些差異的：
a )不定式做主語，一般表示的是具體的情況,而動名詞做主語,，一般表示一般性的情況,。如：
It is no use to ask him. He knows nothing about this matter.
It is no use asking him. He is foolish.
b. 同樣，不定式做賓語,，一般表示的是具體的情況,而動名詞作賓語,，一般表示的是習(xí)慣性的動作。如：
I like to sing and dance right now .I feel so pleased to know that our football team has won the match.
He has a good voice. He likes singing English songs.

②不定式作賓語時：

 

a) 通常用于及物動詞want, hope, wish, need, promise, plan, pretend, prepare, fail, determine等之后,。如：I want to be proud of you.
Einstein once refused to speak on the radio for $1,000 a minute.

b) 如果作賓語的不定式又有自己的補語,，則須用先行詞it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語后置,。如：
We think it necessary to study English well.
We feel our it our duty to help him.

 
c) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語,，只有少數(shù)介詞如，but, except等后面才行,。此時不定式可以帶to,如果介詞but, except等的前面有實義動詞do, does或did時,，不定式不帶to. 如：

In very cold winter weather a cold blooded creature has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
Yesterday afternoon he did nothing but lie in bed sleeping.

③有些及物動詞后面只能接動名詞作賓語，這樣的及物動詞不多,，主要是：

 

mind, admit, advise void, face, enjoy, finish, excuse, imagine, escape, include, keep, pardon, practice, risk, miss, stand(忍耐,，忍受), deny, suggest, give up, put off, can’t help(禁不住), set about, prevent, prevent sb. from, object to（反對），insist on 等,。如：
The boy insisted on going to Beijing with his father for a tour.
The girl didn’t mind being left alone at home.

④有些及物動詞的賓語可用不定式,，也有可用動名詞，可分兩種情況：

a)意義基本一樣,，如like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, cease, attempt, afford, prefer, delay, omit, neglect, propose, 等,。如：
Marx started working(=to work) hard to improve his English.
The Einstein’s cold not afford to pay for ( =paying for) the education that young Albert needed.
但是，如果begin與start本身為進行式時,，后面要接不定式,，不接動名詞。如：
He is beginning to see his mistakes.
b)意義明顯不同,，主要有以下幾個動詞,。
(a) remember(forget, regret )﹢to v. 表示不定式的動作尚未發(fā)生,。
remember(forget, regret )﹢v.-ing 表示動名詞的動作已發(fā)生。
試比較：
Please remember to close the door when you leave.
I regret to tell you that he will not come to the party.
I remember meeting her somewhere before.
(b) mean﹢to v. 意為：打算……; 想要……; 有……的意圖
mean ﹢v.-ing 意為：意味著……; 意思是 ……; 就是……
試比較：
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.
Learning well English does not mean just working hard in a class.
(c) stop ﹢to v. 意為：停下來做謀事 ,。
stop ﹢v.-ing 意為,； 停止做謀事 。
試比較：
They stopped to talk .(= stopped what they were doing in order to talk.)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came into the classroom..
(d) try ﹢to v. 意為： 設(shè)法…… ; 想法…… ; 試圖……
try ﹢v.-ing 意為：試著…… ; 試試看
試比較：
Ever since he came to this school, he tried to work hard at all his subjects .
She tried reading, but that could not make her forget all her trouble.
(e) sth.want( need, require) ﹢to be v.-ed 意為： 需要…… ; 該……
sth.want( need, require) ﹢v.-ing 意為：需要…… ; 該…… (動名詞的主動形式表示被動的含義)
試比較：
My watch needed to be repaired.
The matter wants thinking over.(=to be thought over) .
Those young trees will require looking after(=to be looked after) .
⑷不定式,、現(xiàn)在分詞,、過去分作賓語補足語時的比較

A．不定式作賓語補足語
不定式作賓補是比較常用的句式，如：
He asked me to help him with his English.
The teacher encouraged us to make greater progress.
但用不定式作賓補要注意下面兩種情況：
a)不定式在感覺性動詞,，如 see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, find 等動詞和使役動詞 make, let, have 之后作賓補時,，不定式的小品詞to應(yīng)省去。如：
I saw him go upstairs this morning .
The teacher makes me write a composition a week.
但上面的句子在改為被動語太時,，to 不能省去,。如：
→ He was seen to go upstairs this morning.
→ We are made to write a composition a week by the teacher.
b)某些及物動詞，如 agree,employ,lead,refuse,decide,promise,excuse,insist,prevent,suggest, arrange等之后不能用不定式作其賓語補足語,。例如句子“我爸爸希望我將來當工程師”如果譯文是“ My farther hopes me to be an engineer in the future.”,那么就錯了,。正確的譯文應(yīng)是：“ My farther wishes (expects) me to be an engineer in the future.”；或“ My farther hopes that I will be an engineer in the future.”

