Ⅰ 冠詞

1. 有關(guān)類指

A horse is a domestic animal. (側(cè)重任何一個的特點(diǎn))

The horse is a domestic animal. (指整個類別,區(qū)別于別類)

Horses are domestic animals. (側(cè)重許多個體)

三類各有側(cè)重,如以下句子:

Do you like horses?  (不能說Do you like a horse?)

The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.  (不能說A tiger is in… )

2. 某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞，表“一類（種,、份,、場、陣等）”

   That’s a green tea. (一種綠茶)

   Two coffees  兩份咖啡

3. 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前不用 a (n)

1)      連系動詞turn 后,。 After graduation from college he turned teacher (beccme a teacher).

2)      Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.

3)      Man為“人類”,、word 為“消息”解時,。

Word came that the Chinese Women Football Team won the second prize in World Cup.

Ⅱ 代詞

A．    反身代詞

含反身代詞（oneself）的慣用語：

by oneself (=alone)         for oneself 為自己,，親自     of oneself 自動地

be oneself 處于正常狀態(tài)   enjoy oneself                 seat oneself = sit

dress oneself in 穿著       help oneself to               come to oneself 蘇醒

make oneself at home (不要客氣)                        devote oneself to

find oneself in/at  發(fā)覺自己來到…

B．     不定代詞

1．  語法特征：

1）  every和 no 只作形容詞,，不作代詞

2）  復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù),。其他不定代詞亦可作形容詞(none不能)

3）  復(fù)合不定代詞不可接of短語,，但分開寫的some one 等可接。

2．  No one, none,nothing之區(qū)別

1）  no one單獨(dú)用只指人,。

2）  none一般與of連用,，指人或物,，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)的概念。

3）  nothing與none不同,?？蠢洌?/SPAN>When I return to my share of apples, I found none left. 用none表一個蘋果也沒有了，如用nothing則表什么都沒了,，連其他東西也沒了,。

3．  部分否定。Any所修飾的名詞或由any構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時,，謂語動詞不能用否定式,。即可說not … any 不能說 any … not。

× Anything cannot stop him going there.  √ Nothing can stop him going there.

Ⅲ  形容詞和副詞

1．  這類題中以考比較級和最高級為多數(shù),，并考查在具體語境中詞義辨析,。

2．  關(guān)于倍數(shù)的三個句型：

① … times as +形原+ as …        ( 3 times as big as …)

② … times the + 性質(zhì)名詞 + of … ( 3 times the size of …)

③ … times 形比 + than …        ( 3 times bigger than …)

另兩種說法：

  The output of cars in 2003 is 6 times that of 2000.

  The output of cars in 2003 is 6 times what it was in 2000.

3．  比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略現(xiàn)象

Tom’s composition, if not better (省了than Jack’s), is at least as good as Jack’s.

The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not as good. ( 省了as the ones in this shop)

4.       作后置定語的幾種情況

1）  修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的形容詞

2）  當(dāng)“形+介/不定式”的短語作定語時

The man carried a bag full of rice on his back.

3）  兩個形容詞用“both…and…” “and”及“or”或“so”連接在一起作定語

4）  當(dāng)old, long, high, wide, deep等附有數(shù)詞短語作定語時

At that time she was only a girl five years old.   

5.       表語形容詞

1）  常見的a-形容詞及well, sorry, unable, worth, sure等不作前置定語，可作補(bǔ)語（表語）,。如：We found the snake still alive.

2）  但afraid, alive, alone, awake等可作后置定語,。

3）  以a-開頭的形容詞不可直接用very來修飾。如：very much alone, fast asleep

6.       以下形容詞用表語時,，主語通常是“事”而不是“人”,。

(im)possible, (un)necessary, (im)probable, (in)convenient

It is probable to rain today. × (It指天氣)

It is likely to rain today.  √

        但可說He is impossible to teach. 即不定式動詞與主語存在著邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，句子才正確,。

Ⅳ 介詞

1．  方位介詞：（圖解）

2．  with, by, in譯為“用”

1）  使用語言,、原料、材料用in,；

2）  表“用…方法/式”時,，所用介詞分別為：

in this/that/the same … way

by this/that … means           by means of

with this/that … method

3．  about, on, of表“關(guān)于”

about側(cè)重于與人或事物有關(guān)的事跡或情況。

on側(cè)重闡述或論及相對重大或深奧的理論,、學(xué)術(shù)等問題,。在與tell, read, know, think等動詞連用時，of側(cè)重粗略涉及,，about涉及的情況則詳細(xì)得多,。

4．  Besides, except與but用于否定句時可相互替換。

Ⅴ 時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1．  這類題從“結(jié)構(gòu)主意”轉(zhuǎn)向了“情景立意”,，體現(xiàn)了“知識立意”向“能力立意”命制原則,。

2．  短語動詞在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,。

3．  主動形式表被動

1）  表狀態(tài)特征的聯(lián)系動詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear + 形/名 構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu),，如：The steel feels cold.

