中文名稱：
   
    火山
    
    英文名稱：
   
    volcano
   
    定義：
   
    巖漿活動(dòng)穿過地殼,，到達(dá)地面或伴隨有水氣和灰渣噴出地表,，形成特殊結(jié)構(gòu)和錐狀形態(tài)的山體,。
   
    應(yīng)用學(xué)科：
   
    地理學(xué)（一級(jí)學(xué)科）,；地貌學(xué)（二級(jí)學(xué)科）
   
    地殼之下100至150千米處，有一個(gè)“液態(tài)區(qū)”,，區(qū)內(nèi)存在著高溫,、高壓下含氣體揮發(fā)份的熔融狀硅酸鹽物質(zhì),，即巖漿,。它一旦從地殼薄弱的地段沖出地表,，就形成了火山?；鹕奖l(fā)能噴出多種物質(zhì),。
   
    字源
   
    古羅馬時(shí)期，人們看見火山噴發(fā)的現(xiàn)象
   
    火山口
   
    ,，便把這種山在燃燒的原因歸之為火神武爾卡發(fā)怒,，于是意大利南部地中海利帕里群島中的武爾卡諾火山便由此而得名，同時(shí)也成為火山一詞的英文名稱－－Volcano,。
   
    火山（volcano）是熾熱地心的窗口,，是地球上最具爆發(fā)
   
    冰川
   
    科技名詞定義
   
    中文名稱：
   
    冰川
   
    英文名稱：
   
    glacier
   
    定義1：
   
    寒冷地區(qū)多年降雪積聚、經(jīng)過變質(zhì)作用形成的具有一定形狀并能自行運(yùn)動(dòng)的天然冰體,。
   
    應(yīng)用學(xué)科：
   
    地理學(xué)（一級(jí)學(xué)科）,；冰川學(xué)（二級(jí)學(xué)科）
   
    定義2：
   
    分布在陸地上長期存在的、運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的巨大天然冰體,。分為大陸冰川和山岳冰川兩大類,。
   
    應(yīng)用學(xué)科：
   
    電力（一級(jí)學(xué)科）；通論（二級(jí)學(xué)科）
   
    定義3：
   
    分布在兩極或高山地區(qū),、由大氣固態(tài)降水積累演變而成,、在重力作用下緩慢運(yùn)動(dòng)、長期存積的天然冰體,。
   
    應(yīng)用學(xué)科：
   
    水利科技（一級(jí)學(xué)科）,；水文、水資源（二級(jí)學(xué)科）,；陸地水文學(xué)（水利）（三級(jí)學(xué)科）
   
    定義4：
   
    冰川冰受自身重力作用沿斜坡緩慢運(yùn)動(dòng)或在冰層壓力下緩緩流動(dòng)的天然冰體,。
   
    應(yīng)用學(xué)科：
   
    資源科技（一級(jí)學(xué)科）；資源地學(xué)（二級(jí)學(xué)科）
   
    拓展閱讀：
   
    Avolcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.
   
    Grirmsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier（冰川） of ice up to 12 meters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer（層）of water between the glacier and the volcano. This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable. As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava（巖漿） from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today.
   
    Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM,，one of Europe’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines, causing damage to the plane.
   
    The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash- covered grass or the sharp object.
   
    1. What makes Grimsvom different from other volcanoes?
   
    A. It is below ice.     B. It lies under the sea
   
    C. It is the largest volcano   D. It is lava affects the airlines
   
    2. What keeps Grimsvotn still?
   
    A. The slow flow of water   B. The low water temperature
   
    C. The thick glacier    D. The water pressure
   
    3. Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption?
   
    A. People stop traveling in Europe
   
    B. Airlines suffer from the loss of planes
   
    C. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside
   
    D. Farmers have lost many of their animals
   
    4. This text is most probably taken from _
   
    A. a research paper    B. a newspaper report
   
    C. a class presentation    D. a geography textbook.
   
    答案：
   
    1.A
   
    解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題,。根據(jù)第二段第二句“it lies under a huge glacier of ice up to 12 meters thick”，選A,。
   
    2.D
   
    解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題,。根據(jù)第二段第五句“This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable.”，選D,。
   
    3.C
   
    解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題,。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash- covered grass or the sharp object.”，選C,。
   
    4.B
   
    解析：理解判斷題,。應(yīng)屬新聞報(bào)道，選B,。