B．現(xiàn)在分詞,、過去分詞作賓語補足語
現(xiàn)在分詞,、過去分詞作賓語補足語也是比較常用的句式，如：
I heard him singing English songs.
His English was poor .He could hardly make himself understood.
學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)：不定式,、現(xiàn)在分詞,、過去分詞都能作賓補，正確使用它們的方法是：首先確定它們與邏輯主語即句子的賓語之間的關(guān)系,，如果邏輯主語是它們動作的執(zhí)行者,，則用不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補。不定式表示動作已完成,，側(cè)重工作的全過程,，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在進行；如果邏輯主語是它們動作的承受者,，則應(yīng)用過去分詞作賓補。如：
I often heard him sing English songs.
I heard him singing English songs.
I often heard English songs sung by him.
⑸不定式,、分詞作狀語時的比較

A.不定式可修飾動詞和形容詞,，表示原因、目的和結(jié)果,。
a)作修飾動詞的原因狀語,。如：
The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn of Premier Zhou Enlai’s death.
He laughed to think of his stupid son.
b)作修飾動詞的目的狀語。如：
He went to buy an English dictionary in the bookstore.
不定式作目的狀語如果放在句子之前,，則更為正式一些,，語氣也較重,。如：
To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil.
c)作修飾動詞的結(jié)果狀語。不定式做結(jié)果狀語,，表示一種沒有預(yù)料到的情況或結(jié)果,，須放在被修飾動詞的后面，如：
He woke up to find that he was lying in the hospital.
有時為了進一步加強預(yù)料不到的語氣,，在表示結(jié)果的不定式前還可加only, 如：
He went to see him only to find him out.
d) 作修飾表語形容詞的狀語,。尤其要注意的是，此時作修飾表語形容詞狀語的不定式常用主動形式,，表示被動的含義,。如：
My chair is comfortable to sit on.
English is very difficult to learn well.

B．分詞可作多種狀語，用法比較活躍,。

a)作時間狀語（相當時間狀語從句）,，如：
Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (=After he had finished his homework, ．．．)
(When) heated, ice will turn into water. (=When it is heated, ．．．)
b)作原因狀語（相當原因狀語從句），如：
Being a Party member, I should take the lead. (=As I am a Party member, ．．．)
Greatly inspired by the teacher’s words, he made up his mind to work even harder. (=Because he was greatly inspired by the teacher’s words, ．．．)
c)作方式,、伴隨或附加說明狀語,，如：
Filled for the moment with extraordinary strength, he raised himself completely.
He stood there waiting for a bus.
Here for the four very difficult years they worked every moment that they could spare, weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking.
d)作條件狀語（相當條件狀語從句），如：
Given some more time, she will do work even better. (= If she is given some more time, ．．．)
Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. (=If you play all day, ．．． )
e) 作結(jié)果狀語,，如：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
有時在表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在分詞之前還可加only,表示預(yù)料之中的情況,，如：
He went to see him last night only finding him studying. He was always working hard!
f) 作程度狀語，如：
The wind rose and it became freezing cold.
g)作目的狀語,，如：
Yesterday she went shopping with his classmates.
h) 作讓步狀語（相當于讓步狀語從句）,，如：
Though warned of the danger, the children went on skating on the thin ice.(=Though they were warned of the danger, ．．．)
要點提示：分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,，如果分詞表示的是主動,、進行的動作，則用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,；如果分詞表示的是被動,、完成的動作或狀態(tài)，則用過去分詞作狀語,，如：
Following the old man, he stepped into the room.
Followed by the old man, he stepped into the room.
Greatly interested ,I asked how he played these new works.
⑹ 不定式,、現(xiàn)在分詞作獨立成分時的比較
A．不定式作獨立成分，表示不定式獨立于句子的其他成分,，是英語表達的一種方式,，不常用，如：
To tell you the truth, I am almost freezing.
To be honest, I don’t like being left alone at home.
B．現(xiàn)在分詞作獨立成分,，用來表示說話人的態(tài)度或看問題的角度,，如：
Generally speaking, boys are physically stronger than girls.
Judging from his accent ,he must be an American.

通過上面對不定式、分詞和動名詞的詞性特征和句法功能等方面進行比較，相信你會有所進步的,。