第四章　完成式（Perfect Tense）

4§1 現(xiàn)在完成式（Present Perfect Tense）

完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle,，每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，都有過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞,，以下就是一些例子：

以下的句子都是用了現(xiàn)在完成式：

I have read this book.

I have seen the movie.

I have lived here since 1973.

I have studied English for a long time.

He has washed his hands.

He has left.

He has already completed the report.

The storm has arrived.

I have taken the job.

I have written the letters.

I have not seen him since 1975.

I have never seen this man before.

什么情況之下要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢,？

1.     首先假設(shè)我們有一件事，發(fā)生在過(guò)去,，而一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,，就要用現(xiàn)在完成式，這種句子后面常有since或for,。以下是這種情形的例子：

（1）自從1963年，我一直在念英文,。
I have studied English since 1963.

（2）自從1975年以后,，我就住在這里,。
I have lived here since 1975.

（3）自從我是一個(gè)小孩子，我就喜歡搖滾樂(lè),。
I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child.

（4）自從去年,，我就從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
Since last year, I have never seen him.

（5）自從1950年以后,，他就一直在此工作,。
He has worked here since 1950.

（6）我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)很久了。
I have known him for a long time.

（7）他練習(xí)網(wǎng)球已經(jīng)四年了,。
He has already practiced tennis for （the past） four years.

（8）我穿這件夾克很久了,。
I have worn this jacket for a very long time.

（9）我開(kāi)這輛汽車(chē)很久了。
I have driven this car for a long time.

（10）好久沒(méi)有下雨了,。
It has not rained for a long time.

2.     使用現(xiàn)在完成式的另一情況是強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成的事,，比方說(shuō)，你說(shuō)〝我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了那封信〞,，就可以用現(xiàn)在完成式,，或者，你說(shuō)〝他已經(jīng)完成了工作〞,。以下是這類(lèi)的例子：

（1）我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了這封信,。
I have already written the letter.

（2）他已經(jīng)完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.

（3）我已經(jīng)測(cè)試了這個(gè)程序,。
I have already tested the program.

（4）我已經(jīng)收到了你的信,。
I have already received your letter.

（5）他已搬到了一個(gè)較大的房子。
He has already moved to a bigger house.

（6）雖然他很年輕,，但他已寫(xiě)了三本小說(shuō),。
Although he is young, he has already written three novels.

（7）我打了二次電話(huà)給他，他都沒(méi)有回答,。
I called him twice, he has never answered.

3.     現(xiàn)在完成式用來(lái)表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn),，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，〝我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó)〞,、〝我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)〞,、〝我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞〞，這些都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式,，例如：

（1）我曾經(jīng)到過(guò)美國(guó),。
I have been to America.

（2）我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)李總統(tǒng)。
I have seen President Lee.

（3）我有生以來(lái)沒(méi)有跳過(guò)舞,。
I have never danced in my life.

（4）我看過(guò)〝雙城記〞,。
I have read The Tale of Two Cities.

（5）他曾吃過(guò)這種冰淇淋。
He has tasted this kind of ice cream.

（6）我未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪,。
I have never seen snow.

（7）你曾見(jiàn)過(guò)雪嗎,？
Have you ever seen snow?

（8）你登過(guò)玉山嗎,？
Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain？

4.     現(xiàn)在完成式可以用來(lái)表示一件過(guò)去常發(fā)生的事：

（1）今年我國(guó)已有二次臺(tái)風(fēng),。
We have already had two typhoons so far this year.

（2）他今年已發(fā)表了三篇論文,。
He has already published three papers this year.

（3）過(guò)去一年，我看了三次〝鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)〞,。
In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times.

對(duì)讀者而言,，最重要的是〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞和〝過(guò)去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于,，一旦在句子中講一件過(guò)去發(fā)生的事,，而且指定特定的時(shí)間，就一定要用〝過(guò)去式〞,，而不能用〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞,。比方說(shuō)，〝我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)「鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)」〞,，可以用現(xiàn)在完成式,，因?yàn)檫@句話(huà)沒(méi)有指明任何特定的時(shí)間，假如說(shuō),，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達(dá)尼號(hào)」〞,，就一定用過(guò)去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較：

（a）I went to America last year.
I have been to America.

