英語修辭手法（English rhetoric）1) Simile：(明喻） It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻（simile）是以兩種具有相同特征的事物和現(xiàn)象進行對比，表明本體和喻體之間的相似關(guān)系,，兩者都在對比中出現(xiàn),。常用比喻詞like, as, as if, as though等 For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻） It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隱喻（metaphor）這種比喻不通過比喻詞進行，而是直接將用事物當作乙事物來描寫,，甲乙兩事物之 間的聯(lián)系和相似之處是暗含的。 For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy: (類比） It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
4) Personification: (擬人） It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(賦予) to inanimate(無生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).擬人（personification）這種修辭方法是把人類的特點,、特性加于外界事物之上,，使之人格化，以物 擬人,，以達到彼此交融,，合二為一。 1,、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一個夏天她可能生育成千上萬個孩子,。 這里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人類婦女的生育,。 For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
5) Hyperbole: (夸張） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 夸張（hyperbole）這是運用豐富的想象，過激的言詞,，渲染和裝飾客觀事物,，以達到強調(diào)的效果。 1,、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了,。For instance, he almost died laughing.
6) Understatement: (含蓄陳述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".
8) Metonymy (轉(zhuǎn)喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指兩種不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分,，因而常用其中一種事物名稱代替另一種,。
9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻（synecdoche）又稱舉隅法，主要特點是局部代表全體,，或以全體喻指部分,，或以抽象代具體，或以具體代抽象,。 1,、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 長城不僅是用石頭和土建造的，而且是用幾百萬人的血和肉建成的,。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻為“the great sacrifice”（巨大的犧牲） For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.
10) Antonomasia (換喻） It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
11) Pun: (雙關(guān)語） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. 雙關(guān)語（pun）是以一個詞或詞組,，用巧妙的辦法同時把互不關(guān)聯(lián)的兩種含義結(jié)合起來，以取得一種詼諧有趣的效果,。 Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both,，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一詞一語雙關(guān)，既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子,，又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過拿破侖指揮的兩次戰(zhàn)役,。 For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一詞一語雙 關(guān),，既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子,，又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過拿破侖指揮的兩次戰(zhàn)役
12) Syllepsis: (一語雙敘） It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)
13) Zeugma: (軛式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
14) Irony: (反語） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.反語（irony）是指用含蓄的褒義詞語來表示其反面的意義，從而達到使本義更加幽默，更加諷刺的效果,。 Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 啊,，當然，我知道像你這樣的先生只帶大票子,。 店員這句話意在諷刺這位穿破衣的顧客：像你這樣的人怎么會有大票子呢,？名為“gentlemen”實則“beggar”而已。 For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
15) Innuendo: (暗諷） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不贊美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.
16) Sarcasm: (諷刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
17) Paradox: (似非而是的雋語） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.
18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修飾） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(結(jié)合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不協(xié)調(diào)) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混亂) and proud humility(侮辱).
19) Antithesis: (對照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(強烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
21) Climax: (漸進） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.
22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(賦予) a college, or a cat.
23) Apostrophe： (頓呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!
24) Transferred Epithet: (轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修飾) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.
25) Alliteration: (頭韻） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(間隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 頭韻法 （alliteration）在文句中有兩個以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組,，其開頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或聲音,，以增 強語言的節(jié)奏感。 How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. 26) Onomatopoeia: (擬聲） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. 擬聲（onomatcpocia）是摹仿自然界中非語言的聲音,，其發(fā)音和所描寫的事物的聲音很相似,，使語言顯得生動，富有表現(xiàn)力,。 1,、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在學校房屋的屋頂上一些鴿子正輕輕地咕咕叫著。 2,、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 她使我接觸到所有夠得著的或者感覺得到的東西,，如陽光呀，絲綢擺動時的沙沙聲呀,，昆蟲的叫聲呀,，開 門的吱嗄聲呀，親人的說話聲呀,。 Eg: On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing./ She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.
27）疊言（rhetorical repetition） 這種修辭法是指在特定的語境中,，將相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，相同意義詞組成句子重疊使用,，以增強語氣和力量,。 1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny. 它必須用我們這些對于未來,，對于人類以及人類自己創(chuàng)造的偉大命運具有信心的人的鮮血和汗水去創(chuàng)造,。 2、... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. 因為優(yōu)良的醫(yī)療技術(shù)和外科手術(shù)意味著更快地治療病人,，更少痛苦,，更少不安，更少死亡,，更少疾病,，和 更少殘廢。
28）通感（synesthesia） 是指在某個感官所產(chǎn)生的感覺,，轉(zhuǎn)到另一個感官的心理感受。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些書是應(yīng)當嘗嘗滋味的，有些書是應(yīng)當吞下去的,，有少數(shù)書是應(yīng)當咀嚼和消化的,。 書是“嘗”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去將其“消化”掉的,。這里把讀書中的精讀和泛讀,，閱讀欣賞 與吸收知識的感受，用味覺功能和消化功能來表示,，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特 |
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