2. 過去完成時過去完成時的基本概念和形式
過去完成時(past perfect tense)表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動作。簡言之,，過去完成時所表示的時間就是"過去的過去",。過去完成時由助動詞had + 過去分詞構(gòu)成。

過去完成時的用法
1)過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作以前業(yè)已完成的動作,。這個過去的時間可以用by,，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示。如：
By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上周末為止,，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了十課書,。
He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他來學(xué)院之前學(xué)過一些英語。
I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice.我沒去看電影,，因為這片子我已看過兩次了,。
When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我復(fù)習(xí)完功課之后，休息了一會兒,。
I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把給妹妹買的花送給她,。
In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展覽廳里見到許多過去從未見過的油畫。
2)過去完成時可以表示由過去某一時間開始,，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作,，常和for(有時可以省去)或since構(gòu)成的短語或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。如：
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好幾個月之后,，昨天下雨了,。
By the I read his new book， I had known him for a long time.到我讀他的新書時,，我早就知道他了,。
He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since，1980. 他說7980年以來他的家鄉(xiāng)大變樣了,。
 
[注]當(dāng)一個由when,，before，after,，as soon as等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句所表示的動作和主句的動作緊接時,，兩個動作均可用"一般過去時"來表示。如：
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操后,，我們吃早飯,。
When I finished supper,，I took a walk.我晚飯后就去散步。
The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月臺時火車剛開走,。
They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他們一到地里就開始耕地,。

3. 將來完成時的基本概念和形式
將來完成時(future perfect tense)表示在將來某一時間之前所完成的動作。它的形式由shall(第一人稱)或will(第二,、三人稱)加have再加過去分詞所構(gòu)成,。美國英語一律用will。

將來完成時的用法
將來完成時表示在將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作,。如：
By the end of this week,， I shall have finished the book.到本周末，我將讀完這本書,。
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天這時候,，他們將修好這臺機器。
The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home.到我們回家時,，孩子們將已睡了,。
When you come tonight at eight o'clock，I shall have written my paper.你今晚八點鐘來時,，我將會寫完文章了,。
By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我們的老師將已教二十年英語了。

4. 過去將來完成時
過去將來完成時(past future perfect tense)表示在過去將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作,。它的形式由should(第一人稱)或Would(第二,、三人稱)加have再加過去分詞構(gòu)成,。美國英語一律用Would,。
用法舉例：
He said he would have paid me back the money by the end of the week.他說將在周末前還我錢。
We told him that we should have returned to the camp by four o'clock.我們告訴他我們將于四點前回營地,。
I hoped she would have finished the work before I got back.我希望她在我回來之前做完那活兒,。

種類
完成進行時有現(xiàn)在完成進行時、過去完成進行時,、將來完成進行時和過去將來完成進行時四種,。

4.1 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的用法
1)表示動作從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。現(xiàn)在這個動作可能已經(jīng)終止,，也可能仍然在進行著,。如：
I have been waiting for you for two hours.我等了你兩個小刊(動作不再延續(xù)下去)
It has been raining for three hours.雨已經(jīng)下了三小時了。(動作可能延續(xù))
He has been working on the paper all day.他整天都在寫論文(動作是否延續(xù)下去,，由上下文決定,。)
How long have you been learning English? --I have been learning English for two years.你英語學(xué)多久了?--我們學(xué)了兩年了。(動作可能延續(xù))
Why are you so dirty － I've been playing football.你身上怎么這樣臟?--我剛才踢足球了,。(動作不再延續(xù)下去)
2)有些不能用現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)的動詞,，如be,，have like，love,，know,，see，hesr等,，同樣也不能用現(xiàn)在完成進行時,，而只能用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：
She has been ill for a long time.她已經(jīng)病了好久了,。
I have not seen you for ages.我好久沒有見到你了,。

4.2 現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的比較
1)現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作，到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成,；現(xiàn)在完成進行時往往表示動作仍然繼續(xù)下去,。如：
I have been reading Lu Xun this week.本周我一直在讀魯迅的著作。(我仍然在讀,。)
I have read A Madman is Diary this week.我本周讀了《狂人日記》,。(我本周開始讀而且已經(jīng)讀完它了。)
I have read The story of Ah Q before.我以前讀過《阿Q正傳》,。(過去經(jīng)歷)
2)現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)動作的最后結(jié)果,；現(xiàn)在完成進行時則強調(diào)動作的直接結(jié)果。如：
Now we have cleaned the room,，we can move the things in.房間已打掃過了,，我們可以把東西搬進去了。(強調(diào)最終結(jié)果)You look so tired. What have you been doing? 你看來很累的樣子,，你干什么來著?(強調(diào)直接結(jié)果)

4.3 過去完成進行時(past perfect continuous tense)
1)過去完成進行時的形式一律為had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞,，無人稱和數(shù)的區(qū)別。
2)過去完成進行時的用法 過去完成進行時表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始并延續(xù)到過去這個時間,，這一動作可能還在進行,，也可能已經(jīng)停止。如：
He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.他對我說他等了我兩小時,。(動作不再延續(xù))
The baby had been crying for fifteen minutes when her mother came in.媽媽進來時,，嬰兒一直哭了十五分鐘。(動作可能還在進行)
It seemed to her that the boys had been shouting for a long time.她似乎覺得這些男孩一直叫喊了很久,。(動作可能還在進行)
The teacher had been teaching for forty years by the time he retired,，這位教師退休前一直教了四十年的書。(動作不再進行)

5. 何謂"時態(tài)的一致"
定義
某些從句(主要是賓語從句)中謂語動詞的時態(tài),，常常受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響,，這叫做時態(tài)的一致(sequence of tenses)。
 
5.1 主句中的謂語動詞如為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時
從句中的謂語動詞可以用任何所需要的時態(tài),。如：
He says his father is (was,，will be)an engineer.他說他父親是(過去是,，將來要做)一個工程師。
Can you tell me when you finished (will finish) the work? 你可否告訴我你什么時候完成的(會完成)這項工作?

5.2 主句中的謂語動詞如為過去時態(tài)時
從句中的謂語動詞一般須用過去時態(tài),。這又可分為下面三種情況：
1)如果從句里的謂語動詞所表示的動作與主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,，從句須用過去一般時或過去進行時。如：
He told me he was unwell.他告訴我他不大舒服,。
She said her brother was reading a magazine at the moment. 她說她弟弟正在讀一本雜志,。
2)如果從句的謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，從句須用過去完成時,。如：
He said he had posted the letter.他說他已經(jīng)把信發(fā)了,。
Our teacher told us he had been to lndia.我們老師說他到過印度。
3)如果從句的謂語動詞所表示的動作在主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作之后,，從句的謂語動詞須用過去將來時態(tài),。如：
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他們不知道什么時候去參觀長城。
He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school.他說他畢業(yè)后要當(dāng)演員,。

[注]主句的謂語動詞如是過去時態(tài),，還須注意下面兩種特殊情況：
1)從句所說明的如果是一般真理或客觀事實，則仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài),。如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.老師告訴學(xué)生地球是球形體的,。
Somebody told me you an a writer.有人告訴我說你是一個作家。
2)從句如果有表示某一具體時間的狀語,，謂語動詞所表示的動作雖發(fā)生在主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,，一般仍用過去一般時，不用過去完成時,。如：
The teacher told his pupi1s that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in l921. 老師告訴學(xué)生中國共產(chǎn)黨于一九二一年在上海誕生,。
My father told me that my grandfather was born in l900.我父親告訴我，我祖父生于一九OO年,。