（b）I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.

（c）I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.

（d）I studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a child.

（e）I went to church yesterday.
I have never been to church.

以下的句子是錯(cuò)的,，請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意：

*（1）I have seen the movie last year.

*（2）I have never been to America last year.

*（3）He has never finished his work last night.

現(xiàn)在完成式常和since,、for、already,、never,、ever等字一起使用，以下都是這類(lèi)的例子：

（1）I have already had dinner.

（2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.

（3）It has not rained for a long time.

（4）I have never talked to this man before.

（5）I have never met your father.

（6）Have you ever been to America?

（7）He has already won three awards.

（8）I have stayed here since June.

Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字,，一般說(shuō)來(lái),， never 有否定的意思，ever則只有在問(wèn)句中才會(huì)出現(xiàn),。

【練習(xí)十一】

將以下句子譯成英文,，全部用現(xiàn)在完成式：

1.自從1980年，我就每天早上游泳,。

2.我已收到了你的信,。

3.我從未去過(guò)美國(guó)。

4.從他是一個(gè)小孩開(kāi)始,，他就是一個(gè)基督徒（Christian）,。

5.我見(jiàn)過(guò)你的祖父。

6.你的弟弟一直住在這里,。

7.他學(xué)鋼琴已經(jīng)很久了,。

8.我已寫(xiě)了三封信給他,，他都沒(méi)有回。

9.過(guò)去三年我都在開(kāi)這部車(chē),。

10.自從1975年以來(lái)，他一直是一位老師,。

11.他教英文很久了,。

12.我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)亂世佳人（Gone with the Wind）。

13.我已吃過(guò)飯了,。

14.今年我去過(guò)海灘三次,。

15.我終其一生都愛(ài)你的。

【練習(xí)十二】

將以下句子譯成英文,，有的用過(guò)去式,，有的用現(xiàn)在完成式

1.昨天我去看〝亂世佳人〞（Gone with the Wind）。

2.我從未看過(guò)〝亂世佳人〞,。

3.去年,，我住在美國(guó)。

4.自從1985年,，我就一直住在美國(guó),。

5.他從未去過(guò)英國(guó)。

6.他已經(jīng)完成了報(bào)告,。

7.我昨天晚上完成了報(bào)告,。

8.昨夜，我見(jiàn)到了你的父親,。

9.我已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)你的父親好幾次了,。

10.我終生都住在臺(tái)中。

【練習(xí)十三】

填充

1. I ________（become） a Christian when I was a child.

2. I ________（be） a Christian all my life.

3. He ________（live） here since 1939.

4. Stop eating now. You ________（eat） too much.

5. It ________（rain） last night.

6. John is a writer. He ________（written） thirteen novels.

7. Last night, I ________（see） your father for the first time in my life.

8. I ________（talk） to my father last night.

9. Since 1961, I ________（be） a teacher. Before that, I ________（be） a student.

10. I ________（read） many novels written by Charles Dickens.

4§2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（Present Perfect Progressive Tense）

在上一節(jié),，我們知道,，如果有一個(gè)行動(dòng)，從過(guò)去發(fā)生后,，就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),，以下的例子都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式：

（1）自從1974年,，我就在學(xué)校學(xué)英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.

（2）自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后,，我就在這里工作,。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.

以第一句話(huà)為例，假如我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)我一直在練習(xí)游泳,，而且沒(méi)有間斷,，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（present perfect progressive tense）,。

所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，形式：verb to have + been + present participle

verb to have是為了完成式,，been 和 present participle 都是為了進(jìn)行式,。

以下是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的例子：

I have been studying English since 1974.

I have been working here since I graduated from college.

I have been living here since I was a child.

He has been acting like a fool lately.（他最近一直在做傻事）

They have been dancing since seven o’clock.

It has been snowing since yesterday.

I have been taking music lessons since last year.