2）  表開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動的動詞：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move,。如：The shop closes at 6 pm. every day.

3）  表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞,。如：read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat。如：The door won’t lock. / This knife cuts well.(刀很快)

4）  少數(shù)動詞用于進(jìn)行時,，其主動形式表被動含義,。如print, built, cook, fry, hang, make。 The books are printing. (書在排印中)

5）  介詞in, on, under + 名詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語表被動,。如： The question is under discussion. (= The question is being discussed.)

Ⅵ 非謂語動詞

1．  非謂語動詞的用法系統(tǒng)性,、綜合性強(qiáng)。要具備以下知識：

①     句子結(jié)構(gòu)：分清簡單句與復(fù)合句,；陳述句與祈使句,。

②     五種基本句型：分清雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語

③     動詞：分清及物和不及物,，雙賓動詞和復(fù)合動詞

2．  解題思路：確定設(shè)空處在句中的功能；找相關(guān)邏輯主語,，確定主,、被動關(guān)系；找相關(guān)時間信息,；填入句中字從意順,。

3．  定式：

1）  作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式即可用主動也可用被動,，但含義略有不同。

①Have you anything to send?  (send的執(zhí)行者是you)

②Have you anything to be sent?  (be sent的執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”)

2）  不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,，和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時,，不定式多用主動,，被認(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for sb. 如：This book is difficult to understand.

3）  在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某事時,，不定式用主動；如說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)事情本身須完成,，則用被動。如：There is nothing to do.(無事可做,，感到乏味)  There is nothing to be done. (某物壞了,，無法使之恢復(fù))

4）  在省略的不定式中含有be, have, been則須保留,。

-- Are you on holiday?         -- No, but I’d like to be.

4．  -ing形式和過去分詞：

1）  幾個動詞的用法：allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth. (sb to do)

2）  有些分詞短語,，其形式不受上下文影響,，稱作獨(dú)立成分。如：

Generally (Frankly) speaking, … 一般地（坦白地）說…

Judging from, …  根據(jù)……來判斷

Considering, …   考慮到……

To tell you the truth, …    說實(shí)話,。

3）  三種形式作定語,。

①     過去分詞表動作或是在謂語動作前，或沒時間性,。如：

He is a man loved and respected by all.

②     現(xiàn)在分詞被動式作定語表動作正在發(fā)生或謂語動作同時,。如：

Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

③     不定式的被動表未來的動作。如：

The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is very important one.

④     Leave后的三種形式作賓補(bǔ),。

Leave sb. Doing sth.   讓某人一直做某事

Leave sth. Undone  留下某事未做（undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched）

Leave sth to be done  留下某事要做

Leave sb. To do sth.  留下某人做某事

Ⅶ 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣

⒈ 不怪,，但有效信息越來越隱蔽，角度細(xì)微化,、綜合化,。

⒉ 表推測的情態(tài)動詞層次比較：

⒊　may表祝愿。May you return in safety.  愿你平安歸來,。

⒋　Why/How + should結(jié)構(gòu)表說話人對某事不理解,。譯為“竟會”。

⒌  shall用于第一,、三人稱疑問句,，表說話人征求對方意見和向?qū)Ψ秸埵尽Ｈ纾?/SPAN>

　　Shall the driver wait outside?   讓司機(jī)在外面等著,。

　Shall用于第二,、三人稱陳述句，表說話人經(jīng)對方的命令,、警告,、允諾或威脅。如：

　　You shall go with me.  (命令)

　　He should be punished.  (威脅)

⒍　注意“寧愿做某事”的結(jié)構(gòu),。

　?、?/SPAN> would rather do sth.

　　② would rather do sth. Than do sth.

　?、?/SPAN> would do sth. Rather than do sth.

　?、?/SPAN> would rather sb. Did sth.

　　⑤ prefer to do sth.

　　⑥ prefer to do sth. Rather than do sth.

　?、?/SPAN> prefer doing sth. To doing sth.

⒎ would和used to：① 表重復(fù)的習(xí)慣,，可替換；② used to強(qiáng)調(diào)過去同現(xiàn)在對比,；③ would則單純表過去習(xí)慣,。

⒏　一些慣用法：

　　１） cannot … too(enough)    無論……也不（過分）

　?。玻?/SPAN> cannot but + do sth.    表“不得不,，只好”

　　３） may well + 動詞原形表“完全可能,，很可能”,，相當(dāng)于to be very likely to

         may as well + 動詞原形表“最好，滿可以,，倒不如”,，相當(dāng)于had better

           You may as well tell me the truth.   你還是告訴我真相為好。

⒐　含蓄條件

　　I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.

