語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系,。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài),。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的承受者,，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.

        二,、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

        被動語態(tài)的形式是由“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成,。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱，數(shù),，時態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化,。各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式如下：

        1.一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are+V(p.p)
        人們利用電能運轉(zhuǎn)機器。

        People use electricity to run machines.

         Electricity is used to run machines.
        Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn’t.

        2.一般過去時 was/were + V(p.p)
        昨天我們在山坡上種了許多樹,。

        We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
        Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
        Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.

        3.一般將來時 will/shall +be+V(p.p)
        下星期我們將舉行一場運動會,。

        We will hold a sports meeting next week.
        A sports meeting will be held next week.
        Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.

        4.過去將來時 should/would +be+V(p.p)
        他告訴我們?nèi)藗儗⒃谒亦l(xiāng)建一個大水壩。

        He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his hometown.
        We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
        Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren’t.

        5.現(xiàn)在進行時 am/is/are +being+V(p.p)

        他正在油漆房子,。

        He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
        Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t .

        6.過去進行時 was/were +being+V(p.p)
        當(dāng)我進廚房時,，她正在做蛋糕。

        She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
        A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
        Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.

        7.現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has +been+V(p.p)
        他已經(jīng)結(jié)束工作了,。

        He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
        Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.

        8.過去完成時 had +been+V(p.p)
        到上個月為止,，他們已經(jīng)把這本書翻譯成了英語。
        They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
        The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
        Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn’t.

        9.將來完成時will have +been+V(p.p)

        The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.
        2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
        Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won’t.

        10. 過去將來完成時would have +been+V(p.p)
        He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
        I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.

        注：1.含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變成被動語態(tài)時,，用“情態(tài)動詞+be+V(p.p)”構(gòu)成,。如：
        You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
        Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn’t.
        2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語，變成被動語態(tài)時,，分別用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to+be+V(p.p)”,。如：
        We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
        The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
        Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
        3.被動語態(tài)除常用be加過去分詞構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu),。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中,。如：
        The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
        4.被動語態(tài)沒有完成進行時態(tài)，也沒有將來進行時態(tài),，如果要將這些時態(tài)的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu),，可以用完成時態(tài)或一般將來時態(tài)來表示。如：
        他已被檢查過了,。He had been being examined. 通常用He has been examined.來代替,。

        當(dāng)我們到那兒時他將正被檢查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.

        注：Get＋過去分詞也可以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài),，用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子側(cè)重于動作的結(jié)果而不是動作本身,。如：
        the man got hurt on his way home. 那個男人在回家的路上受傷了。
        Mary is going to get married. 瑪麗準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚了,。
        How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了,？

        著名學(xué)者周海中教授在論文《Get-Passive研究》中指出：Get+過去分詞是一種新興的被動語態(tài)形式；目前,，相對來說它的使用還沒有Be+過去分詞那么廣泛,，一般限于口語和非正式書面語；但它卻有著用得愈來愈多的趨勢,，是一種生氣蓬勃的語言現(xiàn)象,。

        三,、被動語態(tài)的幾種句型
        將主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)，通常分以下四步進行：
        1.將主動語態(tài)中的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)的主語,。
        2.將主動語態(tài)中的動詞改為“be+V(p.p)”
        3.原來主動語態(tài)中的主語,，如果需要，放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn),，如沒有必要,，可以省略。
        4.主動語態(tài)中的其他句子成分不變,。
        由于主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的不同,，因而轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)的方式也各有不同，現(xiàn)分類說明如下：
        a.由及物動詞形成的被動語態(tài)：
        (1)S+V+O 主語+動詞+賓語

        People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
        注：帶有賓語從句的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)時,，需要將賓語從句變?yōu)橹髡Z從句,，通常用形式主語來代替，而將主語從句后置,。
        They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.類似的還有：It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ...
        (2)S+V+O+C 主語+動詞+賓語+賓補
        We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
        注：在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓補變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時應(yīng)加上to作主語補足語,。
        奴隸們被奴隸主強迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
        Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.
        (3)S+V+Oi+Od 主語+動詞+間賓+直賓
        昨天他給了我一件漂亮的生日卡,。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.
        A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.
        注：用直接賓語作被動語態(tài)的主語時,，通常要在間接賓語前加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：to, for, of等,，以加強間接賓語的語氣。
        b.由動詞短語形成的被動語態(tài)：
        一般情況下,，只有及物動詞才能跟賓語,，而不及物動詞不能跟賓語，所以只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài),，不及物動詞則沒有被動語態(tài),。但有些不及物動詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后，變成一個動詞短語,，相當(dāng)于一個及物動詞,，就可以形成被動語態(tài)。
        約翰打開了收音機,。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.
        奶奶照看我姐姐,。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
        注：千萬不要遺漏介詞或副詞。
        c.祈使句的被動語態(tài)通常借助let句式