He has been drinking heavily since last year.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒）

【練習(xí)十四】

將以下的句子譯成英文,，全部用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式：

1. 自從我們是小孩子起,，我們就一直努力工作。

2. 從去年起,，他就在念英文,。

3. 從昨天起，就一直在下雨,。

4. 從五時(shí)起,，他就在做功課（do homework）。

5. 從三歲起,，我就一直住在臺(tái)中,。

4§3 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式（Past Perfect Progressive Tense）

過(guò)去完成式的形式：had + past participle

過(guò)去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時(shí)候,，必須有另一個(gè)事件,。也就是說(shuō)，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B,，兩件事都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,，但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前，A 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式,，B 則用過(guò)去式,。以下是幾個(gè)例子：

（1）他到臺(tái)灣以前，曾學(xué)過(guò)中文,。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.

（2）他念大學(xué)以前,，曾前工作過(guò)。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.

（3）我寫(xiě)這篇有關(guān)愛(ài)爾蘭的小說(shuō)以前,，曾去過(guò)愛(ài)爾蘭,。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland's people.

（4）我在上大學(xué)以前，已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)微積分,。
I had studied calculus before I got into college.

（5）周一以前,，已經(jīng)下過(guò)雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.

如果我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性,，我們可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式,。

過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。

以下是一些過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式的例子：

1.I had been watching TV before you called me.

2.I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.

3.He had been studying before he went to class.

4.He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.

【練習(xí)十五】

將以下中文句子譯成英文，每一句都要用過(guò)去式和過(guò)去完成式：

1.我十四歲以前,，就曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你的母親,。

2.我1974年以前，曾去過(guò)美國(guó),。

3.六年前,，他曾念過(guò)圣經(jīng)（the Bible）。

4.我念大學(xué)以前,，曾經(jīng)是個(gè)工程師（engineer）,。

5.你來(lái)以前，我曾打電話(huà)給你,。

6.在我昨天晚上吃飯以前，曾和李先生見(jiàn)過(guò)面,。

7.在他辭職（resign）以前,，他是個(gè)好校長(zhǎng)（president）。

8.在他去世（die）,，他是個(gè)好醫(yī)生,。

9.在他到教堂以前，他一直在練習(xí)唱歌,。

10.在今天早上八時(shí)以前,，天一直在下雨。

【練習(xí)十六】

將以下的中文句子譯成英文,，選適宜的時(shí)態(tài),。

1.他昨天去看你的時(shí)候，你在唱歌,。

2.他從前是個(gè)好孩子,。

3.他們都喜歡打籃球。

4.我們正在看電視,。

5.你在臺(tái)灣住了很久了,。

6.我已經(jīng)看完了這本書(shū)。

7.他們一直都住在這里,。

8.我來(lái)以前,，曾去過(guò)教堂。

9.他喜歡看日出,。

10.他喜歡游泳,。

11.他自從六歲起，就一直在學(xué)鋼琴（piano）,。

12.他過(guò)去是個(gè)強(qiáng)壯的孩子,。

13.在他生病以前，他曾是個(gè)非常健康（healthy）的人。

14.當(dāng)火車(chē)進(jìn)站時(shí),，人們?cè)谔琛?/span>

15.在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)（break out）以前,，他曾是個(gè)音樂(lè)家（musician）。

16.我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)你,。

17.我去年見(jiàn)過(guò)你,。

18.我已經(jīng)將信寫(xiě)好了。

19.自從1974年以來(lái),，我就是一個(gè)軍人（soldier）,。

20.我讀了很多英文書(shū)。

【練習(xí)十七】

將正確的動(dòng)詞填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多種答案）

1. He ________(love) his country.

2. He ________(love) his country, but now he does not.

3. I ________(be) a teacher since 1975.

4. I ________(be) a teacher before I went to college.

5. I ________(read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.

6. When I went to see her yesterday, she ________(watch) TV.

7. I ________(see) your father before I saw you.

8. He ________(read) many detective stories.

9. He ________(go) to church every Sunday.

10. It ________(be) a cold day yesterday.

11. It ________(rain) for the last two days.

12. I ________(eat) too much.I am full now.

13. You ________(be) a nurse before the war broke out.

14. I ________(have) never ________(see) you in my life.

15. He ________(be) a teacher since 1980.

16. It ________(be) good to eat vegetables every day.

17. It ________(be) so nice to meet you last night.

18. She ________(be) such a nice girl before she died.

19. Peter ________(go) to America many times.

20. He ________(work) hard since last year. He ________(hope) to succeed in the college entrance examination this time.