    A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.

⒑  口語中,，虛擬語氣的省略。常只保留助動詞,、情態(tài)動詞或第動詞

Ⅷ 形容詞從句和名詞從句

1．  歷年考試熱點(diǎn)依次為：定語從句,、賓語從句、主語從句,、表語從句,、同位語從句。解題時,，要通讀全句,，再看句型；若題干為疑問句則先還原為陳述語序,；注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)和并列連詞,。

2．  非限制性定語從句中“介+關(guān)系代詞”的從句，介詞不后移,。

3．  在一些固定搭配的動詞短語中,，由于動詞和介詞的不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前,。如：This is the pen which I’m looking for. 不能說：… for which I’m looking.

4．  名詞性關(guān)系從句：是先行詞與其后的定語從句的結(jié)合,。What是這類從句的關(guān)系代詞，此時what = the thing(s) which,，另有：whoever = anyone who; whichever（也可指人） = anything which等,。Whichever和whatever也可作定語。

Whoever did this job must be rewarded.  (主語)

I’ll show you whatever you want to see.  (直賓)

She’ll give whoever needs help a warm support. (間賓)

She walked up to where he stood.   (介賓)

This is where our problem lies.     (表語)

We’ll make him whatever he is fit for.  (賓補(bǔ))

I gave the girl a big doll, that is to say, exactly what she longed to have.   (同位語)

5．  That的省略。以下情況不可?。憾ㄕZ從句中作主語,；主語從句中，that在句首時,；當(dāng)一個句子中有兩個或多個并列從句時,，引導(dǎo)第二及以后幾個從句的that不能省,；由it作形式賓語時,，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句不省。

6．  Whether, if和who(m)不能引導(dǎo)名詞性關(guān)系從句,；帶-ever的詞不能引導(dǎo)疑問從句,；what則均可。

Give me what you have in your hand. (名詞性關(guān)系從句)

You can ask what he has in his hand. (疑問從句)

Ⅸ 副詞性從句

⒈　間狀語從句

1） when, while和as: ①while引導(dǎo)的動作必須是持續(xù)性的,，側(cè)重主從句動作的對比,。②如主句表短暫動作，而從句用延續(xù)性動詞的進(jìn)行時表一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作時,，when, while與as可互換,。When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.

2） immediately, directly可引導(dǎo)從句表“一 …… 就……”

3） before和since:：

①     表“還未……就……”，“不到……就……”,，“……才……”,，“趁……還沒來得及”時，用before,。

②     It will be + 段時間 before …      …… (多久)后才……

③     It is + 時間+since從句中,，時間從since從句中動作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束后算起。It is three years since I (have) smoked a cigar.

⒉　區(qū)分where引導(dǎo)的定語從句與狀語從句,。

⒊　Now that, seeing that, considering that引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,。（參考“五年高考”P129）

⒋  for fear that, in case與lest可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，從句謂語要用(should)+動(原),，其本身帶否定意義,，相當(dāng)于so that…not….

    The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father should see him.

    Take your rain coat in case / lest it should rain.

⒌  結(jié)果狀語從句中注意little等詞意。如：It is not surprising that such little worms eat so little grain.

⒍  狀語從句的緊縮,。

     Don’t speak until spoken to.  (時間)

     Come tomorrow if possible.   (條件)

     Jane seemed as if (she was) good at everything. ……好象擅長一切 (方式)

     Though cold, he still wore a shirt.   (讓步)

    Ⅹ  強(qiáng)調(diào)與倒裝

⒈  表方式或方位的副詞或介詞短語,，如：here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等置于句首，主謂完全倒裝,。

Such置于句首,，完全倒裝。Such are the facts; no one can deny them.

⒉  only, never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom置于句首,。主謂部分倒裝,。

    Not a single mistake did he make.

⒊  It is … that …的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可變化為It might be (must have been) … that …

⒋  強(qiáng)調(diào)詞it與先行詞it：把it is / was … that …去掉,，剩下的部分仍能組成一個完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,。如：

    ① It is there that accidents often happen. (強(qiáng))

       It is clear that not all boys like football. (非強(qiáng)調(diào))

② It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.  (強(qiáng))

   It was midnight when I got here yesterday. (一般句型)

③ It was two years ago that I began to learn English.  (強(qiáng))

   It is two years since I began to learn English.  (一般)